Brewster Kahle Explained

Brewster Kahle
Birth Name:Brewster Lurton Kahle[1]
Birth Date:21 October 1960
Birth Place:New York City, New York, U.S.
Alma Mater:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (SB)
Employer:Internet Archive, Electronic Frontier Foundation
Occupation:Digital librarian
Computer engineer
Internet entrepreneur
Known For:Development of WAIS
Co-founder of Alexa Internet
Founder of Internet Archive
Spouse:Mary Austin
Children:2[2]

Brewster Lurton Kahle (;[3] born October 21, 1960)[4] is an American digital librarian,[5] computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, and advocate of universal access to all knowledge. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982. Kahle founded the Internet Archive and co-founded Alexa Internet in 1996. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame in 2012.

Biography

Early life and education

Kahle was born in New York City and raised in Scarsdale, New York, the son of Margaret Mary (Lurton) and Robert Vinton Kahle, a mechanical engineer.[6] [7] He went to Scarsdale High School. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.[8] The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence; he studied under Marvin Minsky and W. Daniel Hillis.[9]

Career

After graduation, Kahle joined the Thinking Machines team, where he was the lead engineer on the company's main product, the Connection Machine, for six years (1983–1989).[10] There, he and others developed the WAIS system, the first Internet distributed search and document retrieval system, a precursor to the World Wide Web. In 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. (sold to AOL in 1995 for $15 million[11]), and, in 1996, Alexa Internet[12] (sold to Amazon.com in 1999[13] for $250 million in stock[14]). At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, which he continues to direct.

In 2001, he implemented the Wayback Machine, which allows public access to the World Wide Web archive that the Internet Archive has been gathering since 1996.[15] Kahle was inspired to create the Wayback Machine after visiting the offices of Alta Vista, where he was struck by the immensity of the task being undertaken and achieved: to store and index everything that was on the Web. Kahle states: "I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, and there was an 'aha moment' that said, 'You can do everything.'[16]

Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, run the Kahle/Austin Foundation. The Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for its GNU Project,[17] among other projects, with a total giving of about $4.5 million in 2011.[18]

In 2012, Kahle and banking veteran Jordan Modell established Internet Archive Federal Credit Union to serve people in New Brunswick, N.J. and Highland Park, New Jersey, as well as participants in programs that alleviate poverty in those areas.[19] Following legal violations and a cease-and-desist from the National Credit Union Administration, the credit union was liquidated in December 2015.[20]

Social reception

Kahle was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2010) for archiving, and making available, all forms of digital information. He is also a member of the Internet Hall of Fame, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Kahle serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, the European Archive (now Internet memory) and the Television Archive. He is a member of the advisory board of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress, and is a member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for Cyberinfrastructure.

In 2010, Kahle received an honorary doctorate from Simmons University.[21]

Career emphasis

Digitization advocacy

In 1997, Kahle explained that apart from the value for historians' use of these digital archives, they might also help resolve some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to "404 Document not found" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trustworthy, and maintaining navigation to aid in finding related content. Kahle also explained the importance of packaging enough meta-data (information about the information) into the archive, since it is unknown what future researchers will be interested in, and that it might be more problematic to find data than to preserve it.[22]

Kahle has been critical of Google's book digitization, especially of Google's exclusivity in restricting other search engines' digital access to the books they archive. In a 2011 talk Kahle described Google's 'snippet' feature as a means of tiptoeing around copyright issues, and expressed his frustration with the lack of a decent lending system for digital materials. He said the digital transition has moved from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from "ruled by law" to "ruled by contract". Kahle stated that even public-domain material published before 1923, and not bound by copyright law, is still bound by Google's contracts and requires permission to be distributed or copied. Kahle reasoned that this trend has emerged for a number of reasons: distribution of information favoring centralization, the economic cost of digitizing books, the issue of library staff without the technical knowledge to build these services, and the decision of administrators to outsource information services.[23]

Kahle advocated in 2009:

It's not that expensive. For the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation. Through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Kennedy should be able to find books from many libraries, and many booksellers—and not be limited to one private library whose titles are available for a fee, controlled by a corporation that can dictate what we are allowed to read.[24]

Physical media

"Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle said in 2011. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMs, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisioned collecting one physical copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. "We want to see books live forever." Pointing out that even digital books have a physical home on a hard drive somewhere, he sees saving the physical artifacts of information storage as a way to hedge against the uncertainty of the future. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.

