Japanese: Kabuto (兜, 冑) is a type of helmet first used by ancient Japanese warriors that, in later periods, became an important part of the traditional Japanese armour worn by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan.
Note that in the Japanese language, the word Japanese: kabuto is an appellative, not a type description, and can refer to any combat helmet.
Every year on Children's Day, May 5, Japanese households display miniature kabuto and samurai armor in keeping with the tradition of Tango no Sekku. In feudal times, real samurai armor, kabuto, and tachi were displayed.[1] [2]
Japanese helmets dating from the fifth century have been found in excavated tombs. Called Japanese: mabizashi-tsuke kabuto (attached-visor helmet), the style of these kabuto came from China and Korea. They had a pronounced central ridge.[3] [4]
Japanese: Kabuto, now known as samurai helmets, first appeared in the 10th century Heian period with the appearance of ō-yoroi. Until the early Muromachi period, Japanese: kabuto were made by combining dozens of thin iron plates. Generally, only daimyo and samurai at the rank of commander wore Japanese: kabuto ornaments called Japanese: datemono (立物), which were shaped like a pair of hoes. In the middle of the Muromachi period, as the number of large group battles increased, ordinary samurai wore Japanese: datemono in the shape of a hoe, the sun, the moon, or their flag on their Japanese: kabuto to show their courage or to distinguish friend from foe.[5] [6]
In the Sengoku period in the 16th century, when the scale of war increased and the guns called Japanese: [[Tanegashima (gun)|tanegashima]] became popular, the armor styles called Japanese: ō-yoroi and Japanese: [[dō-maru]] became outdated. As a response to the popularity of Japanese: tanegashima, the armor style of Japanese: tosei-gusoku (Japanese: 当世具足) was created. Japanese: Tosei-gusoku kabuto were made by combining three to four pieces of iron plates. These were more bulletproof than the conventional style and could be mass produced. The Japanese: tatemono became more eccentric and huge. Some were made of iron, but for safety reasons on the battlefield, they were often made with molded, lacquer-coated paper. In the Azuchi–Momoyama period, Japanese: tosei-gusoku kabuto had a simple, bold design in accordance with the popularity of Momoyama culture.[5] [6]
In the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate defeated the Toyotomi clan in the Summer Siege of Osaka. Japanese society became more peaceful and medieval armor styles were revived. Japanese: Ō{{nbh- and Japanese: dō{{nbhstyle Japanese: kabuto were made again.[7] Ornamental kawari kabuto ("strange helmet") were made during this time that had "figures of animals, [''[[kami]]], or various other objects mounted on top of them".[8] Kabuto during this time were made "from materials including iron, gold-copper alloy, lacquer, leather, silk, wood, gesso, bone[,] and gesso binder".
The kabuto was an important part of the equipment of the samurai, and played a symbolic role as well, which may explain the Japanese expressions, sayings, and codes related to them. For instance, Japanese: Katte kabuto no o wo shimeyo translates literally to "Tighten the string of the kabuto after winning the war". This refers to not reducing one's efforts after success; an equivalent saying in English would be "Don't rest on your laurels".[9] Japanese: Kabuto wo nugu (lit. "to take off the kabuto") means "to surrender".[10]
The basic parts of the kabuto include:
A typical Japanese: kabuto features a central dome constructed of anywhere from three to over a hundred metal plates riveted together. These were usually arranged vertically, radiating from a small opening in the top. The rivets securing these metal plates to each other could be raised (a form known as Japanese: hoshi-bachi) or hammered flat (a form known as Japanese: suji-bachi); another form, called Japanese: hari bachi, had the rivets filed flush. Some of the finer Japanese: hachi were signed by their makers, usually from one of several known families, such as the Myochin, Saotome, Haruta, Unkai, or Nagasone families.
