| Tyap | |
| Also Known As: | Katab |
| Nativename: | A̱lyem Tyap |
| Region: | Kaduna and Plateau States |
| States: | Nigeria |
| Ethnicity: | Atyap |
| Dialects: |
|
| Speakers: | 255,000 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| Speakers2: | 875,000 with Jju |
| Ref: | e26 |
| Familycolor: | Niger-Congo |
| Fam2: | Atlantic–Congo |
| Fam3: | Benue–Congo |
| Fam4: | Plateau |
| Fam5: | Central ? |
| Fam6: | Tyapic |
| Iso3: | kcg |
| Script: | Latin (Tyap alphabet) |
| Agency: | Tyap Literacy Committee |
| Glotto: | tyap1238 |
| Glottorefname: | Tyap |
| Glottopedia: | Tyap |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map2: | Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
| Person: | A̱tyotyap, A̱tyotyab |
| People: | A̱tyap, A̱tyab |
| Language: | Tyap, Tyab |
| Root: | Tyap, Tyab[1] |
| Country: | A̱tyap or A̱byin A̱tyap |
| Person: | A̱tyufantswam |
| People: | Fantswam |
| Language: | Fantswam |
| Root: | Tyap: Fantswam |
| Country: | Fantswam or A̱byin Fantswam |
| Person: | A̱tyigworok, A̱tyigworog |
| People: | Əgworog, Əgwolog, A̱gworok, Oegworok |
| Language: | Gworog, Gwolog |
| Root: | Tyap: Gworok, Gworog |
| Country: | Gworog or Əbyin Əgworog |
| Person: | A̱tyosholyio |
| People: | A̱sholyio |
| Language: | Sholyio |
| Root: | Tyap: Sholyio |
| Country: | Sholyio or A̱byin A̱sholyio |
| Person: | A̱tyotyeca̱rak |
| People: | A̱tyeca̱rak |
| Language: | Tyeca̱rak |
| Root: | Tyap: Tyeca̱rak |
| Country: | Tyeca̱rak or A̱byin A̱tyeca̱rak |
| Person: | A̱tyotakad |
| People: | A̱takad, Takad |
| Language: | Takad, Takat |
| Root: | Tyap: Takad, Takat |
| Country: | Takad or A̱byin A̱takad |
| Person: | A̱tyotyuku |
| People: | A̱tyuku, A̱tuku, A̱tukum |
| Language: | Tyuku, Tuku |
| Root: | Tyap: Tyuku, Tuku |
| Country: | Tyuku or A̱byin A̱tyuku |
Tyap is a regionally important dialect cluster of Plateau languages in Nigeria's Middle Belt, named after its prestige dialect. It is also known by its Hausa exonym as Katab or Kataf.[2] [3] It is also known by the names of its dialectical varieties including Sholyio, Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'proper'), Tyeca̱rak and Tyuku (Tuku). In spite of being listed separately from the Tyap cluster, Jju's separation, according to Blench R.M. (2018), seems to be increasingly ethnic rather than a linguistic reality.
DistributionMeek (1931:2) suggested that the Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) and Kagoro (Agworok) speak a common tongue and may be regarded as one; and later on, McKinney (1983:290) commented that the Kaje (Bajju) should likewise be included with the above, due to the linguistic and cultural similarities shared by them.[6] [7] Murdock (1959) classified Kagoro (Gworok) and other dialects comprising the current Tyap language group as "Plateau Nigerian",[8] in his "Semi-Bantu" branch of "Bantoid subfamily" of "Negritic Stock".[9] [10] Tyap and Jju were placed by Greenberg (1963) under the "Plateau II" branch of the Benue-Congo language family. Later on, Gerhardt (1974) made a reconstruction of the branch, assigning it as "proto-Plateau". Again in 1989, Gerhardt placed Tyap and Jju under the South-Central subgroup, Central group, Plateau branch of Platoid, a division of the Benue-Congo languages.[3] [11] [12] [13] Achi (2005) stated that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family.[14] However, according to Bitiyong, Y. I., in Achi et al. (2019:44), the Kataf Group (an old classification) to which Tyap language belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by utilizing a glotochronological time scale established for Yoruba and Edo languages and their neighbours, the separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that,noting further that this indicates thatHe thereafter summarized that the implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its about six most closely related dialects and stated that as a sub-unit, they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the "Kataf group" like Gyong, Hyam, Duya and Ashe (Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized.[15] [16]
