KNP Complex Fire explained

KNP Complex Fire
Coordinates:36.567°N -118.811°W[1]
Area:88307acres
Cause:Lightning
Buildings:4
Injuries:≥5
Image Map Caption:The majority of the KNP Complex Fire lay within the footprint of Sequoia National Park
Image Map Alt:The irregular footprint of the KNP Complex Fire stretches from northwest to southeast within the boundaries of the national park
Pushpin Map:USA California
Pushpin Map Caption:The fire burned in Tulare County, on the Sierra Nevada's western slope
Pushpin Map Alt:A map of California, showing the fire's location marked in the central part of the state with a flame icon
Evacuated:≥659

The 2021 KNP Complex Fire was a large wildfire in Sequoia National Park and the Sequoia National Forest in Central California's Tulare County. After lightning ignited the Paradise and Colony fires in the southern Sierra Nevada on September 9, the twin blazes combined into the Complex and burned a total of 88307acres. The fire was not declared contained until mid-December, after several atmospheric rivers delivered rain and snow to the mountains. The number of firefighting personnel reached more than 2,000 and firefighting costs surpassed $170 million.

The KNP Complex forced the communities of Three Rivers, Wilsonia, and Cedar Grove to evacuate, and caused the temporary closure of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks while damaging roads, trails, and cabins within. The fire also heavily impacted the endangered giant sequoia, which grows in less than a hundred natural groves in the western Sierra Nevada. National Park Service scientists calculated that the KNP Complex Fire killed roughly 1,300–2,400 large giant sequoias (hundreds more died in the Windy Fire in the Sequoia National Forest, which burned contemporaneously). The fires are estimated to have killed three to five percent of the total population of large giant sequoias.

Background

The KNP Complex Fire took place during a severe fire season for the western United States, and particularly for California. During the state's 2021 wildfire season nearly 2.6 million acres (2600000abbr=outNaNabbr=out) burned: the second largest area on record after 2020.[2] The national preparedness level hit the maximum level of 5 on July 14 and remained there until September 20, the longest period on record.[3] Officials took drastic measures to try and limit new ignitions: between August 31 and September 15, the U.S. Forest Service’s Pacific Southwest Region closed all of California's national forests to public use because of fire conditions.[4] [5]

Fuels and climate

In the decades preceding the fire, average temperatures in the Sierra increased measurably even as precipitation did not. This trend was driven partly by climate change. Climate change and consequent warming in California has helped produce hotter and more severe droughts,[6] [7] such as the one California endured between 2012 and 2016. Acute stress from that drought killed many trees in the Sierra Nevada, particularly at middling elevations.[8]

The lack of water also crippled trees' abilities to resist the predations of bark beetles, which resulted in "greatly elevated mortality" for many major tree species in Sequoia National Park, including the ponderosa pine, the sugar pine, the incense-cedar, and the white fir. Annual tree mortality rates nearly doubled in the park just between 1983 and 2004. A park representative estimated in 2021 that Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks held over one million beetle-killed trees that were helping drive the KNP Complex Fire.[9]

California saw its second-driest water year ever in 2020–2021, exceeded only by that of 1923–1924.[10] It was the driest ever water year on record for the southern Sierra Nevada, with 9.9inches of rainfall compared to the region's average of 28.8inches.[11] The summer of 2021 was also California's hottest ever recorded.[12] The hot and dry conditions kept vegetation moisture levels "critically low".

The drought and dead trees added to the high levels of flammable vegetation that had already accumulated in Sierra Nevada forests. Prior to European-American settlement, more frequent fires of lower severity occurred, leaving most sequoia trees unharmed and aiding regeneration in the forest by consuming dry fuels before they built up enough to become dangerous. These fires—caused by lightning or intentionally set by native inhabitants—ceased in the 20th century when the U.S. federal government began extinguishing every wildfire as a matter of policy. This practice created elevated fuel loads in forests, including giant sequoia groves.[13] [14] Not until the 1960s was fire reintroduced to some groves.[15] While approximately 30000acres used to burn naturally and annually in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon parks, as of 2022 the parks burned only around 10000acres annually in prescribed burns.[16] Much of the KNP Complex Fire footprint had no recent wildfire burn history. A 2023 study identified "old, large-diameter fuels like fallen logs" as the likely culprit for the fire's high intensity after analyzing radiocarbon signatures in samples of the smoke, consistent with prior research demonstrating that fire suppression and the resulting accumulation of fuels have contributed to elevated fire intensities in the Sierra Nevada.[17] [18]

Progression

September 9–14

On the night of September 9, a series of thunderstorms moved through California, generating more than 1,100 cloud-to-ground lightning strikes across the state by the following morning.[19] Over 200 strikes occurred in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[20] On September 10, three lightning-ignited fires were discovered in Sequoia National Park. One of them, the Cabin Fire, was found near Dorst Creek and fully contained at only 1.25acres. The other two fires were not so easily subdued.

The 4acres Colony Fire near Colony Peak, burning in a mixed conifer forest west of the Giant Forest and north of the Kaweah River, and the NaNacres Paradise Fire west of Paradise Creek, south of the Kaweah River and burning in chaparral in rugged terrain.[21] Campgrounds and park roads nearby closed and suppression efforts began, with handcrews on the ground and water and fire retardant drops from the air. With the combination of difficult terrain and dry weather conducive to fire spread, park officials warned that "the fires have spread potential and could affect operations in the coming days or weeks."[22] The Colony and Paradise fires grew overnight to 72acres and 32acres respectively, with no containment.[23] On September 11 the two fires, though still discrete, were christened the KNP Complex Fire.

