| Kaitag | |
| Nativename: | хайдакьан кув |
| States: | North Caucasus |
| Region: | Dagestan |
| Speakers: | approx. 30,000 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | Caucasian |
| Fam1: | Northeast Caucasian |
| Fam2: | Dargin |
| Glotto: | kajt1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Kajtak |
| Iso3: | xdq |
| Ethnicity: | Kaitags |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ]/ |
| Dia1: | Upper Kaitag |
| Fam3: | Kaitag group |
| Dia2: | Lower Kaitag |
| Dia3: | Shari (may be a separate language) |
| Also Known As: | Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan |
| Script: | Cyrillic script |
| Map: | Dargwa_map_%28Koryakov%29_2021.png |
Kaitag (Kaitag: pronounced as /χɑjdɑqʼɑn kʰuβ/; also Kaidak, Karakaitak, Karkaidak, Qaidaqlan) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It has sometimes been considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa due to it being part of the Dargin dialect continuum. The Routledge Ethnographic Handbook (2017) divided Kaitag into two dialects: northern (Magalis-Kaitak) and southern (Karakaitak).[1] Recent results of the Association of the Russian Sociolinguists (2021) further developed it into three dialects: Lower Kaitag, Upper Kaitag and Shari.[2]
The languages consists of eight varieties, forming three dialects. Each of the Upper varieties corresponds to a historical province of the region.[3]
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| close | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| near-close | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| open-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| near-open | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| open | pronounced as /ink/ |
Consonants form by series of voiced, aspirated, fortis, ejective, and labialized variants. The palatal fricative [ç] might be the voiceless post-palatal fricative, which can be more precisely transcribed as [ç̠] or [x̟].[4]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ʔ | ||||||||
| aspirated | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| fortis | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| ejective | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| Affricate | aspirated | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||||
| fortis | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||||
| ejective | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| plain | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| fortis | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||||||
The Kaitag language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):
| а[ɑ~a] | аӏpronounced as /link/ | бpronounced as /link/ | вpronounced as /link/ | гpronounced as /link/ | гв[gʷ] | гъ[ʁ] | гъв[ʁʷ] | гьpronounced as /link/ | гьв[hʷ] | дpronounced as /link/ | е[ɛ~e] | ж[ʒ] | жв[ʒʷ] | зpronounced as /link/ | и[ɪ~i] | йpronounced as /link/ | |
| к[kʰ] | кв[kʰʷ] | кк[kː] | ккв[kːʷ] | кӏ[kʼ] | кӏв[kʼʷ] | хъ[qʰ] | хъв[qʰʷ] | къ[qː] | къв[qːʷ] | кь[qʼ] | кь[qʼʷ] | лpronounced as /link/ | мpronounced as /link/ | нpronounced as /link/ | п[pʰ] | пп[pː] | |
| пӏ[pʼ] | сpronounced as /link/ | сс[sː] | т[tʰ] | тт[tː] | тӏ[tʼ] | уpronounced as /link/ | х[χ] | хв[χʷ] | хх[χː] | ххв[χːʷ] | хь[ç] | хьв[çʷ] | ххь[çː] | ххьв[çːʷ] | ц[t͡sʰ] | цц[t͡sː] | |
| цӏ[t͡sʼ] | ч[t͡ʃʰ] | чв[t͡ʃʰʷ] | чч[t͡ʃː] | ччв[t͡ʃːʷ] | чӏ[t͡ʃʼ] | чӏв[t͡ʃʼʷ] | ш[ʃ] | шв[ʃʷ] | шш[ʃː] | шшв[ʃːʷ] | ъ[ʔ] |
Most of Kaitag's vocabulary stems from proto-Northeast-Caucasian roots. Like with other languages of Dagestan, there is a considerable number of Arabic, Iranian, Turkic and recently Russian loanwords.
