Kalašma Explained

Kalašma or Kalasma (occasionally Kalašpa[1] [2]) was a late Bronze Age polity in Northern Anatolia on the border of the Hittite Empire.

Geography

Kalašma was located somewhere in northwestern Anatolia. Though its precise location is uncertain, its location relative to other places can be deduced from geographical references in contemporary documents. For instance, it is known to have been south of Arawanna and west of Pala.[3] Current research suggests that it was located near modern day Bolu.

A city called Harranassi may have been located in Kalašma.[4] [5] When Hittite was first deciphered, Bedřich Hrozný took the placename "Kalašmitta" to be a variant of "Kalašma", but current research suggests that they were in fact separate places.[6]

History

Forlanini says that Kalašma was not a tribal name but a city-state, the eponymous city having been fortified by the Hittite king Hantili I (died c. 1560 BCE).[7] Hantili failed to reinstate Kalašma's local weather god, and on returning to Ḫattuša, the Hittite capital, he had to perform expiatory rituals to the Sun goddess of the Earth.[8]

Arnuwanda I (ruled 1380s BCE) installed oathbound military commanders in regions including Kalašma.[9] Civil administration was by a council of elders. In the reign of Arnuwanda's son Tudhaliya II, troops from Kalašma and elsewhere rebelled and fled through Išuwa to an unnamed enemy country; Tudhaliya's son Suppiluliuma I subdued the rebel regions. There were several revolts in the reign of Suppiluliuma's son Muršili II (ended 1295 BCE). One triggered a punitive raid by Hittite general Nuwanzas.[10] [11] Muršili replaced the elders with a single administrator named Aparru, who rebelled, seized royal power, and invaded neighbouring Sappa.[12] [13] [9] [14] Aparru was soon defeated but Kalašma was in civil war until pacified the next year by Hutupiyanza, governor of Pala.[12] [15]

Kalašmans were later to be found further east, at Pahhuwa on the upper Euphrates, possibly having been deported there by Muršili, or as mercenary soldiers.[16] Kalašmans fought alongside the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh against the Egyptian Empire in 1274 BCE.[17]

Kalašma is one of the places mentioned in a Luwian hieroglyphic tablet from the reign of Arnuwanda III (ended c. 1210 BCE) as conquered by Mukšuš.[18]

Language

In 2023 a tablet written in "the language of the land of Kalašma" was discovered in the Bogazköy Archive excavated at Ḫattuša. It is in the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages, probably the Luwic sub-branch.[19] In 1958 had noted that a Hittite-language oath taken by officials from Kalašma represented a different dialect of Hittite from the oath of other regions' officials.[20]

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 232; Garstang 1960 p. 41
  2. Web site: Adam . Kryszeń . 28 April 2023 . Kalašma . Hittite Toponyms (HiTop) . University of Würzburg . 2 September 2023.
  3. Weeden and Ullmann 2022 pp. 234, 261
  4. Book: Miller . Jared L. . Mauro . Giorgieri . Royal Hittite Instructions and Related Administrative Texts . Writings from the Ancient World . 31 . 2013 . Society of Biblical Literature . Atlanta (Ga.) . 978-1-58983-657-0 . 368 n. 264.
  5. L'Anatolia nordoccidentale nell'impero eteo . . registration . Forlanini . Massimo . Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici . 18 . 1977 . 208 . Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri . Rome . 11266651 . Italian.
  6. Book: Singer . Itamar . Muwatalli's prayer to the assembly of gods through the storm-god of lightning (CTH 381) . 1996 . Scholars Press . Atlanta . 978-0-7885-0281-1 . 176 n. 395 .
  7. Forlanini 2010 p. 158
  8. Uralte Götter und Unterweltsgötter; Religionsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen zur „Sonnengöttin der Erde“ und den „Uralten Göttern“ bei den Hethitern . German . Ulrike . Lorenz-Link . Mainz . 2009 . Dr. phil. . 1.3.1: Feste der althethitischen Zeit . 103–104 . PDF.
  9. Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 256
  10. Garstang 1960 p. 46
  11. Carnevale 2018 p. 342 n. 1361
  12. Garstang 1960 p. 45
  13. Carnevale 2018 p. 131
  14. Book: Gerçek . N. İlgi . d’Alfonso . Lorenzo . tapariya- and tapariyalli-: Local Leaders and Local Agency in the Hittite Period and Its Aftermath . "A community of peoples": studies on society and politics in the Bible and Ancient Near East in honor of Daniel E. Fleming . 28 April 2022 . 100–122 . 10.1163/9789004511538_008 . Brill . Leiden . 9789004511538.
  15. Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 233
  16. Forlanini 2010 pp. 161–162
  17. Book: Glatz . Claudia . The Making of Empire in Bronze Age Anatolia: Hittite Sovereign Practice, Resistance, and Negotiation . 12 November 2020 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-86552-4 . 168–169 . en.
  18. Zangger . Eberhard . Woudhuizen . Fred . Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . Talanta . 2017 . 50 . 21, 27, 39 .
  19. Web site: 2023-09-21 . New Indo-European Language Discovered . 2023-09-26 . University of Würzburg . en.
  20. von Schuler . Einar . Die Würdenträgereide des Arnuwanda . Orientalia . 1956 . 25 . 3 . 237–240 . 43581508 . 0030-5367 . German.