Kafr 'Ana Explained

Kafr 'Ana
Native Name:كفرعانة
Native Name Lang:ar
Other Name:Kafar Ana
Etymology:The village of Ana[1]
Pushpin Map:Mandatory Palestine
Pushpin Mapsize:200
Coordinates:32.0244°N 34.8686°W
Grid Name:Palestine grid
Grid Position:137/159
Subdivision Type:Geopolitical entity
Subdivision Name:Mandatory Palestine
Subdivision Type1:Subdistrict
Subdivision Name1:Jaffa
Established Title1:Date of depopulation
Established Date1:April 25, 1948[2]
Established Title2:Repopulated dates
Unit Pref:dunam
Area Total Dunam:17,553
Population As Of:1945
Population Total:3,020[3] [4]
Blank Name Sec1:Cause(s) of depopulation
Blank Info Sec1:Military assault by Yishuv forces
Blank3 Name Sec1:Current Localities
Blank3 Info Sec1:Neve Monosson Yagel Or Yehuda[5]

Kafr 'Ana' (Arabic: كفرعانة, also: Kafr Ana) was a Palestinian town located 11km (07miles) east of Jaffa, built on the ancient site of Ono. In 1945, the town had an estimated population of 2,800 Arabs and 220 Jews. Prior to being captured by the pre-state Jewish forces of the Alexandroni Brigade in April of 1948 (weeks before the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War) and facing conflict, the inhabitants fled.[6] Today, the old village site lies within the confines of the modern Israeli city of Or Yehuda.

History

Remains from the Chalcolithic Period and forward have been found here.[5] The Canaanites and Israelites referred to the town as Ono (Chronicles 8:12), which name continued all throughout the First and Second Temple periods.[7] In Aramaic, the name means “The village of the sheep”.[8]

Byzantine period

Jewish classical writings mention the city as being formerly enclosed by a wall.[9] [10] Kafr 'Ana was known as Onous in the Byzantine era,[11] and ceramics from that era have been found here.[12] Kafr 'Ana actually represents a Byzantine-period expansion of a nearby and much older site –– Kafr Juna, believed to be the ancient Ono.[13]

Ottoman period

During early Ottoman rule in Palestine, the revenues of the village of Kafr 'Ana were in 1552 designated for the new waqf of Hasseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana), the wife of Suleiman the Magnificent.[14] [15]

In 1596, Kafr 'Ana appeared in the census located in the Nahiya of Ramla, part of Gaza Sanjak. The population was 11 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, goats and beehives; in addition to occasional revenues, a total of 26,800 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.[16]

In the 18th century, Kafr 'Ana absorbed the population of the village of Subtara, abandoned under nomadic pressures, which was the largest village in the neighbourhood.[17]

During

In 1838, Kefr 'Âna was noted as a Muslim village in the Lydda District.[18]

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863 and found it to have 500 inhabitants.[19] He further noted that "near the village are two shallow basins hollowed in rock, not built up, which receive the winter rains. Several wells are here as well, which permit the gardens to be irrigated. By the side of one of these wells I observed trunks of columns which seemed ancient."[20]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 156 houses and a population of 499, though the population count included only men.[21] [22]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kafr 'Ana as a village built of adobe bricks and surrounded by palm trees.[23]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr 'Ana had a population of 1,374 inhabitants, all Muslims.[24] In the 1931 census the population was found to have increased to 1,824, and was still all Muslims, who lived in a total of 449 houses.[25]

The villagers grew crops and raised poultry and bees. In the 1944/45 statistics a total 2,214 dunums were used for growing citrus and bananas, while 11,022 dunums of village land were used for cereals. 597 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[11] [26] while 90 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[27]

State of Israel

The inhabitants and militiamen of Kafr' Ana fled in the weeks leading up to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, during the Haganah's offensive Mivtza Hametz (Operation Hametz) 28–30 April 1948. This operation was held against a group of villages east of Jaffa, including Kafr 'Ana. According to the preparatory orders, the objective was for "opening the way [for Jewish forces] to Lydda". The initial order made no explicit mention of the prospective treatment of the villagers and the order spoke of "cleansing the area" [''tihur hashetah''].[28] However, the final operational order stated: "Civilian inhabitants of places conquered would be permitted to leave after they are searched for weapons." During the operation, "the inhabitants and militiamen [sic] panicked and fled with the approach of the Haganah columns or as the rounds began to fall".[29]

