KEXC explained

KEXC
Above:Simulcast of KEXP-FM, Seattle
Logo Upright:.56
Logo Alt:On an orange background, four black bars of different heights above the black letters KEXP in a bold sans serif
City:Alameda, California
Country:US
Area:San Francisco Bay Area
Branding:KEXP Bay Area
Format:Alternative/indie/eclectic/hip hop/classic hip hop
Erp:790 watts
Licensing Authority:FCC
Haat:289m (948feet)
Coordinates:37.7553°N -122.4528°W
Class:A
Facility Id:36029
Callsign Meaning:Derived from KEXP
Affiliations:NPR (music licensing)
Owner:Friends of KEXP

KEXC (92.7 FM) is a non-commercial radio station serving the San Francisco Bay Area, licensed to Alameda, California, United States. It is owned by the non-profit entity Friends of KEXP, an affiliate of the University of Washington, and broadcasts an AAA format specializing in alternative and indie rock programmed by its disc jockeys as "KEXP Bay Area", a near-total simulcast of Seattle, Washington–licensed KEXP-FM. The station's transmitter is located on Sutro Tower.

The station began broadcasting as KJAZ on August 1, 1959. It was founded by Pat Henry as an all-jazz station and broadcast from studios first in Berkeley and later in Alameda. The small, independent outlet became the only all-jazz station in the Bay Area. A challenge to its broadcast license, begun in 1974, led to a designation for hearing in 1978. To avoid the hearing, Henry attempted a distress sale to the San Francisco–based Mabuhay Corporation; the deal fell through, and it was later revealed that Mabuhay was a front for pro-Ferdinand Marcos interests in the United States. In 1981, the station was sold to Oakland mayor Lionel Wilson and Alameda real estate developer Ron Cowan, who became sole owner in 1983. The station briefly prospered and became profitable in the late 1980s, but as non-commercial competition in the form of KCSM grew in popularity and the economy worsened, Cowan became unable to continue investing in the station.

Despite an effort by listeners that raised more than $1 million in pursuit of keeping KJAZ a jazz station, Cowan sold it to Z-Spanish Radio Network. After 35 years of jazz, the station switched to Z-Spanish's satellite-programmed "Spanish; Castilian: La Z|italic=no" Spanish-language hit radio format as KZSF on August 1, 1994. This continued for four years until Z-Spanish sold the station to Jacor (soon purchased itself by Clear Channel Communications), which renamed the station KXJO and used it and KFJO in Walnut Creek to simulcast San Jose rock station KSJO as the "92-Rock Network". Radio industry consolidation led to two sales of the station in 2000 and the purchase of KXJO by Spanish Broadcasting System (SBS). In 2002, SBS relaunched the station as dance music–focused "92.7 The Party", its only English-language radio station in the continental U.S. The station was quickly divested to Three Point Media, which used a briefly popular and controversial hip-hop format known as KBTB "Power 92.7" to boost ratings and revenue before selling to Flying Bear Media. Under Flying Bear, the station became KNGY "Energy 92.7", a dance music station catering to the Bay Area's gay community.

After Flying Bear Media was faced with financial difficulties, its lender, Wells Fargo, sold the station to Ed Stolz in 2009. The Energy format was discontinued and replaced by mainstream contemporary hits as KREV, branded "92.7 Rev FM". A copyright royalty lawsuit that Stolz lost in 2018 spiraled into court-appointed receivership in 2020; for nine months, the receiver contracted with Christian broadcaster VCY America to provide programming for KREV and other Stolz-owned stations and arranged a sale to VCY America. This was scrapped in early 2022 after a bankruptcy court ordered possession and control of the station returned to Stolz; the station was off the air for much of 2022 before returning with dance and later hip-hop music. Ultimately, Stolz was unable to formulate a reorganization plan, and a bankruptcy auction of his stations was set. Friends of KEXP, the owner of Seattle station KEXP-FM, won the auction for KREV and launched a near-complete simulcast of its programming in the Bay Area as KEXC on March 19, 2024.

KJAZ: Jazz music

Pat Henry ownership

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted a construction permit to Patrick Henry and Dave Larsen on December 10, 1958, for a new radio station to be built on 92.7 MHz in Alameda. Henry was a jazz DJ on Oakland radio station KROW and a recognized leader in the Bay Area jazz community.[1] Larsen, a Minnesota native,[2] was the program manager of KNOB, a jazz radio station in Los Angeles.[3] Henry noted that as larger broadcasters bought previously independent radio operations, he felt that they would no longer broadcast jazz music.

