Kaladan River Explained

Kaladan
Name Other:Chhimtuipui, Kissapanadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung (Boinung)
Map:India_-_Bengal_area_1950s_(8165904945).jpg
Subdivision Type1:Country
Subdivision Name1:Myanmar, India
Subdivision Type2:State
Subdivision Name2:Chin State, Rakhine State, Mizoram
Discharge1 Avg:[1]
Source1:west flank of Mount Zinghmuh
Source1 Location:Chin Hills, Chin State, Myanmar
Source1 Coordinates:22.8244°N 93.5325°W
Mouth:Sittwe
Mouth Location:Bay of Bengal, Myanmar
Mouth Coordinates:20.1°N 92.9025°W
Progression:Bay of Bengal
River System:Kaladan River
Basin Size:[2]
Tributaries Left:Twe, Mi, Kalabon, Kyegu
Tributaries Right:Chal, Tio, Tuichang, Mat, Kawrthingdeng

The Kaladan (Burmese: ကုလားတန်မြစ်, in Burmese pronounced as /kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ/) or Kissapanadi River (Burmese: ကစ္ဆပနဒီ,), also known as the Beino, Bawinu and Kolodyne, is a river in eastern Mizoram State of India, and in Chin State and Rakhine State of western Myanmar. The Kaladan River is called the Chhimtuipui River in India.[3]

Notes and References

  1. Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System. Christer. Nilsson. Catherine. Reidy, Liermann. Mats. Dynesius. Carmen. Revenga. Science . 10.1126/science.1107887. 2005. 308 . 5720 . 405–408 .
  2. Book: Register of International Rivers: Prepared by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations. 9781483188294. Stuart. Sam. 3 September 2013. Elsevier .
  3. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"
  4. Book: Pachuau . Joy . The Camera as a Witness . 13 April 2015 . Cambridge University Press . 9781107073395 . 153.
  5. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"
  6. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"
  7. Web site: Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems . 12 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf . 30 March 2012 . dead . dmy-all .
  8. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon'
  9. News: Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts. Indo-Burma News. 2010-12-01. 2011-10-14. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/. 2012-04-01.
  10. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar
  11. https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties
  12. http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar
  13. Web site: The Shwe Project — Shwe Gas Movement [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma]].
  14. https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.</ref> It forms the international border between India and Burma between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the [[Tiau River]], joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.[3]

    History

    Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of Sittwe in 1904. Kaladan is Mizoram's largest river and it flows through its southeastern region.[4]

    Geography

    The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, 22.8244°N 93.5325°W, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.

    At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.[5] The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E, just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.[6] At Ngame the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to Sittwe where it enters the Bay of Bengal.

    Development

    At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by dams anywhere in its catchment, behind only the Fly, Mamberamo and Sepik in New Guinea and the Pechora in Russia.[7] Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project that will facilitate trade between the two nations.[8] The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater Sittwe Port at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to navigate the river from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at Paletwa, as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.[9] India undertook the development of the 158 km river boat route from Sittwe seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at Paletwa jetty via the Kaladan River in Myanmar.[10] River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.[11] There is at least one river lock for navigation.[12] The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.

    Development of the river is also being negotiated with the Shwe Gas Project for economic enhancement [13]

    See also

    External links