Plasma kallikrein explained

Plasma kallikrein
Altnames:	serum kallikrein, kininogenin, kallikrein I, kallikrein II, kininogenase, kallikrein, callicrein, glumorin, padreatin, padutin, kallidinogenase, bradykininogenase, panceatic kallikrein, onokrein P, dilminal D, depot-Padutin, urokallikrein, urinary kallikrein
Ec Number:	3.4.21.34
Cas Number:	410538-33-9

Plasma kallikrein is an enzyme^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} that catalyses the following chemical reaction:

Selective cleavage of some Arg- and Lys- bonds, including Lys-Arg and Arg-Ser in (human) kininogen to release bradykinin

Plasma kallikrein and its precursor are encoded by the KLKB1 gene.^{[6] [7]}

This enzyme is formed from prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) by factor XIIa.

Function

Plasma prekallikrein is a glycoprotein that participates in the surface-dependent activation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin generation and inflammation. It is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the blood as a single polypeptide chain. Plasma prekallikrein is converted to plasma kallikrein by factor XIIa by the cleavage of an internal Arg-Ile bond. Plasma kallikrein therefore is composed of a heavy chain and a light chain held together by a disulfide bond. The heavy chain originates from the amino-terminal end of the zymogen and contains 4 tandem repeats of 90 or 91 amino acids. Each repeat harbors a novel structure called the apple domain. The heavy chain is required for the surface-dependent pro-coagulant activity of plasma kallikrein. The light chain contains the active site or catalytic domain of the enzyme and is homologous to the trypsin family of serine proteases. Plasma prekallikrein deficiency causes a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time in patients.^[8]

Interactions

Kallikrein and prekallikrein have been shown to interact with High-molecular-weight kininogen.^{[9] [10] [11] [12]}