Ground crews on the Colony Fire were beleaguered by 6adj=onNaNadj=on flames and many hazardous snags. Meanwhile, the Paradise Fire's challenging location mid-slope with no safety zones or easy access caused officials to resort to an aircraft-only strategy, hoping to use water and fire retardant drops to keep the fire north of Paradise Ridge and south of the Kaweah River. By September 13, the area burned surpassed 200acres and 800acres for the Colony and Paradise fires. Evacuations were ordered for the Mineral King area, and warnings instituted for Three Rivers. The response was still hampered by the rough terrain, as officials noted that ground access to the Paradise Fire had proved "impossible" thus far. Only 130 personnel were engaged on the incident.[24]

That night, the Paradise Fire spread down-slope to the north, crossing the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River and the Generals Highway. Park employees at the Ash Mountain Headquarters Complex and in employee housing nearby evacuated.[25] Both fires expanded considerably over the course of the following day (September 14), taking the Paradise Fire's total burned acreage to more than 5900acres and the Colony Fire to more than 1100acres. Sequoia National Park closed to the public.[26]

September 15–October 1

On September 15 and 16, both fires grew moderately and on every flank. With the arrival of a Type 1 incident management team, the number of personnel on the incident grew to more than 400, even as the combined size of the two fires reached more than 11000acres.[27] [28] As the Colony fire moved within 1abbr=outNaNabbr=out of the Giant Forest, containing the General Sherman tree and thousands of other giant sequoias, firefighters began to protect specific trees by removing vegetation from around their bases and covering parts of the trees in a protective foil wrap, usually used to protect structures and for firefighters' emergency shelters.[29] On September 17, the Colony and Paradise fires met and merged in the drainage of the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River. The smoke that had stifled the now-combined fire's northeastern portion cleared and the resulting ventilation allowed the fire to grow. The northern portion of the blaze pushed up and out of the Marble Fork into the Halstead Creek drainage in a 6500abbr=onNaNabbr=on "extreme head fire run", according to a National Park Service post-fire assessment, burning the entirety of the Suwanee Grove at almost entirely moderate to high severity.[30] The fire also entered the westernmost edge of the Giant Forest grove for the first time, in the vicinity of the Four Guardsmen trees,[31] but firefighters' protective efforts ensured all four survived.[32] The total burned area reached 17857acres by September 18 as the complex became one of the highest-priority wildfires in the nation.

The complex slowly grew to just over 25000acres by September 21,[33] causing Kings Canyon National Park to close. Portions of both parks east of the Pacific Crest Trail in the High Sierra remained open. As crews prepared for the fire's potential arrival in the Lost and Muir sequoia groves, the fire moved through the Giant Forest and reduced in intensity as it met areas that had already been treated with prescribed fire. Meanwhile, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) personnel constructed control lines along Paradise Ridge to help check the fire's growth on its southern end.In late September, a high-pressure system settled in place over the area: higher humidity levels and lower temperatures, combined with a thick smoke inversion, stifled fire behavior somewhat even as the lack of visibility prevented aircraft from flying. Despite this, on September 24, fire activity ticked up as flames moved down from the conifer forests into the grass and oak woodlands closer to the visitors center in the foothills, and leapt past firefighters and their control lines on Paradise Ridge. Burnout operations helped catch the fire in the Mineral King Road and Ash Mountain areas. A giant sequoia killed by the fire fell across the Generals Highway, blocking travel between the northern and southern portions of the fire until equipment could be mustered to cut through it.[34]

During the last week of September, the fire grew by several thousand acres per day, driven by gusty west winds. As its footprint increased, mandatory evacuation orders were issued on September 30 for Eshom and Hartland Camp in Tulare County. These orders were expanded on October 1 to include Grant Grove Village, Wilsonia, and Cedar Grove in Kings Canyon National Park, and Big Meadows, Weston Meadows, and Quail Flat areas in Giant Sequoia National Monument.[35] Approximately 158 homes were threatened between those in Sequoia National Park, in the Lodgepole area, and in the communities of Three Rivers and Hartland.[36] On September 30, the fire crossed the North Fork of the Kaweah River,[37] and entered the lower portion of the Pierce Creek drainage to the north. On October 1, the fire pushed up through Pierce Creek, over the lower parts of the Redwood Mountain ridge, and into Redwood Canyon, taking the total burned area to more than 50000acres.

October 1–October 5

For the next two days, the fire backed down into Redwood Canyon, burning through Big Springs Grove and making occasional runs up towards Big Baldy (a high granite ridge to the east). Redwood Mountain Grove was singled out for concern—park officials knew that its southern section lay on a steep slope and was littered with excess fuel. Firefighters had begun burnout operations in the grove on October 1. Officials also decided to apply an experimental polyacrylamide fire retardant gel to the canopies of the giant sequoias, and some was dropped on trees in Muir Grove.[38] Smoky conditions kept aircraft away from Redwood Mountain Grove, preventing gel drops there, and before long the wildfire outpaced the firefighters' burnout operations.By October 3, the fire's footprint spanned over 60000acres.[39] The fire spotted across Mineral King Road, provoking evacuation orders for Sierra King Drive, Hammond, and Oak Grove.[40] That evening, part of the fire still burning near Pierce Meadow surged up the western side of Redwood Mountain. By morning, it had merged with a fire front burning up through Redwood Canyon, and the combined head of the fire burned the central portion of the canyon, scorching the southern part of Redwood Mountain Grove at high severity. The fire burned hot in the canyon, putting up 40000abbr=outNaNabbr=out convective pyrocumulus or pyrocumulonimbus clouds visible from the far side of the Sierra Nevada.[41] In the sequoia grove itself the fire generated winds strong enough to strip bark and foliage from the sequoia trees, and flames likely climbed into the canopies of the sequoias, moving from tree to tree as a crown fire. The fire's run took it across Generals Highway near Stony Creek.[42] The Tulare County Sheriff’s Office issued immediate evacuation orders for Mineral King Road and Mineral King Drive.[43] The fire's intensity subsided upon reaching Big Baldy and parts of the grove that had previously been treated with prescribed fire. The Redwood Canyon area growth took the fire's total burned area to just shy of 80000acres by October 5.

October 5–December 16

Following the blow-up in Redwood Canyon, shifts in the weather began to enable firefighters to gain the upper hand. On October 8, storms brought rain to the whole of the fire. Some areas received as much as three-tenths of an inch (NaNinches) of precipitation.[44] During this same period the total number of personnel assigned to the fire peaked at over 2,000, and it remained around that level for most of the second week of October.[45] The favorable weather, particularly on the fire's north end, allowed those crews to achieve 20 percent containment of the fire by October 10.[46] Another storm on the night of the 17th brought more than 2inches of snow to the fire area, slowing fire activity further even as hotshot crews built another contingency line beneath the Giant Forest through the snow.[47] [48] Containment rapidly increased to 60 percent by October 21: with a total burned area of 88307acres, this marked the end of the fire's expansion.[49]

On October 24, a significant atmospheric river made landfall in Northern California, delivering several inches of rain across much of the state. Though it weakened as it slid southward,[50] NaNinches of rain fell on all parts of the fire and a flash flood watch was issued for the area.[51] [52] Christy Brigham, chief of resource management and science at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, declared it a season-ending event. At this point, with the fire largely out, much of the work was focused on repairing the damage from the suppression effort and stabilizing burned areas. A week later, control over the incident passed from the interagency incident management team back to the Forest Service and National Park Service.[53] The KNP Complex Fire was declared completely contained on December 16, with no further growth expected outside of the existing perimeter.[54] The area burned by the fire was calculated at 88307acres,[55] and the cost of fighting the fire came to $170million.