Kahle began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units. Each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. As of 2011, Kahle had gathered about 500,000 books. He thinks the warehouse is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, not to be loaned out but to be used to verify contents recorded in another medium. Book preservation experts commented he will have to contend with vermin and about a century's worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that disintegrates over time because of its own acidity. Peter Hanff, deputy director of UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library, said that just keeping the books on the west coast of the US will save them from the climate fluctuations that are the norm in other parts of the country.[25]

Awards and appointments

See also

Further reading

Articles

Audio/Video

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Paid Notice: Deaths KAHLE, MARGARET LURTON . The New York Times . March 6, 1998 . January 9, 2020 . January 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108051410/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/06/classified/paid-notice-deaths-kahle-margaret-lurton.html . live .
  2. Web site: Archiving the Internet / Brewster Kahle makes digital snapshots of Web. SFGate. May 7, 1999. January 29, 2016. April 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402161247/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Archiving-the-Internet-Brewster-Kahle-makes-3006888.php. live.
  3. News: Schwartz . John . 2001-10-29 . New Economy; A library of Web pages that warms the cockles of the wired heart and beats the Library of Congress for sheer volume. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-10-09 . 0362-4331 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073325/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/29/technology/ebusiness/29NECO.html . live .
  4. Web site: November 24, 2010 . Alexa Internet Profiles, Brand Logos and Top Lists – Juggle.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045807/http://www.juggle.com/alexa-internet . 2011-07-17 . 2024-09-28 . Juggle.
  5. News: Evangelista . Benny . October 13, 2012 . Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191225121209/https://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Brewster-Kahle-s-Internet-Archive-3946898.php . December 25, 2019 . October 13, 2012 . San Francisco Chronicle.
  6. News: Paid Notice: Deaths KAHLE, ROBERT VINTON. May 2, 2001. The New York Times. March 22, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. February 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200205121414/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/02/classified/paid-notice-deaths-kahle-robert-vinton.html. live.
  7. Web site: Green . Heather . February 28, 2002 . A Library as Big as the World . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20020601134105/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2002/tc20020228_1080.htm . June 1, 2002 . 2024-09-28 . BusinessWeek Online.
  8. Web site: M. '12 . Chris . 2008-10-04 . Internet Nostalgia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191121084226/https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/internet_nostalgia/ . November 21, 2019 . July 11, 2011 . MIT Admissions . en-US.
  9. Web site: Kahle . Brewster . July 11, 2011 . About Brewster Kahle's Blog . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110812051411/http://brewster.kahle.org/about/ . 2011-08-12 . July 11, 2011 .
  10. Web site: Benton . Joshua . March 24, 2022 . After 25 years, Brewster Kahle and the Internet Archive are still working to democratize knowledge . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324190727/https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/03/after-25-years-brewster-kahle-and-the-internet-archive-are-still-working-to-democratize-knowledge/ . March 24, 2022 . October 22, 2022 . Nieman Lab.
  11. Web site: Engst . Adam . 5 June 1995 . AOL Buys Everyone . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170524022333/https://tidbits.com/article/1459 . 2017-05-24 . 2017-05-24 . tidbits.com . en.
  12. News: Kellogg. Carolyn. Archiving every book ever published. August 18, 2011. Los Angeles Times. August 5, 2011. May 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524103349/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/08/archiving-every-book-ever-published.html. live.
  13. Web site: April 24, 1999 . Agreement and Plan of Merger - Amazon.com Inc. and Alexa Internet . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419073139/https://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/planning/agreement-and-plan-of-merger-amazon-com-inc-and-alexa-internet.html . April 19, 2019 . April 19, 2019 . Findlaw.
  14. Web site: Hardy . Quentin . Nov 27, 2009 . The Big Deal: Brewster Kahle . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207185323/https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/25/alexa-amazon-entrepreneur-intelligent-technology-kahle-big.html . February 7, 2024 . 7 February 2024 . Forbes . en.
  15. Web site: April 25, 2022 . Brewster Kahle and Tony Marx: The Internet Archive at 25 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022163741/https://www.nypl.org/events/programs/2022/04/25/internet-archive . October 22, 2022 . October 22, 2022 . New York Public Library.
