Kalapuyan languages explained

Kalapuya
Region:	Northwest Oregon
Ethnicity:	Kalapuya people
Familycolor:	American
Fam1:	Penutian ?
Glotto:	kala1402
Glottorefname:	Kalapuyan
Map:	Kalapuyan langs.png

Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.^[1]

The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand.^{[2] [3]}

Family division

Kalapuyan consists of

• Kalapuyan
  • Northern Kalapuya (also known as Tualatin–Yamhill)
  • Central Kalapuya (several dialects, including Santiam)
  • Yoncalla (also known as Southern Kalapuya)

Genetic relations

Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan.^[4] A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a "Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family.^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998)^[9] finds this relationship to be unfounded because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and Kalapuyan.

Proto-language

Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):^[10]

no.	gloss	Proto-Kalapuyan
1	all	pu-
2	bad	khaskha
3	big	pala
4	bird	twi(ː)ca
5	bite	yiːk
6	black	muː
7	blood	nu
8	blow	puː-
9	bone	ca
10	burn	y-
11	cold	tuːku
12	come	ma-
13	come	-
14	cut	-
15	dig	hu-
16	dog	tal
17	drink	kʷh-
18	dry	chakkaluː
19	dull	tu-
20	dust	skuːp
21	earth	nuwa
22	eat	kʷVnafu
23	egg	pha
24	eye	kʷhillaːk, *kʷhalliːk
25	fall
26	father	-fa-
27	father	maːma
28	fear	n-
29	fear	yakla
30	feather	lunka
31	few	puː(n)
32	five	waːn
33	flower	puːk
34	four	tapa
35	fruit	kayna
36	give	tiː
37	good	suː
38	grass	luːkʷa
39	green	ci-
40	guts	niːya
41	hair, head	kʷaː
42	hand	laːkʷa
43	he	kʷawk
44	hear	kapt
45	heart	-uːpna
46	heavy	kayt
47	hot	ʔuːk
48	I	chi
49	ice	tic
50	kill	tah-
51	know	yukhu
52	lake	paːɫ
53	leaf	takhVɫ
54	left	kay
55	liver	paw
56	long	puːs
57	louse	t-
58	man	ʔuːyhi
59	many	-
60	meat	muːkhi, *muːkʷhi
61	mother	naːna
62	mountain	maːfuː
64	name	kʷat
65	neck	puː- -k
66	new	pa(n)ɫa
67	nose	nuːna
68	not	waːnk
69	old	yuː(k)
70	one	-
71	other	wana
72	path	kawni
73	person	mim
74	pierce	twa-
75	push	t-
76	red	c- -l
77	river	cal
78	rope	cal
79	round	(wi)luː
80	saliva	ta(w)f
81	say	na(ka)
82	sea	minlak
83	see	huːthu
84	sew	-aːkʷaː(t)
85	short	-u(w)pna
86	sing	kawt
87	sit	tastu
88	sit	yuː
89	sky	yank
90	sleep, lie	way
91	smell	h-
92	snake	(t)kaː
93	snow	-uː(p)paː(y)k
94	split	plVk
95	stand	taːp
96	stone	taː
97	straight	yalk
98	suck	-
99	sun	pyan
100	swell	kuːf
101	swim	kʷay(n)
102	tail	tkuː
103	they	k(ʷ)i(n)nVk
104	thick	fip
105	thin	kliʔk
106	think	m- -t
107	this	kʷus(a)
108	this	haːs(a)
109	thou	maː(ha)
110	three	psin
111	throw	kawi
112	tie	takt
113	tongue	-
114	tooth	ti
115	tree	watVk
116	two	kaːmi
117	walk	ʔiːti
118	wash	kaw(a)ɫ
119	wash	cawC
120	water	pk(y)aː
121	we	stuː
122	what	ʔa(k)kaː
123	white	maw
124	wind	-iːʈwa
125	wing	wa(ː)n
126	ye	mV(t)tiː
127	year	miːcwa

Further reading

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
• Book: Jacobs. Melville. Kalapuya Texts. 1945. University of Washington. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology. 11. Seattle.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)

Notes and References

1. Berman, H. (1990). An Outline of Kalapuya Historical Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 56(1), 27-59.
2. Web site: Reece . Myers . 2022-03-06 . The quest to save Oregon's Kalapuya: 'You lose a language, you lose a culture' . 2022-05-14 . oregonlive . en.
3. Web site: Notarianni . John . 2022-04-02 . Bringing Oregon's Kalapuya language back from the brink of extinction . 2022-05-14 . opb . en.
4. Sapir, E. (1921). A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem. International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2), 58-67.
5. Frachtenberg, L. (1918). Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chinookan Lexicography, a Preliminary Paper. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1(2), 175-182.
6. Swadesh, M. (1965). Kalapuya and Takelma. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(3), 237-240.
7. Shipley, W. (1969). Proto-Takelman. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35(3), 226-230.
8. Kendall, D. (1997). The Takelma Verb: Toward Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 1-17.
9. cited in: Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America, pp. 432-433. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), Languages and Cultures of Western North America, 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.