Giant sequoias

Giant sequoias are typically resistant to wildfires, possessing thick bark and a canopy that grows well above the ground that protects them from smaller fires.[56] Historically, giant sequoia groves had a fire return interval of approximately 15 years, and so long-lived giant sequoias might see dozens of wildfires throughout their lifetimes. As with the rest of the Sierra Nevada's forests, this ceased with European-American settlement. Sequoia and Kings Canyon parks together contain about 10000acres of giant sequoia groves, only 4610acres of which had seen prescribed or managed fire in the 20 years before the KNP Complex Fire. Most of that treated acreage was in the Giant Forest grove alone.

Because of the lack of milder wildfires—leading to fuel build-up—and the intensification of other factors (such as climate change and bark beetles), modern Californian wildfires burn with an increased proportion of moderate to high severity fire effects and such fires have become a "significant threat to the persistence of large sequoias", according to the Park Service's assessment. During the KNP Complex Fire's lifetime, it reached 16 separate giant sequoia groves, and affected some of them severely. The Park Service assessment reported: "Much of the fire’s growth occurred due to backing and flanking, with short uphill runs. However, in some areas terrain, fuels, and winds aligned to drive high intensity crown runs ranging from tens to hundreds of acres." Thus, while many groves received low-intensity flanking or backing fire producing effects that varied from "unburned" to "low" severity, several were affected by moderate or high severity runs that killed many mature giant sequoias. Studies have shown an 84 percent average mortality rate in old-growth sequoia groves burned at a high severity, and anecdotal evidence has shown that in multiple fires these areas fail to regenerate.

Following the fire's impingement on Castle Creek Grove and Redwood Mountain Grove, park officials wrote on Facebook that they suspected the fire had killed trees in those groves, possibly hundreds of them. Before the fire, Redwood Mountain Grove had been home to 5,509 large giant sequoias, and Castle Creek Grove home to another 419.[57] Officials also wrote that protecting other threatened groves was the current priority and continued fire hazards precluded a complete assessment until later.[58]

Sequoia mortality

On November 19, 2021, the Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team assigned to the KNP Complex Fire released their report, which discussed a variety of fire impacts, post-fire hazards, and potential actions for response. Analysis conducted by Nature Conservancy and National Park Service scientists used a combination of fire severity data, satellite imagery, aerial reconnaissance, and ground assessments to estimate possible large giant sequoia mortality from the KNP Complex Fire.[59] In total, the National Park Service report estimated that the KNP Complex Fire killed between 1,330 and 2,380 large sequoias, defined as those over 4abbr=offNaNabbr=off in diameter. That figure includes both the sequoias killed outright and those expected to die in the three to five years following the fire. When combined with the estimated large sequoia mortality of 931–1,257 trees from the Windy Fire, the 2021 California wildfire season saw the potential loss of three to five percent of the global population of large giant sequoias.[60] [61] [62] The National Park Service's assessment highlighted an "alarming trend" given the previous mortality from the Castle Fire portion of the 2020 SQF Complex Fire, which killed an estimated 10–14 percent of large sequoias (or between 7,500 and 10,600 individual trees).[63] The mortality assessments suggest that in 2020 and 2021, 13–19 percent of the world's large sequoia population was lost in just three large wildfires. Prior to 2020, the total number of large sequoias within the groves of the Sierra Nevada was estimated at 75,580. The total number may have fallen to ~60,000 after the Castle, Windy, and KNP Complex fires.[64]

Response

On September 23, 2021, Sequoia National Park was the backdrop for Governor Newsom's signature of a $15 billion climate change legislation package that included $1.5 billion for wildfire response and forest resilience. Newsom alluded to the nearby threatened giant sequoias in his remarks on the bill.[65]

In June 2022, the Save Our Sequoias Act was introduced by Democratic member Scott Peters and Republican member Kevin McCarthy (whose district includes the majority of giant sequoia groves) in the House of Representatives. The bill sought to provide $350 million over the course of a decade to codify the Giant Sequoia Lands Coalition (an existing partnership between federal, state, tribal and local land managers), create a reforestation plan for groves destroyed by wildfires, and streamline the environmental review process for thinning and removing vegetation from other groves. Legislators working to draft the bill visited some of the worst-affected groves from the KNP Complex Fire in Sequoia National Park in May, prior to its introduction.[66] Despite having 75 co-sponsors in the House, the bill was opposed by 81 environmental groups, including the Sierra Club, the League of Conservation Voters, Greenpeace, the Pacific Crest Trail Association, and Defenders of Wildlife.[67] [68] [69] Their joint letter to Congress argued that the bill would "weaken existing environmental law to expedite potentially harmful logging projects that undermine the ecological integrity of sequoia groves and do nothing to protect these trees".[70] An amended version of the legislation was introduced in the Senate in September 2022 by California senators Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla. The act was not passed in either chamber before the end of the 117th Congress in 2023.[71] [72]

In July 2022, the Forest Service announced that it would begin undertaking "emergency fuels reduction treatments to provide for the long term survival of giant sequoia groves against immediate wildfire threats" by removing vegetation and duff on the surface, thinning areas of the forest, and implementing prescribed burns. The announcement stated that the work would encompass 133770NaN0 in and around 12 giant sequoia groves in Sequoia and Sierra National Forests, with the intent to complete the work by 2023 at a cost of $15 million in funds from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and a further $6 million then still unappropriated.[73] [74] In October 2022, the National Park Service separately announced its own emergency actions to protect 11 at-risk and remote giant sequoia groves in Sequoia and Kings Canyon parks by manually thinning vegetation around the trees, burning piles of potential fuels, and using prescribed fire in the thinned areas.[75] In February 2023, the Park Service began seeking public feedback on replanting sequoia and conifer seedlings in several groves particularly affected by the KNP and SQF Complex fires.[76]

List of groves impacted

Below is a summary of the groves that the KNP Complex impacted, the dates those groves burned, the acreage and percentage of each that burned at high severity, and a brief narrative. All information is taken from the National Park Service's report on giant sequoia mortality following the 2021 fire season. Redwood Mountain Grove, Atwell Grove, and Suwanee Grove saw the most acreage burned at high severity.

