| Country: | United States |
| Operator: | NRO |
| Manufacturer: | Lockheed Corporation |
| Applications: | Reconnaissance Geodetic mapping |
| Orbits: | LEO |
| Bus: | RM-81 Agena |
| Derivedfrom: | CORONA |
| Status: | Retired |
| Launched: | 12 |
| Retired: | 5 |
| Failed: | 4 |
| Lost: | 3 |
| Equipment: | Optical cameras 556 x 556 km coverage 140 m resolution |
KH-5 ARGON was a series of reconnaissance satellites produced by the United States from February 1961 to August 1964. The KH-5 operated similarly to the CORONA series of satellites, as it ejected a canister of photographic film. At least 12 missions were attempted, but at least 7 resulted in failure. The satellite was manufactured by Lockheed. Launches used Thor-Agena launch vehicles flying from Vandenberg Air Force Base, with the payload being integrated into the Agena.
Different versions of the satellite varied in mass from . At least two missions deployed ELINT subsatellites. Ground resolution for the satellite was, with a swath of . The onboard camera had a focal length of 76 mm. The purpose of the system, which produced relatively low-resolution images compared to other spy satellites, was to provide imagery for cartography purposes. This was one of the tasks that had originally been planned for the SAMOS series of satellites equipped with the (quickly cancelled) E-4 cameras. Each satellite took photographs for less than a week before returning its film.
The satellite was in use during the same period as the KH-2 to KH-4A CORONA and the KH-6 LANYARD satellites. Later satellites were the KH-4B and KH-7 GAMBIT. Images from three of the successful missions returned the first images of Antarctica from space.[1]
Discoverer 20 (KH-5 9014A), was a USAF photographic reconnaissance satellite under the supervision of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Discoverer 20 was the first KH-5 ARGON satellite to be launched. The launch occurred at 20:24:00 GMT on 17 February 1961. A Thor DM-21 Agena-B launch vehicle was used, flying from LC 75-3-4 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. It was assigned the Harvard designation 1961 Epsilon 1. Discoverer 20 was operated in an Earth orbit, with a perigee of, an apogee of, 80.91° of inclination, and a period of 95.81 minutes. The satellite was equipped with a camera with a focal length of 76 mm, which had a resolution of . Images were recorded onto 127 mm film, and were to have been returned in a Satellite Recovery Vehicle (SRV) before the satellite ceased operations. The satellite weighed . Recovery of the capsule was not attempted due to a system malfunction, and thus the scientific experiment data obtained were limited. Discoverer 20 decayed on 28 July 1962.[2]
| Name | Launch Date | Alt Name | Alt Name | Mass (kg) | Decay Date | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KH-5 9014A | 1961-02-17 | 1961-005A | Discoverer 20 | 1961 Epsillon 1 | 1110 | 1962-07-28 | Film capsule not ejected. |
| KH-5 9016A | 1961-04-08 | 1961-011A | Discoverer 23 | 1961 Lambda 1 | 1150 | 1962-04-16 | Film capsule ejected into wrong orbit, not recovered. |
| KH-5 9018A | 1961-06-08 | DISC24 | Discoverer 24 | 1961-F05 | 1150 | --- | Failed to orbit. |
| KH-5 9020A | 1961-07-21 | DISC27 | Discoverer 27 | 1961-F07 | 1150 | --- | Failed to orbit. |
| KH-5 9034A | 1962-05-15 | 1962-018A | FTV 1126 | 1962 Sigma | 1150 | 1962-06-20 | Successful. |
| KH-5 9042A | 1962-09-01 | 1962-044A | FTV 1132 | 1962 A Upsillon | 1150 | 1962-10-01 | Film capsule sank. |
| KH-5 9046A | 1962-10-09 | 1962-053A | FTV 1134 | 1962 B Epsillon | 1500 | 1962-10-17 | Successful. |
| KH-5 9055A | 1963-04-26 | 1963-004X | OPS 1008 | 1963-F07 | 1150 | --- | Failed to orbit. |
| KH-5 9058A | 1963-08-29 | 1963-035A | OPS 1561 | 1000 | 1963-09-30 | Successful; deployed ELINT subsatellite. | |
| KH-5 9059A | 1963-10-29 | 1963-042A | OPS 2437 | 1500 | 1963-11-29 | Successful; deployed ELINT subsatellite. | |
| KH-5 9065A | 1964-06-13 | 1964-030A | OPS 3236 | 1500 | 1964-07-14 | Successful. | |
| KH-5 9066A | 1964-08-21 | 1964-048A | OPS 2739 | 1500 | 1964-09-20 | Successful. | |