Broadcasting from studios and a transmitter site on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley as well as secondary studios in Alameda's South Shore Shopping Center,[4] KJAZ debuted on August 1, 1959. The first song played was a Miles Davis recording of an arrangement by Gil Evans.[5] It broadcast for 15 hours a day, from 9 a.m. to midnight. Voices heard on the station at launch included S. I. Hayakawa, a semanticist and jazz fan.[6] Larsen sold his interest in KJAZ to Henry in 1960 and joined the staff of San Francisco station KBAY,[7] helping to found a second San Francisco-area jazz outlet, the short-lived KHIP-FM, later that year.[8] The station focused on newer jazz recordings, in part because Henry felt the quality of older recordings was ill-suited for the "high-fidelity" FM band.[9] In November 1962, KJAZ moved its transmitter to the Russian Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, its antenna on top of the tallest apartment building on the hill (21 or 28[10] stories high). The new facility increased the station's coverage in most areas, though it was lost in some fringe areas such as Monterey.[11] The station was turning a profit by 1965, when it relocated its studios to 1509 1/2 Webster Street in Alameda and began stereo broadcasting.[12] In the Alameda studios, the station would sometimes have to reduce its volume in order to not disturb patients of a nearby dentist's office. By 1972, other stations offered specialty jazz programming, but KJAZ was the Bay Area's only full-time jazz outlet.[13] With its telephone lines from Alameda to San Francisco, it aired live such events as the last performance of the Modern Jazz Quartet and concerts featuring such names as Stanley Turrentine, Morgana King, Horace Silver, and Milt Jackson. As the years progressed, Henry became more vocal about expressing his music taste through the station. He was known to call from his home when the station played a song he felt did not belong.[14]

License challenge

In 1974, the Committee for Open Media (COM)—a group created by a philosophy professor at San Jose State University—filed petitions against the broadcast license renewals of KJAZ and seven other California broadcast stations.[15] COM believed that KJAZ was not adequately serving community needs. Some jazz fans believed that the station's devotion to a music form otherwise scarcely heard on the Bay Area dial countered its lack of public affairs content. In the Berkeley Daily Gazette, for instance, Gordon Laddue highlighted the station's unique programming and noted its full-day tribute to Duke Ellington upon his death earlier that year.[16] At the same time that the COM petition was pending, Henry was trying to counter an increasing reputation by the station for playing "conservative" jazz; he noted that most of the recordings KJAZ aired were from 1968 or later and ascribed the reputation to its extensive specialty programming.[17]

The FCC awarded KJAZ a renewal of its license in 1976, but COM petitioned for FCC reconsideration[18] and a reversal in federal appeals court.[19] The FCC then asked for the case to be remanded to it in order to resolve factual conflicts that it believed required a hearing. COM, seeking to foreclose on that possibility, proposed the transfer of KJAZ to a non-profit corporation that would be Black-controlled; this became a moot point when the proceeding was remanded by the court, setting in motion the designation of a hearing.[20] Believing that Henry wanted to sell after the matter was settled, a group known as the San Francisco Bay Area Jazz Foundation formed; notable members included Clint Eastwood and Orrin Keepnews.[21] In early 1978, the FCC held off acting on a staff recommendation that the license be designated for hearing after receiving reports that COM had offered $1 million to buy the station, which would have been seen as an abuse of commission processes;[22] when it vacated its earlier renewal in October 1978, this was designated as an issue in the hearing process.[23] The KJAZ hearing was particularly unusual because of the station's reputation and the fact that, by 1978, Henry had improved the station in response to criticism; George Ross of the Oakland Tribune accused the stakeholders of "loving KJAZ and all that jazz ... loving it perhaps to death".[24] In early 1979, Henry reached a deal to sell KJAZ in a distress sale to the Mabuhay Corporation for $1.675 million—substantially below market value, as required under the distress sale provisions, which provided for transactions to minority-controlled groups to end hearing matters before the FCC. This would have made it the first Filipino-American–owned station in the continental U.S.[25] Mabuhay's controlling owner was San Francisco doctor Leonilo Malabed, who also had bank and newspaper interests.[26] Mabuhay pledged to keep the jazz format.[27] While the Mabuhay deal was pending, workers who had attempted to unionize KJAZ went on strike in August after Henry fired two employees, with the workers citing "poverty-level wages and stone-age benefits".[28] Henry and family members began operating the station in lieu of the striking workers.[29] COM opposed the Mabuhay transfer at below market value, with Malabed claiming he was not the "right minority" in its eyes.[30]