List of giant sequoia groves burned!Name!Date(s) impacted!Acreage burned at high severity!% grove burned at high severity!Comments
OrioleLakeGrove0.40NaN00%The fire slowly backed and flanked southeast into Oriole Lake Grove from Paradise Mountain ridge to the southeast, taking 10 days to move into higher elevations of the grove.
SuwaneeGrove17.50NaN026%The entirety of Suwanee Grove burned in a single "extreme head fire run" when the northern portion of the complex (formerly the Colony Fire) swept up the Marble Fork Kaweah River drainage. Most of the grove burned at moderate-to-high severity.
Giant Forest3.70NaN00%The fire entered western portions of the Giant Forest grove on September 17, and crossed the Generals Highway the following day. As the fire flanked through the grove, firefighter hotshot crews conducted low-intensity burnout operations to prevent any high-severity fire from entering the grove. These operations continued through late October. The bases of two of the Four Guardsmen trees were burned. The chief of resources management and science for SEKI characterized the fire's behavior in the Giant Forest as "mainly quite good", with beneficial effects.[77]
SquirrelCreekGrove00NaN00%The fire backed into this very small grove near the Oriole Lake Crossing.
DouglassGrove00NaN00%This very small grove burned in a head fire.
RedwoodCreekGrove1.60NaN03%The fire backed through this grove from Conifer Ridge.
NewOrioleLakeGrove3.10NaN021%The fire moved up into New Oriole Lake Grove from the Oriole Lake area, largely in a single push.
SkagwayGrove1.30NaN02%The fire backed down through Skagway Grove from Pine Ridge.
Muir Grove6.80NaN03%After firefighters conducted burnout operations in Muir Grove on September 25, the fire entered the grove burning up-slope on September 30 and October 1. A special fire retardant gel was applied aerially to trees on the grove's borders.
PineRidgeGrove00NaN00%Fire backing down from Pine Ridge moved through the grove, largely at low severity, but with some areas of moderate severity.
CastleCreekGrove2.40NaN01%The fire flanked east through portions of the grove between September 26 and September 29. On September 30, the fire advanced to the east below the grove and burned pockets of sequoias on the grove's lower-elevation edges, before a more sustained push upslope through the grove (with an associated convective column) on October 1.
AtwellGrove18.90NaN02%The fire first entered Atwell Grove from the west on September 30, which was followed by a more intense push from the west, originating in the Redwood Creek area, on October 1. After continuing to flank through the grove, the fire made a large high-severity upslope run into the center of the grove on October 5. Further minor spread occurred, with one final large run on October 18.
BigSpringsGrove00NaN00%The fire moved through the entirety of this very small grove over two days.
RedwoodMountainGrove560.60NaN021%One finger of the fire ran across and down from Redwood Mountain ridge into Redwood Canyon, merging with another finger of the fire north of Big Springs Grove. The run burned lower elevations of the grove at high severity. The fire then ran to the north, crossing the Generals Highway, and then backed westwards through the remaining parts of the grove.
LostGrove00NaN00%A low-intensity burnout operation was conducted in the grove on October 4, and a head fire run the following day barely missed the grove.
East ForkGrove00NaN00%A portion of the grove (on the northern side of the East Fork Kaweah River) burned over the course of three days (October 8, 9, and 18).

Effects

On October 7, a falling tree struck four personnel (affiliated with Cal Fire and the California Conservation Corps). All four were transported via helicopter to nearby hospitals with serious injuries, but were listed as stable by that night and released from the hospital the following morning.[78] On October 11, another firefighter was struck by a falling rock while working in Atwell Grove. They were hospitalized but were expected to recover.[79] [80]

On October 22, Gavin Newsom, the governor of California, declared a state of emergency in Tulare County and multiple other counties affected by the season's fires, allowing residents to access resources through the California Disaster Assistance Act.[81] At least 659 people were displaced by evacuation orders during the fire's active period in early October.[82]

The Giant Forest, which closed in mid-September, reopened first on a limited basis in December 2021 and then fully on March 11, 2022.[83] The stretch of the Generals Highway between Sequoia and Kings Canyon reopened on March 18, 2022,[84] though mudslides re-closed parts of it in the fall of 2022.[85] During winter storms in early 2023, fire-weakened hillsides contributed to washouts and damaged culverts, again causing multiple closures along the highway.[86]

Damage

The fire destroyed four structures and damaged one, according to Cal Fire.[87] These included a number of historic buildings in Sequoia National Park. The Redwood Mountain Ranger Station (built in 1940), Moro Rock Comfort Station (built in 1934, and Barton's Log/Crose's Cabin, a downed hollow sequoia log converted into a cabin in the 1920s, all burned in the fire. Redwood Canyon Research Cabin and a private cabin at Oriole Lake were also destroyed. The fire destroyed radio transmission towers and other hardware on Eshom Point,[88] damaged park communications equipment on Milk Ranch Peak, and damaged an electrical distribution line belonging to Southern California Edison.

No campgrounds, picnic areas, or administrative buildings in either park were directly impacted by the fire, but other park infrastructure was affected. For example, 62.30NaN0 of trail within the fire's perimeter suffered varying degrees of damage. Sequoia National Park contained 44.20NaN0 of the total and Kings Canyon National Park the remaining 18.10NaN0. 9miles, representing 20 percent of Sequoia National Park's burned trails, and 7.40NaN0, representing 40 percent of the burned trails in Kings Canyon National Park, were within moderate or high burn severity areas. An additional 6.10NaN0 of trails were used as containment lines along the fire's perimeter, and did not wholly burn. Other impacts included damage to signage throughout the park, including road reflectors, speed limit signs, and posts, and nearly 20,000 potentially hazardous burned trees along roads in the parks.

Environmental impacts

In addition to giant sequoia mortality, the Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team evaluated a host of other environmental impacts from the fire. The KNP Complex Fire burned critical habitat for the Pacific fisher, a small carnivorous mammal whose southern Sierra Nevada population is listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. One of the primary reasons for the species' listing is the loss and fragmentation of its habitat due to high-severity wildfire. More than 270000NaN0 of proposed critical fisher habitat burned in the fire, 58 percent of it at moderate to high severities. More than 600000NaN0 of spotted owl habitat (much of it overlapping with fisher habitat) also burned, 46 percent of it at moderate to high severities.