Tyap has a number of dialects, including:
| style=background:#FFDEAD; | Dialect | style=background:#FFDEAD; | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fantswam (Hausa exonym Kafanchan, Kafancan) | Spoken by inhabitants of the Fantswam chiefdom in Jema'a LGA, earlier regarded as Kagoro (of Jama'a) not until about the late 1950s were they recognized as a separate entity.[17] It is closely related to Jju, the Gworok and Tyap proper dialects. | ||
| Gworok (Hausa exonym Kagoro; Tyap proper Gwoot) | Spoken by the A̱gworok (also spelt: Oegworok), inhabitants of chiefdom bearing their name, in Kaura LGA. It seems like a 'junction dialect' between Jju and Takad and seems to be influenced by neighbouring dialects of the nearest language cluster, most notably Nikyob-Nindem and others. | ||
| Jju (Hausa exonym Kaje, Kajji; Tyap proper Jhyo) | Listed as a separate language (with the SIL code kaj, although its grammar and morphology are similar those of a Tyap dialect, with a bit of a variation in its syntax). It is spoken by inhabitants of the Ba̱jju chiefdom in Zangon Kataf, Jema'a and Kachia LGAs. It has the greater number of speakers of any Tyap dialect, and could have been deeply influenced by Izere and Rigwe (with whose speakers the Ba̱jju lived near Chawai with, in today's Kauru by oral narrative, before migrating to their present homeland several centuries ago). Jju was also probably influenced by the dialects of its present Hyam-speaking neighbours and former neighbours, to the southwest. These contacts seem to be the leading factor in its drift from Tyap in comparison to other dialects. | ||
| Sholyio (variant spellings Sholio, Sholyia̱; Hausa exonym Moro'a, Moroa, Marwa) | Spoken by the A̱sholyio (also spelt: Osholio, Aesholio, Asholio, A̱sholyia̱) people of the chiefdom bearing their name in the Kaura LGA. It seems to have been influenced by the Beromic dialect of Iten, Rigwe and Gworok; its speakers share common borders to the east and south, respectively, with the people of the aforementioned. | ||
| Takad (variant spellings Takat; Hausa exonym Attakar, Attaka, Ataka) | Spoken by the Takad (Tyap proper A̱takat) of the chiefdom bearing their name, in Kaura LGA, Kaduna State and Riyom LGA, Plateau State. It is closely related to the Tyuku and Gworok dialects, as well as Jju. Although its speakers see themselves as brothers of the Ba̱jju (with whom the migrated from Chawai by oral narrative), Takat seems more related to the core Tyap dialects than to Jju, although has some of its special elements. | ||
| Tyap proper (also Tyap-Central,[18] Tyap Mabatado, Tyab; Hausa exonym Katab, Kataf, Katab proper) | Spoken by the A̱tyap people of the chiefdom bearing their name, in Zangon Kataf, also found in neighbouring chiefdoms in Kaura, Jema'a and Kauru LGAs. The dialect seems to be the mother dialect from which the others evolved, and was probably influenced by other languages, causing its drift from its parent proto-Plateau language root. British colonial anthropologist, Charles Kingsley Meek in 1931, classified most of the proto-Plateau ethno-linguistic groups as part of the "Kataf (Atyap) Culture Complex", speaking closely related dialects of a possible single language. | ||
| Tyecha̱rak (also spelt Tachirak, Techerak, Ticarak; Hausa exonym Kachechere, Kacecere, Kacicere; Tyap proper Tyecaat, Ta̱caat, Ta̱chaat) | Spoken by the A̱tyeca̱rak; (Tyap proper A̱tyecaat) people in the A̱tyap, A̱sholyio (Moro'a) and Gworok (Kagoro) chiefdoms in Zangon Kataf and Kaura LGAs and as far south as the Jema'a LGA. | ||