Largely unheralded at the time, Mabuhay and Malabed had extensive ties to Ferdinand Marcos, a dictator who ruled the Philippines. The Committee on Open Media objected to the sale, relying on reporting by Alex Esclamado, an opponent of Marcos and the publisher of the anti-Marcos newspaper The Philippine News. Reporting by Esclamado indicated that Mabuhay was a front group for pro-Marcos interests. He cited Mabuhay's connections to the Philippine Bank of California, which had been funded by the Marcos government, as well as Malabed's use of consulate license plates and publication of a pro-Marcos newspaper.[31] The deal fell apart in October 1979, according to Malabed, because it had been advised that the sellers possibly lacked clear title to the business;[32] Henry's attorney, Roger Metzler, noted that the deal had hit a deadline without a final FCC ruling. When Marcos was deposed in February 1986, he fled to the United States, where officials seized documents that implicated the use of Mabuhay as a funnel for donations to pro-Marcos politicians in the U.S.[33] Mabuhay also provided funding for attempts coordinated by the Philippine government to crush dissident, including the 1981 murders of Seattle cannery workers Silme Domingo and Gene Viernes, who were leading an anti-Marcos effort with their union.[34]

Ron Cowan ownership

In December 1979, Ron Cowan, a real estate developer with projects in Alameda and elsewhere, and Lionel Wilson, the mayor of Oakland, formed KJAZ Inc. to buy the station from Henry. Wilson, who was Black, owned 50 percent of the firm to satisfy the distress sale requirement of a minority-controlled buyer.[35] His ownership of exactly 50 percent caused a delay to the sale after the commission ruled that a majority minority ownership was 50.1 percent or greater, leading the FCC's broadcast bureau to oppose the transaction.[36] [37] During this time, Henry and COM reached a settlement of the original 1974 license challenge, but Pat Henry noted that the stress associated with the station's recently turbulent history left him committed to sell.[38] Cowan professionalized the formerly mom-and-pop operation, cited by Billboard magazine as "one of the most respected radio stations in the country", with full-time sales representatives to replace the heavy use of barter agreements with advertisers under Henry,[39] back-office procedures, and employee benefits. The music mix was changed to reflect less of Henry's personal taste and give the disc jockeys more freedom on the air. However, the station required more financial subsidy than its buyers had previously estimated.[40] A heavy slate of outside promotion, which Henry shunned, included broadcast advertising[41] and the sponsorship of a San Francisco International KJAZ Festival in 1981.[42]

After 18 months, Cowan sought to sell the station to focus on Harbor Bay Isle, a major master-planned development of his on Bay Farm Island in Alameda, disappointing Wilson;[43] KJAZ never changed hands, and Cowan instead bought Wilson's share in the station.[44] In late 1983, with the station continuing to lose money, Cowan made more major changes, including making the music mix more contemporary and dismissing 22-year station veteran Dick Conte; many believed Conte was dismissed for leading another attempt at unionizing KJAZ.[45] The new format was designed to be more consistent throughout the day; it increased listenership and advertising revenue and cultivated a select, high-income audience.In 1987, KJAZ moved from its longtime studios in Alameda to a facility in Cowan's Harbor Bay Isle development. The facility featured panoramic views of the area as well as a grand piano for live performances.[46] [47] In May 1988, the station debuted Jazz Over the Pacific, a nightly hour-long show originating from KJAZ and broadcast via satellite to Japan's FM Tokyo; it was the first regularly scheduled live radio show broadcast from the U.S. to Japan. Cowan had been cultivating KJAZ contacts in the country since 1980, when he was part of a California trade delegation to the country.[48]