The BAER team also evaluated soil burn severity using satellite imagery and field observations for calibration. A qualitative metric based on the amount of remaining surface material, soil stability, and soil hydrophobicity, soil burn severity influences post-fire runoff and debris flow issues. The KNP Complex Fire's overall footprint was calculated to contain 12.4 percent unburned, 48.8 percent low, and 38.8 percent moderate-to-high soil burn severity.The KNP Complex Fire and the Windy Fire's smoke output created hazardous air quality conditions in the San Joaquin Valley, including the city of Fresno, between late September and early October.[89] [90] [91] On September 27, the air quality index in Three Rivers near the KNP Complex Fire soared to 350 (the second-highest reading in the country that day after Kernville, which was inundated by smoke from the Windy Fire) and the South Coast Air Quality Management District issued a special air quality advisory for parts of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains.[92] When winds pushed smoke further south into the Los Angeles basin, many people called 911, and firefighters responded to multiple reports of drift smoke in the Angeles National Forest as skies turned hazy shades of brown and orange.[93]

Fire growth and containment

The table below shows how the fire grew in size and in containment during September and October 2021. Acreage reflects, where possible, the figure reported in the daily morning update following overnight aerial infrared mapping of the fire. The graph runs from September 10, the day the fires were discovered, until October 21, the last day where fire growth was reported (though the fire was not declared completely contained until nearly two months later).

Fire containment status
Gray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained!Date!Area burned!Personnel !Containment
Sep 104.250NaN0...
Sep 111040NaN0...
Sep 12[94] 3500NaN0...
Sep 1310370NaN0130 personnel
Sep 1430240NaN0...
Sep 1570390NaN0...
Sep 1693650NaN0482 personnel
Sep 17113650NaN0416 personnel
Sep 18178570NaN0416 personnel
Sep 19217770NaN0614 personnel
Sep 20[95] 237430NaN0810 personnel
Sep 21251470NaN0965 personnel
Sep 22[96] 283280NaN01,412 personnel
Sep 23[97] 330460NaN01,518 personnel
Sep 24368500NaN01,620 personnel
Sep 25[98] 420480NaN01,729 personnel
Sep 26[99] 448280NaN01,780 personnel
Sep 27[100] 469760NaN01,804 personnel
Sep 28[101] 483440NaN01,822 personnel
Sep 29[102] 488720NaN01,802 personnel
Sep 30[103] 493490NaN01,949 personnel
Oct 1515960NaN01,494 personnel
Oct 2[104] 582830NaN01,345 personnel
Oct 3627610NaN01,357 personnel
Oct 4677080NaN01,357 personnel
Oct 5793820NaN01,566 personnel
Oct 6[105] 841660NaN01,866 personnel
Oct 7[106] 859520NaN01,951 personnel
Oct 8[107] 859520NaN02,069 personnel
Oct 9871450NaN01,972 personnel
Oct 10871450NaN01,935 personnel
Oct 11874680NaN02,118 personnel
Oct 12[108] 874670NaN02,083 personnel
Oct 13[109] 877860NaN02,019 personnel
Oct 14[110] 877860NaN01,588 personnel
Oct 15[111] 877860NaN01,460 personnel
Oct 16[112] 878500NaN0780 personnel
Oct 17[113] 878900NaN0747 personnel
Oct 18[114] 880680NaN0657 personnel
Oct 19881840NaN0695 personnel
Oct 20[115] 882780NaN0671 personnel
Oct 21883070NaN0567 personnel
.........
Dec 16883070NaN0...