On 23 September 1948 General Avner named Kafr 'Ana as a suitable village for resettlement for new Jewish immigrants ("olim") to Israel.[30] Today, the modern Israeli city, Or Yehuda, is built upon the lands formerly belonging to Kafr 'Ana and Saqiya village and Kheiriya village.[31] Or Yehuda was founded in 1950, on village land, south of the village site.[32]

In 1992 the village site was described: "Part of the site is a vacant lot. On other parts, olive trees grow, along with cypress and eucalyptus trees that have been planted by the residents of the Israeli settlements. No traces of the old houses can be discerned. Apartment buildings and a small park have been built on the surrounding land."[32]

Culture

A woman's thob (loose fitting robe with sleeves), from Kafr Ana, from the 1930s, is in the Museum of International Folk Art (MOIFA) collection at Santa Fe, United States. The dress is of white commercial cotton and the embroidery is multicolored cotton, mainly in red and blue. The qabbeh (the square chest panel) is not a separate panel, but instead executed directly on the dress. The embroidery on the skirt and sleeves is also done directly on the dress. There is some machine embroidery, but most is by hand. The dress has an uncommon round neckline, which was an innovation and was only used here and in the village of Salama, near Jaffa.[33]

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 215
  2. Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #218. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  3. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 27
  4. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 52
  5. Volynsky and Arbel, 2015, Or Yehuda
  6. HGS\Operations to Alexandroni, etc., "Orders for Operation "Hametz", 26 April 1948. IDFA 6647\49\\15. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 217, 286
  7. Christie . W.M. . The Jamnia Period in Jewish History . The Journal of Theological Studies . 26. 104 . 348 . 23950037 . 1925.
    Maisler (Mazar) . Benjamin . The Method of Transcribing Geographical and Personal Names . Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects . 19 . 24384308. 1932.
  8. Shmuel Klein, Eretz Yehudah (Heb. ארץ יהודה : מימי העליה מבבל עד חתימת התלמוד), Tel-Aviv 1939, s.v. אונו (Ono)
  9. Marom . Roy . Zadok . Ran . 2023 . Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan’s Endowment Deed (1552) . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins . en . 139 . 2.
  10. [Mishna]
  11. [Ishtori Haparchi]
  12. Khalidi, 1992, p. 247
  13. Dauphin, 1998, p. 824
  14. See p. 175 in: Taxel . Itamar . Rural Settlement Processes in Central Palestine, ca. 640–800 c.e.: The Ramla-Yavneh Region as a Case Study . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 369. 369. 157–199 . 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0157 . May 2013. 10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0157 . 163507411 .
  15. Singer, 2002, p.52
  16. Marom . Roy . 2022-11-01 . Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE . Lod, Lydda, Diospolis . 1 . 8.
  17. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 156. Note that Khalidi, 1992, p. 247 here mixed this Kafr 'Ana up with a Kafr Ana in the Jerusalem district; Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119
  18. Marom . Roy . 2022-11-01 . Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE . Lod, Lydda, Diospolis . 13-14..
  19. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  20. Guérin, 1868, p. 319
  21. Guérin, 1868, p. 320, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 265
  22. Socin, 1879, p. 156 also noted it was located in the Lydda District
  23. Hartmann, 1883, p. 138, noted 153 houses
  24. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, 251. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 247
  25. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
  26. Mills, 1932, p. 14.
  27. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 95
  28. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 145
  29. HGS\Operations to Alexandroni, etc., "Orders for Operation "Hametz", 26 April 1948. IDFA 6647\49\\15. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 217, 286
  30. Operation Hametz HQ to Givati, etc., 27 April 1948, 14:00 hours, IDFA 67\51\\677. See also Alexandroni to battalions, 27 April 1948, IDFA 922\75\\949. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 217, 286
  31. Protocol of Meeting of Military Government Committee, 23 September 1948, ISA FM 2564\11. Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 394, 413
  32. Khalidi, 1992, pp. 247-248; Carta's Official Guide to Israel, Jerusalem 1983, p. 358.
  33. Khalidi, 1882, p. 248
  34. Stillman, 1979, p.70

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