Despite the station's prosperity in the late 1980s, KJAZ's financial performance worsened in the early 1990s. In part, this was because of the increasing presence of jazz on other local stations, particularly KCSM, a noncommercial station owned by the College of San Mateo, which began broadcasting jazz around the clock, six days a week and had a stronger signal. KJAZ founder Henry was one of its disc jockeys.[49] At one point, KJAZ's general manager suggested the college change music formats to avoid damaging his station.[50] In 1992, Cowan denied rumors that the station was bankrupt, though he admitted that revenues were down, in line with the broadcast industry.[51] The next year, Cowan took out a bank loan to finance a project to turn KJAZ into a satellite-distributed, national service, much as WFMT in Chicago had done with classical music. He called reports of financial difficulties "ridiculous" and noted that he was pressing forward with KJAZ in spite of calls from prospective buyers, eager to add a station in the market after recent relaxation of ownership rules.[52] The satellite service debuted on June 30, 1993, as the National Jazz Radio Network, a joint venture with Oklahoma-based United Video; cable systems in such places as Orlando, Florida; Richmond, Virginia; and Columbus, Ohio, began offering KJAZ's national signal to their subscribers, while its programming was also offered to other radio stations.[53]

As with KJAZ, the early 1990s were a fraught time for Cowan. He spent years wooing the University of California, San Francisco to build a biotechnology park in Harbor Bay Isle and was close with Willie Brown, then in the California State Assembly.[54] University of California president Jack Peltason ordered an investigation into the matter,[55] which centered on Cowan's friendship with UC regent Ronald Brady.[56] UC officials were found to have attended lavish parties thrown by Cowan, in part to woo university projects, while ignoring rules against accepting gifts.[57]

Sale and closure

As early as August 1993, reports had Cowan selling KJAZ itself to a foreign-language broadcaster and buying another station as the base for his jazz programming.[58] In February 1994, Cowan officially put the station—America's lone 24-hour commercial jazz outlet[59] —on the market, unable to afford putting more money into the venture.[60] The national satellite service only aired on seven cable systems and two radio stations.[61]

Cowan asked $7 million for the station, even though one media broker, Elliot Evers, told the San Francisco Chronicle that a fair value for the frequency was $3 million. Evers noted that the station's central coverage area would likely appeal to broadcasters programming in languages other than English, stating, "My guess is KJAZ will go Spanish or Asian." Listeners began organizing in an effort to save KJAZ, raising $250,000 by early May.[62] That month, Cowan agreed to sell the station for $6 million to Z-Spanish Radio Network, owner of stations in Fresno, Sacramento, and Walnut Creek.[63] Meanwhile, the station continued selling memberships in hopes of building up enough money to remain on the air as a jazz outlet, reaching $700,000 by early June[64] and $1 million by the middle of the month—far below the $3 million necessary to prevent the sale to Z-Spanish from going forward.[65] Cowan's financial holdings continued to unravel; his debts exceeded assets by over $10 million, he was found to be in default on more than $6 million in loans,[66] and furniture was seized from his mansion to pay for spousal support payments.[67]

The fundraising drive to save KJAZ fell short, and on June 30, Cowan announced that the station would be taken over by Z-Spanish Radio Network and change formats on August 1, 1994.[68] KJAZ made its final FM broadcast on July 31, 1994, with the final song being "Springsville" by Miles Davis.[69] Cowan restored the KJAZ satellite service in November,[70] but owing to insufficient financial support, it closed in August 1995.[71] The KJAZ music collection was donated to KCSM in late 1998; the 20,000 vinyl records and 10,000 CDs[72] included rare LPs from Pat Henry's private collection.[73]

Carousel of formats and owners

As KJAZ faded, Z-Spanish entered. Amador Bustos, president of the company, hailed the purchase of the station, which changed its call sign to KZSF, as its most important to date. Z-Spanish's "Spanish; Castilian: La Z|italic=no" format originated from its Sacramento-area station, KZSA, and featured contemporary hits and dance tracks.[74]

In 1997, Radio One agreed to acquire KZSF and Z-Spanish's KZWC in Walnut Creek for $22 million; these were to be the company's first radio properties in the West, and the company intended to flip KZSF to an urban format but not KZWC.[75] [76] In selling, Bustos told Mediaweek, "The price was right ... and there's too much competition on the FM band right now. The market is more appropriate for AM [Spanish radio], and it made all the sense in the world to switch to AM." The KZSF call letters remained with the company for use on AM, as the company acquired San Jose AM station KKSJ and renamed it KZSF.[77] However, Radio One never completed the purchase; instead, Jacor Communications agreed to buy KZWC for $4.5 million[78] and KZSF for $16.5 million. It paired them with its existing KSJO, a rock music station in San Jose, creating the "92-Rock Network".[79]