See also

References

Citations

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: KNP Complex . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307063742/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2021/9/10/knp-complex/ . March 7, 2023 . March 13, 2023 . www.fire.ca.gov . California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
  2. News: Wigglesworth . Alex . December 13, 2021 . Southern California spared major fires as storms end an unprecedented season . . live . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213223704/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-13/winter-storms-poised-to-end-california-wildfire-season . February 13, 2023.
  3. Wildland Fire Summary and Statistics: Annual Report 2021 . 2021 . National Interagency Coordination Center . August 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230715080906/https://www.nifc.gov/sites/default/files/NICC/2-Predictive%20Services/Intelligence/Annual%20Reports/2021/annual_report_0.pdf . July 15, 2023 . live.
  4. News: Yee . Gregory . August 30, 2021 . Forest Service officials confirm all California national forests to temporarily close . Los Angeles Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215213839/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-30/officials-to-close-all-california-national-forests-a . February 15, 2023.
  5. News: Victor . Daniel . September 15, 2021 . California will reopen many of its national forests, but fire threats remain. . en-US . The New York Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230126010817/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/15/us/california-wildfires-updates-forests.html . January 26, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  6. News: Borunda . Alejandra . September 17, 2020 . The science connecting wildfires to climate change . . dead . August 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230819194530/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/climate-change-increases-risk-fires-western-us . August 19, 2023.
  7. News: Magill . Bobby . July 29, 2016 . Climate Change Fingerprints Are All over California Wildfires . . live . August 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221206072535/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-fingerprints-are-all-over-california-wildfires/ . December 6, 2022.
  8. Web site: Climate Change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222231548/https://www.nps.gov/seki/climate-change.htm . February 22, 2023 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  9. News: Wigglesworth . Alex . September 25, 2021 . Crews scramble to make progress against California wildfires . Los Angeles Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925205101/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-25/crews-scramble-to-make-progress-against-california-wildfires . September 25, 2022.
  10. News: Elamroussi . Aya . October 20, 2021 . California is under a statewide drought emergency as it sees its driest year in nearly a century . . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017105645/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/20/weather/california-drought-emergency-expanded/index.html . October 17, 2022.
  11. News: Leonard . Diana . September 20, 2021 . Rain brings fire relief in Pacific Northwest, but winds fan flames in California . The Washington Post . live . October 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211024200236/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/09/20/fire-sequoia-california-wind-rain/ . October 24, 2021.
  12. News: Smith . Hayley . September 9, 2021 . California records its hottest summer ever as climate change roils cities . Los Angeles Times . live . March 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230227013534/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-09/california-records-hottest-summer-amid-heat-wave-flex-alert . February 27, 2023.
  13. News: Jacobo . Julia . July 14, 2022 . How climate change is now threatening the survival of fire-adaptive sequoia trees . . live . August 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230807012046/https://abcnews.go.com/US/climate-change-now-threatening-survival-fire-adaptive-sequoia/story?id=86618286 . August 7, 2023.
  14. News: Hill . Avery P. . Field . Christopher B. . Diffenbaugh . Noah S. . September 30, 2021 . Even fire-adapted giant sequoias can’t withstand California’s megafires . . August 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230323123715/https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/574763-even-fire-adapted-giant-sequoias-cant-withstand-californias/ . March 23, 2023.
  15. News: Borunda . Alejandra . July 14, 2022 . The key to protecting Yosemite's sequoias from wildfires? More fire . . dead . March 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230205143829/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/the-key-to-protecting-yosemites-sequoias-from-wildfires-more-fire . February 5, 2023.
  16. News: Partlow . Joshua . August 16, 2022 . California's giant sequoias are burning up. Will logging save them? . . live . March 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230224054723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/08/16/giant-sequoias-fire-mariposa-grove/ . February 24, 2023.
  17. News: Blakemore . Erin . October 1, 2023 . Large trees fueled massive Calif. wildfire that killed giant sequoias . The Washington Post . live . October 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014225237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2023/10/01/old-large-trees-knp-wildfire-fuel/ . October 14, 2023.
  18. Odwuor . A. . Yañez . C. C. . Chen . Y. . Hopkins . F. M. . Moreno . A. . Xu . X. . Czimczik . C. I. . Randerson . J. T. . August 24, 2023 . Evidence for multi-decadal fuel buildup in a large California wildfire from smoke radiocarbon measurements . . en . . 18 . 9 . 094030 . 10.1088/1748-9326/aced17 . 1748-9326 . October 30, 2023 . IOPscience. free .
  19. News: Jones . Judson . September 10, 2021 . Over 1,000 lightning strikes occurred overnight in California, igniting new wildfires . . live . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220830172518/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/10/weather/california-lightning-wildfires/index.html . August 30, 2022.
  20. Web site: KNP Complex Fire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031434/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/knp-complex-fire.htm . March 8, 2023 . March 8, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  21. Emergency Stabilization & Rehabilitation Plan: KNP Complex, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, CA . November 5, 2021 . . Part 1, Part 2 (Part 2 archive) . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221119002015/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/upload/2021_BAER_KNP_EmergencyStabilizationPlan_508_2.pdf . November 19, 2022 . live.
  22. Web site: September 10, 2021 . Parks Fight New Wildfires Ignited by Lightning Storm . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221020190320/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/parks-fight-new-wildfires-ignited-by-lightning-storm.htm . October 20, 2022 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  23. Web site: September 11, 2021 . Wildfires in Sequoia National Park Growing, Closures Underway . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031448/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/wildfires-in-sequoia-national-park-growing-closures-underway.htm . March 8, 2023 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  24. Web site: September 13, 2021 . KNP Complex Update for September 13, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211025201144/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-for-september-13_2021.htm . October 25, 2021 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park . National Park Service.
  25. Web site: September 14, 2021 . KNP Complex Update September 14, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221114191358/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-9-14-2021.htm . November 14, 2022 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  26. Web site: September 15, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 15, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020144950/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-15-2021.htm . October 20, 2021 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  27. Web site: September 16, 2021 . KNP Complex Update September 16, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220125082359/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-16-2021.htm . January 25, 2022 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  28. Web site: September 17, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 17, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020133920/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-17-2021.htm . October 20, 2021 . March 14, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  29. News: Seidman . Lila . September 16, 2021 . Giant Forest trees prepped for flames in Sequoia National Park as KNP Complex fire closes in . Los Angeles Times . live . August 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230830230825/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-16/sequoia-giant-forest-trees-prepped-knp-complex-fire . August 30, 2023.
  30. Web site: September 18, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 18, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205152300/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-18-2021.htm . December 5, 2022 . March 15, 2022 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  31. News: Wigglesworth . Alex . Xia . Rosanna . September 19, 2021 . Wildfires threatening giant sequoias continue to grow with another red-flag warning day . Los Angeles Times . live . September 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519100919/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-19/wildfires-threatening-giant-sequoias-grow-red-flag-warning . May 19, 2023.
  32. Web site: September 19, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 19, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020151003/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-19-2021.htm . October 20, 2021 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  33. Web site: September 21, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 21, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316144316/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-21-2021.htm . March 16, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  34. Web site: September 24, 2021 . KNP Complex Daily Update for September 24, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160634/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/caknp-knp-complex-/knp-complex-daily-update-for-september-24-2021 . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . InciWeb.
  35. News: Seidman . Lila . October 1, 2021 . KNP Complex fire triggers flurry of new evacuations, as flames threaten more giant sequoia trees . Los Angeles Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130011/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-01/knp-complex-fire-triggers-new-evacuations-and-warning-as-drying-trend-increases-fire-activity . January 15, 2023.
  36. News: Seidman . Lila . Contributions by Hayley Smith and Alex Wigglesworth . September 28, 2021 . Strong winds fanning Windy, KNP Complex fires as they burn through southern Sierra Nevada . Los Angeles Times . live . August 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031450/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-28/strong-winds-fan-growing-windy-knp-complex-fires . March 8, 2023.