| Tyuku (variant spelling: Tuku, Tukun,[19] Tyukum; Hausa exonym Atuku) | Spoken by the A̱tyuku (also Atuku, Atukum, Atyukum) people in Jema'a Local Government Area in Takat chiefdom, around the Ni̱mbyio (also spelt Nimbio) forest reserve of southern Kaduna State. The dialect is often regarded as a dialect of Takad, and seems to possess the most language drift of any Tyap dialect, second to Jju. | ||
| Other dialects | Other dialects related to Tyap include Kulu (SIL code ikl, also an Adara dialect), Nghan (SIL code kcl, a Gyongic dialect) and Terri (SIL code cfd). |
The Tyap alphabet (Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji) had 39 letters, as drafted by the Tyap Literacy Committee (TLC) during the early 1990s:[20] [21]
| Tyap alphabet: previous basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | A̱ | B | CH | CHY | D | E | F | G | GB | GH | GHW | GHY | H | HY | HW | I | I̱ | J | JHY | K | KH | KP | L | M | N | NG | NY | O | P | R | S | SH | SHY | T | TS | U | V | W | Y | Z | |
| a | a̱ | b | ch | chy | d | e | f | g | gb | gh | ghw | ghy | h | hy | hw | i | i̱ | j | jhy | k | kh | kp | l | m | n | ng | ny | o | p | r | s | sh | shy | t | ts | u | v | w | y | z | |
| Phonetic value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Tyap alphabet: new basic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z | ||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | y | z | ||||
| Phonetic value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
The letter "ch" would henceforth be represented by the symbol "c", without the "h". All others remain the same.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | ||
| Mid | ə | |||
| Open | a |
The seven vowels of Tyap may either be short or long monophthongs sounds. The language has five (or six) diphthongs: pronounced as //ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi//.[22] [23] [24]
The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications.[25] [26] The following table contains the main basic consonant sounds of Tyap:
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Plosive | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Affricate | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Lateral | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||
| Rhotic | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||
| Glide | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
Tyap has the SVO constituent order type[29] as illustrated below in the first given example:
Tyap's noun-class affixes appear after its word stem. These affixes consist of prefixes, usually attached to the root of the word for pluralization. For example: a̱som (hare)—a̱yaasom (hares), bwak (hand)—mbwak (hands), a̱kwon (tree)—a̱ka̱kwon (trees), etc. Meanwhile, the CV suffixes—usually alternating, and following the noun, are usually rendered as separate words in the orthography. For example, a̱som wu (the hare), a̱yaasom ba (the hares), bwak hu (the hand)—mbwak na (the hands), a̱kwon ka (the tree)—a̱ka̱kwon na (the trees), etc. These constitute the nominal affixes and concord of Tyap.[30]
Reduplication of nouns takes place for pluralization. Usually, the first root syllable gets duplicated. For example, tyan (place)—tityan (places), a̱nyung (tooth)—a̱nyunyung (teeth), a̱kwon (tree)—a̱ka̱kwon (trees), etc.[30]
Words associated with the alphabet| Letter | IPA Symbol | Tyap dialects and Jju | English translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | welcome (masculine) | ||
| a̱ | /ə/ | ruler, king, chief | ||
| b | /b/ | bat | wall, fence | |
| c | /t͡ʃ/ | cat (tsat in Sholyio, Takad, Tyuku) | want, love, need, like | |
| cy | /t͡ʃʲ/ | cyat | cut/thatch grass | |
| d | /d/ | dam | to worry | |
| e | /e/; /ɛ/ | a̱lyem (diryem in Jju) | tongue, language | |
| f | /f/ | faat (fa̱rak in Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, Tyuku) | to cut | |