Further reading

• Thompson RE, Mandle R, Kaplan AP . Studies of binding of prekallikrein and Factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 76 . 10 . 4862–6 . 1980 . 291905 . 413037 . 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4862 . 1979PNAS...76.4862T . free .
• Aznar JA, España F, Aznar J, Tascon A, Jimenez C . Fletcher factor deficiency: report of a new family . Scandinavian Journal of Haematology . 21 . 2 . 94–8 . 1978 . 694428 . 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1978.tb02498.x .
• Book: Henderson LM, Figueroa CD, Muller-Esterl W, Stain A, Bhoola KD . Immunovisualisation of Plasma Prekallikrein and H-Kininogen on Human Neutrophils and in Human Hepatocytes . Agents and Actions Supplements. Fritz H, Müller-Esterl W, Jochum M, Roscher A, Luppertz K. Birkhäuser. 1992 . Recent Progress on Kinins . 38. 1. 590–4 . 1466300 . 10.1007/978-3-0348-7321-5_72 . 2024-04-08 . 978-3-0348-7323-9 .
• Beaubien G, Rosinski-Chupin I, Mattei MG, Mbikay M, Chrétien M, Seidah NG . Gene structure and chromosomal localization of plasma kallikrein . Biochemistry . 30 . 6 . 1628–35 . 1991 . 1993180 . 10.1021/bi00220a027 .
• McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Davie EW . Location of the disulfide bonds in human plasma prekallikrein: the presence of four novel apple domains in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule . Biochemistry . 30 . 8 . 2050–6 . 1991 . 1998666 . 10.1021/bi00222a007 .
• España F, Berrettini M, Griffin JH . Purification and characterization of plasma protein C inhibitor . Thromb. Res. . 55 . 3 . 369–84 . 1989 . 2551064 . 10.1016/0049-3848(89)90069-8 .
• Fujikawa K, Chung DW, Hendrickson LE, Davie EW . Amino acid sequence of human factor XI, a blood coagulation factor with four tandem repeats that are highly homologous with plasma prekallikrein . Biochemistry . 25 . 9 . 2417–24 . 1986 . 3636155 . 10.1021/bi00357a018 .
• Herwald H, Jahnen-Dechent W, Alla SA, Hock J, Bouma BN, Müller-Esterl W . Mapping of the high molecular weight kininogen binding site of prekallikrein. Evidence for a discontinuous epitope formed by distinct segments of the prekallikrein heavy chain . J. Biol. Chem. . 268 . 19 . 14527–35 . 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85270-5 . 7686159 . free .
• Page JD, You JL, Harris RB, Colman RW . Localization of the binding site on plasma kallikrein for high-molecular-weight kininogen to both apple 1 and apple 4 domains of the heavy chain . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. . 314 . 1 . 159–64 . 1994 . 7944388 . 10.1006/abbi.1994.1424 .
• Henderson LM, Figueroa CD, Müller-Esterl W, Bhoola KD . Assembly of contact-phase factors on the surface of the human neutrophil membrane . Blood . 84 . 2 . 474–82 . 1994 . 8025275 . 10.1182/blood.V84.2.474.474. free .
• Shimomura T, Kondo J, Ochiai M, Naka D, Miyazawa K, Morimoto Y, Kitamura N . Activation of the zymogen of hepatocyte growth factor activator by thrombin . J. Biol. Chem. . 268 . 30 . 22927–32 . 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41615-8 . 8226803 . free .
• Ciechanowicz A, Bader M, Wagner J, Ganten D . Extra-hepatic transcription of plasma prekallikrein gene in human and rat tissues . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 197 . 3 . 1370–6 . 1994 . 8280154 . 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2628 .
• Petersen LC, Sprecher CA, Foster DC, Blumberg H, Hamamoto T, Kisiel W . Inhibitory properties of a novel human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor homologous to tissue factor pathway inhibitor . Biochemistry . 35 . 1 . 266–72 . 1996 . 8555184 . 10.1021/bi951501d .
• Hermann A, Buchinger P, Somlev B, Rehbock J . High and low molecular weight kininogen and plasma prekallikrein/plasma kallikrein in villous capillaries of human term placenta . Placenta . 17 . 4 . 223–30 . 1996 . 8761966 . 10.1016/S0143-4004(96)90042-9 .
• Durham SK, Suwanichkul A, Hayes JD, Herington AC, Powell DR, Campbell PG . The heparin binding domain of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 increases susceptibility of IGFBP-3 to proteolysis . Horm. Metab. Res. . 31 . 2–3 . 216–25 . 1999 . 10226805 . 10.1055/s-2007-978722 . 260169268 .
• Renné T, Dedio J, Meijers JC, Chung D, Müller-Esterl W . Mapping of the discontinuous H-kininogen binding site of plasma prekallikrein. Evidence for a critical role of apple domain-2 . J. Biol. Chem. . 274 . 36 . 25777–84 . 1999 . 10464316 . 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25777 . free .
• Hermann A, Arnhold M, Kresse H, Neth P, Fink E . Expression of plasma prekallikrein mRNA in human nonhepatic tissues and cell lineages suggests special local functions of the enzyme . Biol. Chem. . 380 . 9 . 1097–102 . 1999 . 10543447 . 10.1515/BC.1999.136 . 10.1.1.657.2854 . 15535124 .
• Cerf M, Raidoo D, Fink E, Fritz H, Bhoola K . Plasma kallikrein localisation in human blood vessels . Immunopharmacology . 44 . 1–2 . 75–80 . 2000 . 10604527 . 10.1016/S0162-3109(99)00112-5 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Heimark RL, Davie EW . Bovine and human plasma prekallikrein . [14] Bovine and human plasma prekallikrein . Methods in Enzymology . 80 Pt C . 157–72 . 1981 . 6918767 . 10.1016/s0076-6879(81)80016-x . 978-0-12-181980-4 .
2. McRae BJ, Kurachi K, Heimark RL, Fujikawa K, Davie EW, Powers JC . Mapping the active sites of bovine thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, factor XIa, factor XIIa, plasma kallikrein, and trypsin with amino acid and peptide thioesters: development of new sensitive substrates . Biochemistry . 20 . 25 . 7196–206 . December 1981 . 6976185 . 10.1021/bi00528a022 .
3. Book: Silverberg M, Kaplan AP . Prekallikrein . [8] Prekallikrein . Methods in Enzymology . 163 . 85–95 . 1988 . 3237096 . 10.1016/0076-6879(88)63010-2 . 978-0-12-182064-0 .
4. Seidah NG, Ladenheim R, Mbikay M, Hamelin J, Lutfalla G, Rougeon F, Lazure C, Chrétien M . The cDNA structure of rat plasma kallikrein . DNA . 8 . 8 . 563–74 . October 1989 . 2598771 . 10.1089/dna.1989.8.563 .
5. Tsuda Y, Teno N, Okada Y, Wanaka K, Bohgaki M, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Okamoto U, Naito T, Okamoto S . Synthesis of tripeptide chloromethyl ketones and examination of their inhibitory effects on plasmin and plasma kallikrein . Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin . 37 . 11 . 3108–11 . November 1989 . 2534361 . 10.1248/cpb.37.3108 . free .
6. Yu H, Bowden DW, Spray BJ, Rich SS, Freedman BI . Identification of human plasma kallikrein gene polymorphisms and evaluation of their role in end-stage renal disease . Hypertension . 31 . 4 . 906–11 . April 1998 . 9535413 . 10.1161/01.hyp.31.4.906 .
7. Chung DW, Fujikawa K, McMullen BA, Davie EW . Human plasma prekallikrein, a zymogen to a serine protease that contains four tandem repeats . Biochemistry . 25 . 9 . 2410–7 . August 1986 . 3521732 . 10.1021/bi00357a017 .
8. Web site: Entrez Gene: KLKB1 kallikrein B, plasma (Fletcher factor) 1.
9. Thompson RE, Mandle R, Kaplan AP . Studies of binding of prekallikrein and Factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 76 . 10 . 4862–6 . October 1979 . 291905 . 413037 . 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4862 . 1979PNAS...76.4862T . free .
10. Page JD, You JL, Harris RB, Colman RW . Localization of the binding site on plasma kallikrein for high-molecular-weight kininogen to both apple 1 and apple 4 domains of the heavy chain . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. . 314 . 1 . 159–64 . October 1994 . 7944388 . 10.1006/abbi.1994.1424 .
11. Herwald H, Jahnen-Dechent W, Alla SA, Hock J, Bouma BN, Müller-Esterl W . Mapping of the high molecular weight kininogen binding site of prekallikrein. Evidence for a discontinuous epitope formed by distinct segments of the prekallikrein heavy chain . J. Biol. Chem. . 268 . 19 . 14527–35 . July 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85270-5 . 7686159 . free .
12. Renné T, Dedio J, Meijers JC, Chung D, Müller-Esterl W . Mapping of the discontinuous H-kininogen binding site of plasma prekallikrein. Evidence for a critical role of apple domain-2 . J. Biol. Chem. . 274 . 36 . 25777–84 . September 1999 . 10464316 . 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25777 . free .