A small opening in the top of the Japanese: kabuto, called the Japanese: tehen or Japanese: hachimanza (seat of the war god, Hachiman), was thought to be for passing the warrior's top knot through. Although this practice was largely abandoned after the Muromachi period, this opening may have been retained for purposes of ventilation or simply as an artifact of how the plates were riveted together.[11] The Japanese: tehen was usually decorated with Japanese: tehen kanamono, which were rings of intricately worked, soft metal bands often resembling a chrysanthemum.[12] Japanese: Zunari kabuto and Japanese: momonari kabuto were two helmet forms that did not usually have an opening at the top.
Japanese: Kabuto incorporated a suspended neck guard called a Japanese: shikoro, usually composed of three to seven semicircular, lacquered metal or oxhide lames, attached and articulated by silk or leather lacing, although some Japanese: shikoro were composed of 100 or more small metal scales in a row.[13] This lamellar armour style, along with Japanese: [[Kusari (Japanese mail armour)|kusari]] (mail armour), was the standard technology of Japanese body armour, and some Japanese: shikoro were made of mail sewn to a cloth lining (a form called Japanese: kusari shikoro).
The Japanese: kabuto was secured to the head by a chin cord called Japanese: shinobi-no-o, which would usually be tied to posts or hooks on the Japanese: [[mengu]] (facial armour) or simply tied under the chin.
Japanese: Kabuto are often adorned with crests called Japanese: datemono or Japanese: tatemono;[14] the four types of decorations were the Japanese: maedate (frontal decoration), Japanese: wakidate (side decorations), Japanese: kashiradate (top decoration), and Japanese: ushirodate (rear decoration). These can be family crests (mon), or flat or sculptural objects representing animals, mythical entities, prayers or other symbols. Horns are particularly common, and many kabuto incorporate Japanese: kuwagata, stylized antlers.
Japanese: Suji bachi kabuto is a multiple-plate type of Japanese helmet with raised ridges or ribs showing where the helmet plates come together; the rivets may be filed flat or they may be left showing, as in the Japanese: hoshi-bachi kabuto.
Japanese: Hoshi-bachi kabuto (star helmet bowl) with protruding rivet heads, have large rivets (Japanese: o-boshi), small rivets (Japanese: ko-boshi) and a rivet with a chrysantemoid-shaped washer at its base (Japanese: za-boshi). Japanese: Hoshi-bachi kabuto could also be Japanese: suji bachi kabuto if there were raised ribs or ridges showing where the helmet plates came together.
Japanese: Hari bachi kabuto is multiple-plate Japanese Japanese: hachi with no ribs or ridges showing where the helmet plates come and the rivets are filed flush.
The Japanese: zunari kabuto is a simple, five-plate design.
A great number of simpler, lightweight, folding, portable armours for lower-ranking samurai and foot soldiers (Japanese: [[ashigaru]]) were also produced. These were called Japanese: tatami armour, and some featured collapsible Japanese: tatami kabuto (also called Japanese: choshin-kabuto), made from articulated lames.[15] [16] Japanese: Tatami kabuto did not use rivets in their construction; instead, lacing or chain mail was used to connect the pieces to each other.
Japanese: Kaji kabuto were a type of helmet worn by samurai firemen.[17]
Japanese: Jingasa were war hats made in a variety of shapes, worn by Japanese: ashigaru (foot soldiers) and samurai, which could be made from leather or metal.[18]
During the Momoyama period of intense civil warfare, kabuto were made to a simpler design of three or four plates, lacking many of the ornamental features of earlier helmets. To offset the plain, utilitarian form of the new helmet, and to provide visibility and presence on the battlefield, armorers began to build fantastic shapes on top of the simple helmets in Japanese: harikake (papier-mâché mixed with lacquer over a wooden armature), though some were constructed entirely of iron. These shapes mimicked forms from Japanese culture and mythology, including fish, cow horns, the head of the god of longevity, bolts of silk, head scarves, Ichi-no-Tani canyon, and axe heads, among many others. Some forms were realistically rendered, while others took on a very futuristic, modernist feel.