| Kalkoti | |
| Nativename: | / / |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[kʰælkoːʈ]/ |
| Region: | Kalkot Tehsil |
| State: | Pakistan |
| Speakers: | 6,000 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Indo-Iranian |
| Fam3: | Indo-Aryan |
| Fam4: | Eastern Dardic |
| Fam5: | Shinaic |
| Fam6: | Sawi–Kalkoti–Palula?[1] |
| Fam7: | Kalkoti–Palula? |
| Iso3: | xka |
| Glotto: | kalk1245 |
| Glottorefname: | Kalkoti |
Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan.[2]
The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ɪ~i(ː)/ | pronounced as /ʊ~u(ː)/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /eː/ | pronounced as /oː/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /ə~æ(ː)~aː/ | pronounced as /ɑ(ː)~ɒ(ː)/ |
Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /m/ | pronounced as /n/ | pronounced as /ɳ (?)/ | pronounced as /ŋ (?)/ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | pronounced as /p/ | pronounced as /t/ | pronounced as /ʈ/ | pronounced as /k/ | pronounced as /q/ | pronounced as /ʔ (?)/ | ||
| aspirated | pronounced as /pʰ/ | pronounced as /tʰ/ | pronounced as /ʈʰ (?)/ | pronounced as /kʰ/ | |||||
| voiced | pronounced as /b/ | pronounced as /d/ | pronounced as /ɖ/ | pronounced as /ɡ/ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /ts/ | pronounced as /tʂ/ | pronounced as /tʃ/ | |||||
| aspirated | pronounced as /tʂʰ (?)/ | pronounced as /tʃʰ/ | |||||||
| voiced | pronounced as /dʒ/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /(f)/ | pronounced as /s/ | pronounced as /ʂ/ | pronounced as /ʃ/ | pronounced as /x/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /z/ | pronounced as /ɣ/ | |||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /l/ | ||||||||
| Flap | pronounced as /ɾ/ | pronounced as /ɽ (?)/ | |||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ʋ/ | pronounced as /j/ | |||||||
The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.
Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.