  37. Web site: October 1, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 1, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160751/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/caknp-knp-complex-/knp-complex-update-october-1-2021 . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . InciWeb.
  38. News: Seidman . Lila . October 11, 2021 . 'Running out of options': Fight to protect giant sequoias has gotten experimental . Los Angeles Times . live . April 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308211620/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-11/fight-to-protect-giant-sequoias-from-fire-goes-experimental . March 8, 2023.
  39. Web site: October 3, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 3, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317142847/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-3-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  40. Web site: October 4, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 4, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317142708/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-4-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  41. Web site: Bachmeier . Scott . October 4, 2021 . Pyrocumulonimbus clouds spawned by the KNP Complex wildfire in California . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220925115907/https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/satellite-blog/archives/42742 . September 25, 2022 . August 31, 2023 . CIMSS Satellite Blog . Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies.
  42. Web site: October 5, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 5, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317142159/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-5-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  43. News: Smith . Hayley . October 4, 2021 . KNP Complex fire spurs new evacuations as it forms massive pyrocumulus cloud . Los Angeles Times . live . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031191330/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-04/knp-complex-fire-evacuations-grow-pyrocumulus-cloud-forms . October 31, 2023.
  44. Web site: October 9, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 9, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317135541/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-9-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  45. Web site: October 11, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 11, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317134940/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-11-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  46. Web site: October 10, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 10, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317135212/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-10-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  47. News: Tehee . Joshua . October 19, 2021 . Weekend snowfall slows activity of Sequoia wildfire. A hotshot crew enters Giant Forest . . live . September 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901135723/https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article255118022.html . September 1, 2023.
  48. Web site: October 19, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 19, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019171926/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-19-2021.htm . October 19, 2021 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
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  50. News: Rodriguez . Olga R. . Contributions by Janie Har, Christopher Weber, John Antczak, and Brian Melley . October 27, 2021 . 'Atmospheric river' drenches drought-stricken California . . live . March 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226020634/https://apnews.com/article/wildfires-floods-california-los-angeles-droughts-7fabc66dc0cfab55441e1bf25c6c08f9 . December 26, 2022.
  51. Web site: October 26, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 26, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221222000441/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-26-2021.htm . December 22, 2022 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  52. Web site: October 24, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 24, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317181329/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-24-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  53. Web site: November 1, 2021 . KNP Complex Update November 1, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220527194613/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-november-1-2021.htm . May 27, 2022 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  54. Web site: December 17, 2021 . KNP Complex Fire Declared 100% Contained . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031430/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-fire-declared-100-contained.htm . March 8, 2023 . March 8, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  55. Web site: KNP Complex . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307063742/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2021/9/10/knp-complex/ . March 7, 2023 . March 13, 2023 . fire.ca.gov . California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
  56. News: Patel . Vimal . November 20, 2021 . Wildfires in California Killed Thousands of Giant Sequoias . en-US . The New York Times . live . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230210083517/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/20/us/california-fires-killed-sequoias.html . February 10, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  57. News: Paúl . María Luisa . October 9, 2021 . Hundreds of giant sequoias may have been killed in California fires, park officials say . . live . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221202231100/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/10/09/california-fires-sequoias/ . December 2, 2022.
  58. News: Seidman . Lila . October 7, 2021 . Hundreds of giant sequoias may have burned to death in KNP Complex, Windy fires . Los Angeles Times . live . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230309165746/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-07/knp-complex-windy-fires-may-have-killed-hundreds-of-sequoias . March 9, 2023.
  59. Web site: November 19, 2021 . Giant Sequoia Mortality Estimates Released for the 2021 KNP Complex and Windy Fire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002041221/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/giant-sequoia-mortality-estimates-released-for-the-2021-knp-complex-and-windy-fire.htm . October 2, 2022 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  60. Web site: Shive . Dr. Kristen . Brigham . Dr. Christy . Caprio . Tony . Hardwick . Paul . 2021 Fire Season Impacts to Giant Sequoias . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230209141319/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/2021-fire-season-impacts-to-giant-sequoias.htm . February 9, 2023 . March 8, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  61. News: Seidman . Lila . November 19, 2021 . Wildfires killed thousands of sequoias in southern Sierra Nevada . Los Angeles Times . live . August 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818144049/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-11-19/wildfires-kill-thousands-of-sequoias-in-southern-sierra-nevada . August 18, 2023.
  62. News: Melley . Brian . November 19, 2021 . Wildfires torched up to a fifth of all giant sequoia trees . . live . August 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602110243/https://apnews.com/article/climate-wildfires-science-environment-and-nature-forests-581747bff7abec7b3d090fb8853d8e1a . June 2, 2023.
  63. Web site: Stephenson . Nathan . Brigham . Christy . June 25, 2021 . Preliminary Estimates of Sequoia Mortality in the 2020 Castle Fire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127074700/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/preliminary-estimates-of-sequoia-mortality-in-the-2020-castle-fire.htm . November 27, 2022 . March 8, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  64. News: Seidman . Lila . November 26, 2021 . 'There is nothing alive on that tree': Inside a giant sequoia grove scorched by the KNP Complex fire . Los Angeles Times . live . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031434/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-11-26/how-the-knp-complex-devastated-one-giant-sequoia-grove . March 8, 2023.
  65. News: Smith . Hayley . Barboza . Tony . September 23, 2021 . Newsom signs $15-billion package to fight climate change, wildfire and drought . Los Angeles Times . live . March 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307174257/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-23/newsom-signs-15-billion-climate-change-package . March 7, 2023.
  66. News: Brennan . Deborah Sullivan . July 13, 2022 . Bipartisan House bill aims to rescue California's giant sequoias from wildfires . . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221041514/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-07-13/bipartisan-house-bill-aims-to-rescue-californias-giant-sequoias-from-wildfires . December 21, 2022.
  67. League of Conservation Voters, Earthjustice, Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, etc. Members of Congress. Sequoias Opposition Letter. June 17, 2022. https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/sequoias_opposition_letter_6-21-22.pdf. Earthjustice. August 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230609104908/https://earthjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/sequoias_opposition_letter_6-21-22.pdf. June 9, 2023. live.
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  71. Web site: H.R.8168 - Save Our Sequoias Act: 117th Congress (2021-2022) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308214411/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8168/text?r=1&s=1 . March 8, 2023 . March 9, 2023 . Congress.gov.
  72. Web site: S.4833 - Save Our Sequoias Act: 117th Congress (2021-2022) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928221116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4833 . September 28, 2022 . March 9, 2023 . Congress.gov.
  73. Web site: July 22, 2022 . Forest Service Taking Emergency Action to Protect Giant Sequoias . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221020174224/https://www.fs.usda.gov/news/releases/forest-service-taking-emergency-action-protect-giant-sequoias . October 20, 2022 . March 14, 2023 . Forest Service . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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  75. Web site: October 13, 2022 . Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks taking emergency action to protect giant sequoias . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013184455/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/sequoia-and-kings-canyon-national-parks-taking-emergency-action-to-protect-giant-sequoias.htm . October 13, 2022 . March 11, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  76. Web site: February 17, 2023 . Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks seek public input on planting sequoia seedlings in areas impacted by recent wildfires . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031448/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/sequoia-and-kings-canyon-national-parks-seek-public-input-on-planting-sequoia-seedlings-in-areas-impacted-by-recent-wildfires.htm . March 8, 2023 . March 21, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  77. News: Alexander . Kurtis . September 29, 2021 . Southern Sierra wildfires wiping out giant sequoia trees for 2nd year in a row . San Francisco Chronicle . live . November 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901160825/https://www.sfchronicle.com/california/article/Southern-Sierra-wildfires-wiping-out-giant-16497755.php . September 1, 2022.
