Kakistocracy Explained

A kakistocracy is a government run by the worst, least qualified, or most unscrupulous citizens.[1] [2] [3] The word was coined as early as the seventeenth century.[4]

Australian lexicographer Peter Bowler has noted that there is no word for the opposite, a government run by the best citizens, but that aristarchy may be the correct term for that. Still, it conceivably could be a kakistocracy disguised as an aristocracy.

Etymology

The word is derived from two Greek words, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[wikt:κάκιστος|kakistos]] (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κάκιστος; worst) and Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[wikt:κράτος|kratos]] (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κράτος; rule),with a literal meaning of government by the worst people.[5]

History

The earliest use of the word dates to the seventeenth century, in Paul Gosnold's A sermon Preached at the Publique Fast the ninth day of Aug. 1644 at St. Maries:[4]

Therefore we need not make any scruple of praying against such: against those Sanctimonious Incendiaries, who have fetched fire from heaven to set their Country in combustion, have pretended Religion to raise and maintaine a most wicked rebellion: against those Nero's, who have ripped up the wombe of the mother that bare them, and wounded the breasts that gave them sucke: against those Cannibal's who feed upon the flesh and are drunke with the bloud of their own brethren: against those Catiline's who seeke their private ends in the publicke disturbance, and have set the Kingdome on fire to rost their owne egges: against those tempests of the State, those restlesse spirits who can no longer live, then be stickling and medling; who are stung with a perpetuall itch of changing and innovating, transforming our old Hierarchy into a new Presbytery, and this againe into a newer Independency; and our well-temperd Monarchy into a mad kinde of Kakistocracy. Good Lord![6]

English author Thomas Love Peacock used the term in his 1829 novel The Misfortunes of Elphin, in which he explains that kakistocracy represents the opposite of aristocracy, as aristos (ἄριστος) means "excellent" in Greek.[7] In his 1838 Memoir on Slavery (which he supported), U.S. Senator William Harper compared kakistocracy to anarchy, and said it had seldom occurred:[8]

American poet James Russell Lowell used the term in 1876, in a letter to Joel Benton, writing, "What fills me with doubt and dismay is the degradation of the moral tone. Is it or is it not a result of Democracy? Is ours a 'government of the people by the people for the people,' or a Kakistocracy rather, for the benefit of knaves at the cost of fools?"[9]

Usage

The term is generally used by critics of a national government. It has been used variously in the past to describe the Russian government under Boris Yeltsin and later, under Vladimir Putin,[10] the government of Egypt under Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi,[11] governments in sub-Saharan Africa,[12] the government of the Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte,[13] and the governments under some United States presidents.[14]

The term saw frequent use about the first presidency of Donald Trump, going viral in 2017 when used by MSNBC host Joy Reid and again, in 2018 when former CIA Director John Brennan used the term.[15] The term also was used by commentators in numerous newspapers,[16] [17] [18] political publications,[19] [20] and books [21] [22] to describe the first Trump administration.

After the 2024 election, the term was used again regarding the prospect of nominations Trump began making for offices in his second term, who would have to face review and consent by Congress following inauguration in January 2025. Through comparison to the first administration he had put into place that was criticized as kakistocractic, many initial nominations announced by Trump in November 2024 were characterized as even more significantly kakistocratic.[23] [24] [25]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bowler, Peter . The superior person's book of words . 1985 . 0-87923-556-X . 1 . Boston . 11757334 . David R. Godine .
  2. Book: Fiske. Robert Hartwell. The Best Words. 2011. Marion Street Press. 9781933338828. 21 November 2016. en.
  3. Book: Bowler, Peter . The Completely Superior Person's Book of Words. . 2017 . Bloomsbury Publishing Plc . 978-1-4088-8595-6 . London . 1021803310.
  4. News: Trending: When Government Is Just The Worst. 22 August 2017. Merriam Webster. 29 June 2017. en.
  5. Book: Evans. Rod L. Thingamajigs and Whatchamacallits: Unfamiliar Terms for Familiar Things. 2011. Penguin. 9781101515921. 87. 21 November 2016. en.
  6. Web site: Gosnold. Paul. A sermon preached at the publique fast the ninth day of Aug. 1644 at St. Maries, Oxford, before the honorable members of the two Houses of Parliament there assembled by Paul Gosnold ... ; and published by authority.. University of Oxford Text Archive. 22 August 2017. en. 1644. 12 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112190850/http://tei.it.ox.ac.uk/tcp/Texts-HTML/free/A41/A41582.html. dead.
  7. Web site: Kakistocracy. Dictionary.com.
  8. Book: Harper. William. Memoir on Slavery: Read Before the Society for the Advancement of Learning, of South Carolina, at its annual meeting at Columbia, 1837. 1838. J. S. Burges. 49. 27 November 2016. en.
  9. Book: Scudder. Horace. James Russell Lowell, A Biography. 1901. Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass. 193–196. 13 May 2022. en.
  10. Abadjian. Vahram. July 2010. Kakistocracy or the true story of what happened in the post-Soviet area. Journal of Eurasian Studies. 1. 2. 153–163. 10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.009. 153850742 . Science Direct.
  11. Web site: Ali. Amro. 12 November 2016. Kakistocracy: a word we need to revive. openDemocracy.
  12. Okafor. Collins. Smith. L. Murphy. Ujah. Nacasius U.. 29 July 2014. Kleptocracy, nepotism, kakistocracy: impact of corruption in Sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of Economics and Accounting. 5. 2. 97. 10.1504/IJEA.2014.063736. Inderscience Publishers.
  13. Web site: 2016-12-21. We're no longer a democracy. Are we now a kakistocracy?. 2022-04-29. manilatimes.net. en-US.
  14. Web site: Spicer. André. 18 April 2018. Donald Trump's 'kakistocracy' is not the first, but it's revived an old word. The Guardian.
  15. News: Selk . Avi . Kakistocracy, a 374-year-old word that means 'government by the worst,' just broke the dictionary . 2018-11-21. . 13 April 2018 . en.
  16. Lizza. Ryan. Donald Trump's First, Alarming Week as President-Elect. 2016-11-21. The New Yorker. 2016-11-16.
  17. News: Krugman. Paul. With All Due Disrespect. 2017-01-19 . The New York Times. 2017-01-16.
  18. News: Marsden. Harriet. Kakistocracy may just be the perfect word to describe the Trump government. 2016-11-21. The Independent. 2016-11-17. 22 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122153943/https://www.indy100.com/article/donald-trump-us-president-new-government-white-house-kakistocracy-7422706. dead.
  19. Web site: Ornstein. Norm. There's a Word for the State of American Democracy: Kakistocracy. The Atlantic. 2017-12-06. 2017-10-09.
  20. Web site: Degeneration nation: It takes a village of idiots to raise a kakistocracy like Donald Trump's. McClennen. Sophia A.. Salon. 2017-01-15. 2016-12-17.
  21. Book: Gessen, Masha. Surviving Autocracy. Riverhead Books. 2020. 978-0593188934. New York. 28.
  22. Book: Moore, Marshall. Make America Hate Again: Trump-Era Horror and the Politics of Fear. Routledge. 2019. 978-1138498280. McCollum. Victoria. An end to monstrosity: horror, queer representation, and the Trump kakistocracy.
  23. Shipler, David, From Democracy to Kakistocracy, The Shipler Report, November 21, 2024
  24. American Kakistocracy. The Atlantic. November 16, 2024.
  25. Web site: ‘Government by the worst’: why people are calling Trump’s new sidekicks a ‘kakistocracy’. The Guardian. November 21, 2024.

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