| g | /g/ | gaat (ga̱rak in Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, Tyuku) | (visitors' room) | |
| gb | /g͡b/ | far | ||
| gh | /ɣ/ | ghan | to hurry | |
| ghw | /ɣʷ/ | ghwang | drawing | |
| ghy | /ɣʲ/ | a̱ghyang (a̱yaan in Fantswam, Jju; a̱zang in Tyuku) | another | |
| h | /h/ | hyet (hywet in Jju) | arrow | |
| hy | /ç/ | hyenhyiam | sour | |
| hw | /ʍ/ | yihwa | what | |
| i | /i/ | ii | yes (feminine) | |
| i̱ | /ɨ/ | ci̱p | twisting | |
| j | /d͡ʒ/ | jem (zem in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak) | hippopotamus | |
| jhy | /ʒʲ/ | jhyi (jyi in Fantswam, Jju) | to repair | |
| k | /k/ | kan | medicine | |
| kh | /x/ | khap | cultivating | |
| kp | /k͡p/ | kpa (kpe in Sholyio; kpi in Takad, Tyuku) | to pound, pestle | |
| l | /l/ | li (ryi in Jju) | to see | |
| m | /m/ | mup | to grab | |
| n | /n/ | nam (dinam Jju) | meat, flesh, muscle | |
| ng | /ŋ/ | ngaan | to be last | |
| ny | /ɲ/ | nyam | animal | |
| o | /ɔ/; /o/ | long (rong in Jju) | fire | |
| p | /p/ | piit | nothing, to lose, to score nought | |
| r | /r/ | ra̱ra̱k | to enter with ease | |
| s | /s/ | san | to receive, to save | |
| sh | /ʃ/ | shan | stick, staff | |
| shy | /ʃʲ/ | shyi | to swear | |
| t | /t/ | ta | to throw | |
| ts | /t͡s/ | tsang | crocodile | |
| u | /u/ | lyuut (lyuruk in Fantswam, Gworok; jem in Jju) | to write | |
| v | /v/ | vam (lvam in Fantswam; lwam in Gworok; rwam in Jju) | body | |
| w | /w/ | wan | to cook | |
| y | /j/ | ya ([g]ye in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak; [g]yi in Takad, Tyuku) | to eat | |
| z | /d͡z/ | za (ze in Sholyio, Tyeca̱rak; zi in Takad, Tyuku) | rain |
| Tyap | English (Shong) | |
|---|---|---|
| A nyia̱ ni? | How are you? | |
| N shyia̱ ka̱nɡka̱ra̱ng, n gwai. | I am fine, thank you. | |
| A neet a̱ji ni/wa? | Where are you from? | |
| N neet a̱mali kya. | I am from home. | |
| Á̱ ngyei ang a̱nyan a? | Who are you called? (What is your name?) | |
| Á̱ ngyei nung Kambai A̱ka̱u. | I am called Kambai A̱ka̱u. (My name is Kambai A̱ka̱u.) | |
| Bai a ya kyayak. | Come and eat. | |
| N cat a̱lyem nung ka. | I love my language. | |
| A̱nienzi̱t ba neet di̱ fam Kwararafa hwa. | The Nienzit people are from Kwararafa. | |
| A̱gwaza gu nang ang/nyin nda. OR, A̱gwaza gu nang nda ang/nyin. | God bless you (sing.)/(plur.). |
| Kaje | |||
| 84% | Katab | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 83% | 91% | Kagoro |
| Kaje | |||
| 83% | Katab | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 83% | 90% | Kagoro |
Below are comparisons made by Akau (2020) between the seven Tyap core dialects and Jju.
| English (Shong) | "Maba̱ta̱do" (Tyap 'proper') | Jju | Gworok (Gworog) | Sholyio (Sholyia̱, Sholio) | Tyeca̱rak | Fantswam | Takad (Takat) | Tyuku | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Come and eat. | Bai a ya kyayak. | Ba a ya kyangya. | Bai u ya kyayak. | Bai a gye kyayak | Bai a gye kyayak. | Bai a ya kyangya. | Bai u gyi kyangyi. | Bai u gyi kyangyi. | |
| 2 | Let us rise with strength. | Yok zi̱ doot yong ma̱ng cet. | Ryok zi drok ryong bu cet. | Yok zi̱t durok yong bi̱ cet. | Yok zi̱ durok yong ma̱ng tset. | Yok zi̱ durok yong ma̱ng cet. | Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ cet. | Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ tset. | Yok zi̱ durok yong bi̱ tset. | |
| 3 | I am not going to the wedding. | N na nat la̱p nyeang (nyi̱yang) hu bah. | N ni nat rop nyreng a ba. | N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang ku dak. | N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu bah. | N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu bah. | N na nat la̱p nyi̱rang ku dak. | N li nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu dak. | N li nat la̱p nyi̱rang hu dak. | |