| No. | c=en | English | c=01 | Kaitag | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i=No | 1 | c=en | I | c=01 | ду pronounced as /du/ | |
| i=No | 2 | c=en | you (singular) | c=01 | и pronounced as /(ʔ)ɪ/ | |
| i=No | 3 | c=en | he | c=01 | гье pronounced as /hɛ/ | |
| i=No | 4 | c=en | we | c=01 | нисса pronounced as /nisːɑ/ (excl.), ниххьва pronounced as /niçːʷɑ/ (incl.) | |
| i=No | 5 | c=en | you (plural) | c=01 | нишша pronounced as /niʃːɑ/ | |
| i=No | 6 | c=en | they | c=01 | гьетти pronounced as /hetːɪ/ | |
| i=No | 7 | c=en | this | c=01 | гьеж pronounced as /hɛʒ/ | |
| i=No | 8 | c=en | that | c=01 | гьет pronounced as /hɛtʰ/ | |
| i=No | 9 | c=en | here | c=01 | гьежин pronounced as /hɛʒɪn/ | |
| i=No | 10 | c=en | there | c=01 | гьетин pronounced as /hɛtʰɪn/ | |
| i=No | 11 | c=en | who | c=01 | ча pronounced as /t͡ʃʰɑ/ | |
| i=No | 12 | c=en | what | c=01 | ци pronounced as /t͡sʰɪ/ | |
| i=No | 13 | c=en | where | c=01 | квацци pronounced as /kʰʷɑt͡sːɪ/ | |
| i=No | 14 | c=en | when | c=01 | цикъел pronounced as /t͡sʰɪqːɛl/ | |
| i=No | 15 | c=en | how | c=01 | цигле pronounced as /t͡sʰɪglɛ/ | |
| i=No | 16 | c=en | not | c=01 | аккву pronounced as /ɑkːʷu/ (n.), а(й)- pronounced as /ɑ(j)-/ (v.) | |
| i=No | 17 | c=en | all | c=01 | сукке pronounced as /sukːɛ/ | |
| i=No | 18 | c=en | many | c=01 | дахъ pronounced as /dɑqʰ/ | |
| i=No | 19 | c=en | some | c=01 | чумилра pronounced as /t͡ʃʰumɪlrɑ/ | |
| i=No | 20 | c=en | few | c=01 | кам pronounced as /kʰɑm/ | |
| i=No | 21 | c=en | other | c=01 | дикӏар pronounced as /dɪkʼɑr/ | |
| i=No | 22 | c=en | one | c=01 | ца pronounced as /t͡sʰɑ/ | |
| i=No | 23 | c=en | two | c=01 | чӏве pronounced as /t͡ʃʼʷɛ/ | |
| i=No | 24 | c=en | three | c=01 | аӏв pronounced as /æβ/ | |
| i=No | 25 | c=en | four | c=01 | угъ pronounced as /uʁ/ | |
| i=No | 26 | c=en | five | c=01 | шве pronounced as /ʃʷɛ/ | |
| i=No | 27 | c=en | big | c=01 | хвала pronounced as /χʷɑlɑ/ | |
| i=No | 28 | c=en | long | c=01 | ухъен pronounced as /uqʰɛn/ | |
| i=No | 29 | c=en | wide | c=01 | баӏъуpronounced as /bæʔu/ | |
| i=No | 30 | c=en | thick | c=01 | буцц pronounced as /but͡sː/ | |
| i=No | 31 | c=en | heavy | c=01 | декӏ pronounced as /dɛkʼ/ | |
| i=No | 32 | c=en | small | c=01 | никӏва pronounced as /nɪkʼʷɑ/ | |
| i=No | 33 | c=en | short | c=01 | кутӏ pronounced as /kutʼ/ | |
| i=No | 34 | c=en | narrow | c=01 | гъваӏрцӏ pronounced as /ʁʷærcʼ/ | |
| i=No | 35 | c=en | thin | c=01 | букӏал pronounced as /bukʼɑl/ | |
| i=No | 36 | c=en | woman | c=01 | ххьулум pronounced as /çːulum/ | |
| i=No | 37 | c=en | man (adult male) | c=01 | мургулpronounced as /murgul/ | |
| i=No | 38 | c=en | man (human being) | c=01 | мейдам pronounced as /mɛjdɑm/ | |
| i=No | 39 | c=en | child | c=01 | даӏргьаӏ pronounced as /dærhæ/ | |
| i=No | 40 | c=en | wife | c=01 | ххьади pronounced as /çːɑdɪ/ | |
| i=No | 41 | c=en | husband | c=01 | сув pronounced as /suβ/ | |
| i=No | 42 | c=en | mother | c=01 | уба pronounced as /ubɑ/ | |
| i=No | 43 | c=en | father | c=01 | атта pronounced as /ɑtːɑ/ | |
| i=No | 44 | c=en | animal | c=01 | мицӏираг pronounced as /mɪcʼɪrɑg/ | |
| i=No | 45 | c=en | fish | c=01 | кӏас pronounced as /kʼɑs/ | |
| i=No | 46 | c=en | bird | c=01 | ахьлиъаӏн pronounced as /ɑçlɪʔæn/ | |
| i=No | 47 | c=en | dog | c=01 | ххваӏ pronounced as /χːʷæ/ | |
| i=No | 48 | c=en | louse | c=01 | нез pronounced as /nɛz/ | |
| i=No | 49 | c=en | snake | c=01 | цӏецӏи pronounced as /cʼɛcʼɪ/ | |
| i=No | 50 | c=en | worm | c=01 | милкъваӏ pronounced as /mɪlqːʷæ/ | |
| i=No | 51 | c=en | tree | c=01 | ккалкка pronounced as /kːɑlkːɑ/ | |
| i=No | 52 | c=en | forest | c=01 | дуцца pronounced as /dut͡sːɑ/ | |
| i=No | 53 | c=en | stick | c=01 | миргъаӏ pronounced as /mɪrʁæ/ | |
| i=No | 54 | c=en | fruit | c=01 | удар pronounced as /udɑr/ | |
| i=No | 55 | c=en | seed | c=01 | шва pronounced as /ʃʷɑ/ | |
| i=No | 56 | c=en | leaf | c=01 | кӏаппар pronounced as /kʼɑpːɑr/ | |
| i=No | 57 | c=en | root | c=01 | йамппа pronounced as /jɑmpːɑ/ | |
| i=No | 58 | c=en | bark (of a tree) | c=01 | кам pronounced as /kɑm/ | |
| i=No | 59 | c=en | flower | c=01 | жуже pronounced as /ʒuʒɛ/ | |
| i=No | 60 | c=en | grass | c=01 | кьар pronounced as /qʼɑr/ | |
| i=No | 61 | c=en | rope | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 62 | c=en | skin | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 63 | c=en | meat | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 64 | c=en | blood | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 65 | c=en | bone | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 66 | c=en | fat (noun) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 67 | c=en | egg | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 68 | c=en | horn | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 69 | c=en | tail | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 70 | c=en | feather | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 71 | c=en | hair | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 72 | c=en | head | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 73 | c=en | ear | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 74 | c=en | eye | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 75 | c=en | nose | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 76 | c=en | mouth | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 77 | c=en | tooth | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 78 | c=en | tongue (organ) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 79 | c=en | fingernail | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 80 | c=en | foot | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 81 | c=en | leg | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 82 | c=en | knee | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 83 | c=en | hand | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 84 | c=en | wing | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 85 | c=en | belly | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 86 | c=en | guts | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 87 | c=en | neck | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 88 | c=en | back | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 89 | c=en | breast | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 90 | c=en | heart | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 91 | c=en | liver | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 92 | c=en | to drink | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 93 | c=en | to eat | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 94 | c=en | to bite | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 95 | c=en | to suck | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 96 | c=en | to spit | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 97 | c=en | to vomit | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 98 | c=en | to blow | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 99 | c=en | to breathe | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 100 | c=en | to laugh | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 101 | c=en | to see | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 102 | c=en | to hear | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 103 | c=en | to know | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 104 | c=en | to think | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 105 | c=en | to smell | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 