  78. News: Yee . Gregory . Seidman . Lila . October 8, 2021 . 4 firefighters injured by falling tree in KNP Complex burn zone released from hospital . . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211119205323/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-07/authorities-responding-to-unspecified-incident-in-knp-complex-fire-area . November 19, 2021.
  79. News: October 12, 2021 . Firefighter hit by rolling rock while battling KNP Complex Fire . . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019154041/https://abc30.com/knp-complex-fire-firefighter-injury/11113503/ . October 19, 2021.
  80. News: Valenzuela . Larry . October 11, 2021 . Firefighter at Sequoia National Park fire hospitalized after being struck by rolling rock . . March 9, 2023.
  81. Web site: October 22, 2021 . Governor Newsom Issues Emergency Proclamation to Support Counties Recovering from Recent Fires . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230129233301/https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/10/22/governor-newsom-issues-emergency-proclamation-to-support-counties-recovering-from-recent-fires/ . January 29, 2023 . May 18, 2023 . Office of Governor Gavin Newsom.
  82. News: Wigglesworth . Alex . October 2, 2021 . Hot, dry weather challenges crews fighting California wildfires . Los Angeles Times . live . November 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231031191335/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-02/hot-dry-weather-challenges-crews-fighting-california-wildfires . October 31, 2023.
  83. Web site: March 10, 2022 . Giant Forest and Wolverton Areas in Sequoia National Park Open 7 Days a Week, Beginning March 11 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153509/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/giant-forest-and-wolverton-areas-open-7-days-a-week-beginning-march-11.htm . March 11, 2023 . March 11, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  84. News: Parvini . Sarah . Contributions by Lila Seidman . March 19, 2022 . Generals Highway between Sequoia and Kings Canyon reopens after KNP Complex fire . Los Angeles Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308035424/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-19/generals-highway-between-sequoia-and-kings-canyon-reopens-after-knp-complex-fire . March 8, 2023.
  85. News: September 12, 2022 . Some access in Sequoia National Forest shut down due to mudslide . . live . May 18, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413205534/https://abc30.com/sequoia-national-park-mudslide-road-closures-generals-highway/12223001/ . April 13, 2023.
  86. News: Sloss . Lauren . February 8, 2023 . What the Winter Storms in California Mean for Travel . en-US . The New York Times . live . March 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307013821/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/travel/california-winter-storms-travel.html . March 7, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  87. 2021 Wildfire Activity Statistics . 2022 . California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection . March 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022902/https://34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/calfire-website/our-impact/fire-statistics/2021_redbook_final.pdf?rev=525959073bbe4bbe816d67624911e4c3&hash=CFD17F879B2CE984AB5BA9FEA4F73A56 . March 15, 2023 . live.
  88. News: Valenzuela . Larry . November 16, 2021 . Radio station off air after generator dies. Fresno operator blames KNP Complex Fire . . March 9, 2023.
  89. News: Hawkins . Stephen . October 1, 2021 . Smoke, bad air forcing schools to cancel football games . . live . March 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901164911/https://kmph.com/news/local/smoke-bad-air-forcing-schools-to-cancel-football-games . September 1, 2022.
  90. Web site: September 30, 2021 . Air Quality Alert Due to Wildfire Smoke: KNP Complex and Windy Fire Send Smoke Into the Valley . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155902/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/casqf-windy-fire/air-quality-alert-due-to-wildfire-smoke . March 21, 2023 . March 21, 2023 . InciWeb . San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.
  91. News: Smith . Hayley . September 22, 2021 . Wildfires approach more giant sequoias and worsen air quality across Central California . Los Angeles Times . live . March 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308215751/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-22/wildfires-approach-more-giant-sequoias-and-worsen-air-quality-across-central-california . March 8, 2023.
  92. News: Seidman . Lila . September 27, 2021 . Heavy wildfire smoke prompts air advisory in Southern California . Los Angeles Times . March 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109041314/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-27/fire-smoke-triggers-air-quality-advisory-for-southern-california-mountains . November 9, 2022.
  93. News: Wigglesworth . Alex . September 23, 2021 . Smoky L.A. skies are from wildfires to the north, officials say . Los Angeles Times . live . March 12, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929074938/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-23/smoky-l-a-skies-are-from-wildfires-to-the-north-officials-say . September 29, 2022.
  94. Incident Management Situation Report . September 12, 2021 . National Interagency Coordination Center . March 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807100806/https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/IMSR/2021/20210912IMSR.pdf . August 7, 2022 . live.
  95. Web site: September 20, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 20, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020145932/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-20-2021.htm . October 20, 2021 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  96. Web site: September 22, 2021 . KNP Complex Daily Update September 22, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160214/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/caknp-knp-complex-/knp-complex-daily-update-september-22-2021 . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . InciWeb.
  97. Web site: September 23, 2021 . KNP Complex Daily Update for September 23, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160507/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/caknp-knp-complex-/knp-complex-daily-update-for-september-23-2021 . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . InciWeb.
  98. Web site: September 25, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 25, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317153604/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-25-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  99. Web site: September 26, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 26, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317153818/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-26-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  100. Web site: September 27, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 27, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317154756/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-27-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks.
  101. Web site: September 28, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 28, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210928223734/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-28-2021.htm . September 28, 2021 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  102. Web site: September 29, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 29, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317155602/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-29-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  103. Web site: September 30, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – September 30, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317155807/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-september-30-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  104. Web site: October 2, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 2, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317143139/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-2-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  105. Web site: October 6, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 6, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317141806/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-6-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  106. Web site: October 7, 2021 . KNP Complex Update – October 7, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317141325/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-7-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  107. Web site: October 8, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 8, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140448/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-8-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  108. Web site: October 12, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 12, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317134712/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-12-2021.htm . March 17, 2023 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  109. Web site: October 13, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update, October 13, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224234845/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-13-2021.htm . December 24, 2022 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  110. Web site: October 14, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 14, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044750/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-14-2021.htm . March 13, 2022 . March 17, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  111. Web site: October 15, 2021 . KNP Complex North and South Zones Update October 15, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316204855/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-north-and-south-zones-update-october-15-2021.htm . March 16, 2023 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  112. Web site: October 16, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 16, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316204526/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-16-2021.htm . March 16, 2023 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  113. Web site: October 17, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 17, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019131955/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-17-2021.htm . October 19, 2021 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  114. Web site: October 18, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 18, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316162057/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-18-2021.htm . March 16, 2023 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.
  115. Web site: October 20, 2021 . KNP Complex Update October 20, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316161718/https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/news/knp-complex-update-october-20-2021.htm . March 16, 2023 . March 16, 2023 . Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks . National Park Service.

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