| 4 | The people are hungry. | Á̱niet ba fwuong zong. | Ba̱nyet ba pfong zong. | Á̱niet ba tswuong jong. | Á̱niet be fwuong jong. | Á̱niet be fwuong zong. | Á̱nyet ba tfwuong zong. | Á̱niet bi fwuong zong. | Á̱niet bi fwuong zong. | |
| 5 | The child was walking, and fell down. | Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Ka̱won ka ncong, ka̱ yin kpa ka̱byen. | Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Nggwon ke ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Nggwon ke ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Nggwon ka ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Nggwon ki ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | Nggwon ki ncong, ka̱ si̱ kwa a̱byin. | |
| 6 | The pot is here. | A̱la̱n ka shyia̱ a̱ji. | Ka̱ra̱n ti shyi aki. | Ula̱n ka shyio a̱ji. | A̱la̱n ke shyia̱ a̱zi. | A̱la̱n ke shyia̱ a̱ji. | Ka̱la̱n ti shyia a̱ji. | Ula̱n ki syia̱ a̱zi. | Ula̱n ki syia̱ a̱zi. | |
| 7 | They are too mouthy. God will help them. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaza/A̱za na beang mba. | Ba̱ ra̱u byi ka̱nu. Ka̱za ni mba brang. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaza/Uza na beang mba. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaze/A̱ze na beang mbe. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwaze/A̱ze na beang mbe. | Ba̱ la̱u byia ka̱nu. Gwaza/Ka̱za na beang mba. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwazi/Uzi li beang mbi. | Ba̱ la̱u byia̱ a̱nu. A̱gwazi/Uzi li beang mbi | |
| 8 | Kuyet went to the forest with me to get water. | Kuyet nwuo a̱yit ka ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwa ka̱yit ka ba̱ nzuk a̱ bvwa ba̱shekwot. | Kuyet nwuo uyit ka bi̱ nung a̱ bvwuo a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwuo ka̱yit ke ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwuo a̱yit ke ma̱ng a̱nung a̱ bwuo a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwua ka̱yit ka bi̱ nung a̱ bwua a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwuo uyit ki ba̱ a̱nung a̱ bvwuo a̱sa̱khwot. | Kuyet nwua uyit ki ba̱ a̱nung a̱ bvwua a̱sa̱khwot. | |
| 9 | Who is home? | A̱nyan wa a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ka? | A̱nyan a̱mi a̱ nshyi ka̱ryi ka? | A̱nyan a̱ a̱ nshyia̱ buli ka? | A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ke? | A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia̱ a̱mali ke? | A̱nyan a a̱ nshyia ka̱li ka? | A̱nyan a a̱ nsyia̱ buli ki? | A̱nyan a a̱ nsyia̱ buli ki? | |
| 10 | It is above. | A̱ shyia̱ tazwa ka. | A̱ shyi tazwa ka. | A̱ shyio tuza ka. | A̱ shyia̱ tanzwe ke. | A̱ shyia̱ tanzwe ke. | A̱ shyia tazwa ka. | A̱ syia̱ tuzi ki. | A̱ syia̱ tuzi ki. | |
| 11 | Will you drink? | A na swuo a? | A ni fwa a? | A na swuo a? | A na swuo a? | A na swuo a? | A na fwua a? | U li swuo a? | U li swuo a? | |
| 12 | They said some children came here today. | Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱ji a̱fwun ka. | Ba̱ yya na̱won ka̱yaan ba aki ka̱pfwun ka. | Ba̱ nyio nuwan á̱ghyang bai a̱ji utswun ka. | Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱zi a̱fwun ke. | Ba̱ nyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱ji a̱fwun ke. | Ba̱ nyia mnuwan á̱yaan bai a̱ji ka̱tfwun ka. | Ba̱ hyia̱ mman á̱ghyang bai a̱zi ufwun ki. | Ba̱ shyia̱ mman á̱zang bai a̱zi utswun ki. | |
| 13 | Eight of us. | Nzi̱t a̱ni̱nai. | Njit a̱ninai. | Nzi̱t unaimbwag. | Nzi̱t a̱ri̱nai. | Nzi̱t a̱ri̱nai. | Njit a̱naimbwak. | Nzi̱t unaimbwak. | Nzi̱t unaimbwak. | |
| 14 | Let us unite. | Zi̱ tung ndung. | Zi tung ndung. | Zi̱t tung ndung. | Zi̱ tung ndung. | Zi̱ tung ndung. | Zi̱ tung ndung. | Zi̱ tung ndung. | Zi̱ tung ndung. |
The numbers 11 to 19 are created by adding 1–9 to 10 with the middle ma̱ng (often shortened in pronunciation to ma̱ and the next a̱, e.g. in a̱fwuon, being silent) to the adjoining number, but usually each word is written in full: e.g. swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon (15).
The numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 are formed by replacing the prefix 2 to 5, affixed to the "swak" (ten) with n-, with the swak itself taking the prefix n- throughout:
Other numbers are formed by adding 1–9, similar to the teens:
Hayab (2016:66-67) in his research on Hyam, a related language to Tyap found out that the original word for number 10 is "kop"/kwop, and that the present word used for ten was the de facto word used for twelve or a dozen is "shwak" (in Hyam) or swak (in Tyap). Due to the growing Hausa/English influence, undoubtedly before 1920 (because Thomas (1920:59) cited an example with Kagoro (Gworok) which, unlike its neighbours the Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada and Mama, was not using as of then, the duodecimal system[33]), the counting system has taken the shape of the Hausa/English decimal style and the word "kop/kwop" became almost extinct, while the "swak" took its place and misplaced its original meaning, which is twelve, to now mean ten. With this in mind, when one considers the number "1,000" or cyi kwop jhyiung ("cyi kwop" is spelled one word), one can say that it literally means "hundred ten one" or "100 X 10 X 1".
Below are the modern Tyap Counting style in thousands:
Tyap has three ways of writing units 1-5. This is because concord in Tyap is brought down to only lower numerals and a few adjectives. The 'direct-copy' or 'echo' type of agreement in which the numeral has the same prefix as the noun it is in agreement with, is being followed here.[30] [34] For example, a̱ka̱sa (houses)—a̱ka̱sa na (the houses)—a̱ka̱sa a̱feang (two houses)—a̱ka̱sa a̱feang na (the two houses), nkyang (things)—nkyang na (the things)—nkyang nfeang (two things)—nkyang nfeang na (the two things), and nywán (fowls)—nywán ji (the fowls)—nywán sweang (two fowls)—nywán sweang ji (the two fowls). For the second example, an "n-" prefix is added to the lower unit when used with a plural noun carrying the "hu" singular like kyang (thing).
Some Tyap names for neighbouring and other languaɡes are as follows:
| Language | Classification | Tyap name | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Á̱niet Tswaywan | ||
| Piti-Atsam, Eastern Kainji, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Tsamyio | ||
| Beromic, Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Kuut, Kuruk | ||
| West, Germanic, Indo-European | Shong
| ||
| Fulfulde, Fula | Central, Eastern Fula, Fulani-Wolof, Sene-Gambian, Northern, West Atlantic, Atlantic-Congo | Fa̱taa | |
| A.1, A, West Chadic, Afro-Asiatic | Kpat | ||
| Hyamic, Northwestern, Western Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Daa | ||
| Yoruboid, YEAI, Volta-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Ga̱ra | ||
| Igbo, Igboid, YEAI, Volta-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | A̱kum-a̱cyi
| ||
| Beromic, Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Tyen | ||
| Western, Nilo-Saharan | Á̱niet A̱tyin, Ka̱nuri, Ba̱reba̱re | ||
| Northern Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Sunkurum | ||
| Krio, Atlantic, English Creole | Shong Kaswuo | ||
| Ninzic, Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Byoot, Byorok | ||
| A, Southwestern, Western Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Kuu | ||
| Southcentral, Central Plateau, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Á̱nietza̱fan | ||
| Tivoid, Southern Bantoid, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Zi̱ya, Zi̱tya; Tivi | ||
| Kauru, Northern Jos, Eastern Kainji, Benue-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | Wai | ||
| Edekiri, Yoruboid, YEAI, Volta-Conɡo, Atlantic-Congo | A̱ghwangkpang
|
A research list called the "Swadesh 100-word List" presented by Shimizu (1975:414) shows that Tyap (Katab) shares the following cognate percentages with fellow Plateau languages and Jukun beginning from the highest to the lowest: 72% with Izere (Izarek), 66% with Rigwe, 50% with Chara, 49% with Berom, 42% with Tarok, 41% with Pyem, 41% with Ninzam, 39% with Kuche, 39% with Eggon, 38% with Ibunu, 37% with Rindre and 34% with Jukun.[36]
Endangered statusA study by Ayuba (2014) showed that Tyap is endangered and that the Hausa language and the non-transmission of Tyap by the older generation of Atyap to the younger generation largely accounted for the endangerment of Tyap.
The study recommended, among other measures, that the Atyap Community Development Association (ACDA) should set up a committee to create awareness on the need for Atyap to rise up and save their language and another to work towards establishing vacation schools where older adults would provide pre-school child care where Tyap children could be immersed in the language.[38]
See also