  16. News: TONG. JUDY. RESPONSIBLE PARTY – BREWSTER KAHLE; A Library Of the Web, On the Web. August 18, 2011. New York Times. September 8, 2002. February 20, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110220181725/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/08/business/responsible-party-brewster-kahle-a-library-of-the-web-on-the-web.html . live.
  17. Web site: Thank GNUs 2011 . Free Software Foundation . January 19, 2012 . October 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191018041426/http://www.gnu.org/thankgnus/2011supporters.html . live .
  18. Web site: March 22, 2020 . Kahle/Austin Foundation Find Grantmakers & Nonprofit Funders Foundation Directory Online . deviated . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108051506/https://fconline.foundationcenter.org/fdo-grantmaker-profile?key=KAHL009 . January 8, 2021 . March 22, 2020 . fconline.foundationcenter.org.
  19. News: Morrison . David . September 5, 2012 . Internet Pioneer, Former Banker Behind Newest CU . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181106183248/https://www.cutimes.com/2012/09/02/newest-credit-union-backed-by-internet-pioneer/ . November 6, 2018 . September 4, 2012 . Credit Union Times . 3.
  20. News: Strozniak . Peter . December 18, 2015 . Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181106181339/https://www.cutimes.com/2015/12/18/death-of-a-credit-union-internet-archive-fcu-volun/?eNL=56744103160ba0fc50433aca . November 6, 2018 . December 18, 2015 . Credit Union Times.
  21. Web site: College . Simmons . Inaugural Poet to Deliver 2010 Simmons College Commencement Address, May 14 in Boston . 2024-11-06 . www.prnewswire.com . en.
  22. Web site: Kahle . Brewster . 11 April 1997 . Brewster Kahle (March 1997): Archiving the Internet . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120403042627/http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html . April 3, 2012 . August 19, 2011 . uibk.ac.at.
  23. Brewster Kahle. Brewster Kahle's Michigan Talk. SWF FLV FLASH OGG MPEG4 WMA WindowsMedia. Videotape. si.umich.edu. Ann Arbor, MI at the John Seely Brown Symposium. https://web.archive.org/web/20110818144414/http://www.archive.org/details/BrewsterKahlesMichiganTalk. August 18, 2011. August 18, 2011. dead.
  24. Singel . Ryan . May 19, 2009 . Stop the Google Library, Net's Librarian Says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108051343/https://www.wired.com/2009/05/stop-the-google-library-nets-librarian-says/ . January 8, 2021 . August 18, 2011 . . en-US . 1059-1028.
  25. News: August 1, 2011 . Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120619013509/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/aug/01/internet-archive-books-brewster-kahle . June 19, 2012 . August 22, 2012 . . Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book.
  26. Web site: 2011-04-04 . Paul Evan Peters 2004 Award Winner EDUCAUSE . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110404184316/http://www.educause.edu/Professional+Development/PaulEvanPetersAwardWinnersspan/PaulEvanPeters2004AwardWinner/1514 . April 4, 2011 . April 4, 2011 . Educause.edu.
  27. Web site: Reader . Utne, Staff . October 12, 2009 . 50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World – Utne . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012618/http://www.utne.com/politics/50-visionaries-changing-your-world-hope-2009.aspx . April 19, 2014 . April 19, 2014 . www.utne.com . en-US.
  28. Web site: Spring 2011 . Current Honorary Degree Recipients - Senate - University of Alberta . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221418/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/nav02.cfm?nav02=70455&nav01=12498 . November 28, 2011 . November 28, 2011 . uofaweb.ualberta.ca.
  29. Web site: Zoia_Horn_Intellectual_Freedom_Award . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101120235520/http://cla-net.org/awards/zoia.php . November 20, 2010 . California library association.
  30. Web site: Kaplan . Jeff . January 4, 2011 . Brewster Kahle receives the Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award | Internet Archive Blogs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110107105053/https://blog.archive.org/2011/01/04/brewster-kahle-receives-the-zoia-horn-intellectual-freedom-award/ . January 7, 2011 . April 21, 2024 . Internet Archive Blogs.
  31. Web site: September 26, 2017 . 2012 INTERNET HALL of FAME INDUCTEES Internet Hall of Fame . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120426020129/http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 . April 26, 2012 . September 26, 2017 . internethalloffame.org.
  32. Web site: May 14, 2013 . Brewster Kahle to be Honored with 2013 LITA/Library Hi Tech Award . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108051413/http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2013/05/brewster-kahle-be-honored-2013-litalibrary-hi-tech-award . January 8, 2021 . July 10, 2013 . Ala.org.
  33. Web site: DPC . December 1, 2016 . Brewster Kahle awarded Digital Preservation Coalition Fellowship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240430084359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwGzSAqGGqE . April 30, 2024 . 30 April 2024 . YouTube . DPC.

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