106 | c=en | to fear | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 107 | c=en | to sleep | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 108 | c=en | to live | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 109 | c=en | to die | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 110 | c=en | to kill | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 111 | c=en | to fight | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 112 | c=en | to hunt | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 113 | c=en | to hit | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 114 | c=en | to cut | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 115 | c=en | to split | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 116 | c=en | to stab | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 117 | c=en | to scratch | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 118 | c=en | to dig | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 119 | c=en | to swim | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 120 | c=en | to fly | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 121 | c=en | to walk | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 122 | c=en | to come | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 123 | c=en | to lie (as in a bed) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 124 | c=en | to sit | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 125 | c=en | to stand | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 126 | c=en | to turn (intransitive) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 127 | c=en | to fall | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 128 | c=en | to give | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 129 | c=en | to hold | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 130 | c=en | to squeeze | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 131 | c=en | to rub | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 132 | c=en | to wash | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 133 | c=en | to wipe | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 134 | c=en | to pull | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 135 | c=en | to push | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 136 | c=en | to throw | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 137 | c=en | to tie | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 138 | c=en | to sew | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 139 | c=en | to count | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 140 | c=en | to say | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 141 | c=en | to sing | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 142 | c=en | to play | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 143 | c=en | to float | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 144 | c=en | to flow | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 145 | c=en | to freeze | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 146 | c=en | to swell | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 147 | c=en | sun | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 148 | c=en | moon | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 149 | c=en | star | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 150 | c=en | water | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 151 | c=en | rain | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 152 | c=en | river | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 153 | c=en | lake | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 154 | c=en | sea | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 155 | c=en | salt | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 156 | c=en | stone | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 157 | c=en | sand | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 158 | c=en | dust | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 159 | c=en | earth | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 160 | c=en | cloud | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 161 | c=en | fog | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 162 | c=en | sky | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 163 | c=en | wind | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 164 | c=en | snow | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 165 | c=en | ice | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 166 | c=en | smoke | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 167 | c=en | fire | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 168 | c=en | ash | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 169 | c=en | to burn | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 170 | c=en | road | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 171 | c=en | mountain | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 172 | c=en | red | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 173 | c=en | green | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 174 | c=en | yellow | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 175 | c=en | white | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 176 | c=en | black | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 177 | c=en | night | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 178 | c=en | day | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 179 | c=en | year | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 180 | c=en | warm | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 181 | c=en | cold | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 182 | c=en | full | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 183 | c=en | new | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 184 | c=en | old | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 185 | c=en | good | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 186 | c=en | bad | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 187 | c=en | rotten | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 188 | c=en | dirty | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 189 | c=en | straight | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 190 | c=en | round | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 191 | c=en | sharp (as a knife) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 192 | c=en | dull (as a knife) | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 193 | c=en | smooth | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 194 | c=en | wet | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 195 | c=en | dry | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 196 | c=en | correct | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 197 | c=en | near | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 198 | c=en | far | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 199 | c=en | right | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 200 | c=en | left | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 201 | c=en | at | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 202 | c=en | in | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 203 | c=en | with | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 204 | c=en | and | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 205 | c=en | if | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 206 | c=en | because | c=01 | ||
| i=No | 207 | c=en | name | c=01 |