Rapid consolidation in the radio industry led to more changes of ownership. Jacor was purchased by Clear Channel Communications in a deal announced in October 1998[80] and completed in May 1999.[81] Clear Channel then merged with AMFM, Inc., in 2000; the combination had too many San Francisco–area radio stations, and KXJO was earmarked for divestiture to Rodriguez Communications in March 2000.[82] Two months later, KXJO and five other stations in California and Texas were sold to Spanish Broadcasting System (SBS) in a transaction totaling more than $160 million.[83] The Walnut Creek station, then known as KFJO, was divested separately to Chase Radio Properties.[84]

KXJO continued simulcasting KSJO under a lease agreement between SBS and Clear Channel until May 11, 2002, when it adopted a dance music format known as "The Party" and changed its call sign to KPTI.[85] It became the only English-language radio station owned by SBS in the continental U.S.; its other English-language outlets were two stations in Puerto Rico.[86] SBS's relaunch of the station came at a time when Clear Channel was a part-owner of Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation (HBC). In July 2002, SBS sued Clear Channel and HBC, alleging that Clear Channel had used its status to force HBC away from a merger negotiation with SBS and to instead merge with Univision. Its complaint also alleged that Clear Channel representatives defaced KPTI's Oakland studios on May 16, spray-painting explicit graffiti.[87] The messages, which included phrases such as "Radio Is War", "Suck a Dick", and "Fuck the Party!"—were painted in pink and yellow, the colors of rival KYLD "Wild 94.9".

Citing its status as a non-strategic asset geographically and in format within SBS, the company sold the station in a deal announced in October 2003 to Three Point Media—owned by Bruce Buzil and Chris Devine—for $30 million.[88] Three Point, which ran the station under a local marketing agreement while the SBS deal worked its way through the FCC, relaunched the station with an urban format as KBTB, "Power 92.7, The Beat of the Bay". The new format debuted with 48 straight hours of songs by Tupac Shakur, a rapper who started in Marin County.[89] The station put an intense focus on the East Bay, playing local artists and proclaiming itself "for Oakland, by Oakland". Clear Channel—owner of KYLD and KMEL, the leading contemporary and urban radio stations in the market—retaliated. Employees of KBTB claimed that station events and promotional efforts were sabotaged by a Clear Channel "street team" which went as far as following some KBTB employees home.

KNGY: Energy 92.7

Three Point had a reputation for quickly flipping stations and had done so with stations elsewhere in California and Arizona. Some people on online radio boards believed that "Power" was a sort of stunt to raise ratings while the station made a planned tower move to Sutro Tower and the sale was approved. Shortly after Three Point became the licensee in September 2004, it agreed to sell KBTB to Flying Bear Media, a company run by former Infinity Broadcasting sales manager Joe Bayliss and backed by Alta Communications and Tailwind Capital, and fired the entire airstaff. Flying Bear took control on September 22; after a ten-day stunt designed to put distance between it and the hip-hop format, whose loss upset some listeners, the station relaunched as dance music–formatted "Energy 92.7" on October 2.[90] The station continued to be based in Oakland until mid-2005, when it opened studios in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco and moved to Sutro Tower.Under Bayliss, KNGY quickly built a reputation as a station that appealed openly to the Bay Area's large and highly influential gay community, with a number of on-air DJs and a sportscaster who were openly gay. Special broadcasts included a broadcast with San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom for National Coming Out Day. The station also sponsored a number of events in the LGBT community;[91] In 2007, the station sponsored its first Pride event; two HIV-positive DJs urged a listener boycott after one was dismissed, claiming another employee had made derogatory comments toward him for being HIV-positive.[92] Programs on the station included Fernando and Greg in the Morning and a program hosted by former KGO talk show host Karel.[93]

KREV: Ed Stolz ownership

Flying Bear encountered financial difficulty in the late 2000s and began falling behind on a $6 million loan held by a subsidiary of Wells Fargo. Unable to renegotiate new terms,[94] Wells Fargo sold the station to Golden State Broadcasting,[95] a company controlled by Ed Stolz, for $6.5 million.[96] [97] The sale price represented less than a quarter of the station's $33.7 million valuation by Flying Bear in 2004 (equivalent to $ in 2009).[98]

Stolz dismissed the 35-person airstaff of KNGY and relaunched the station as KREV "92.7 Rev FM", a mainstream contemporary hit radio station, on September 10, 2009.[99] The new programming was initially delivered from Stolz's facilities in Palm Springs and was similar to the format he had installed at KFRH in Las Vegas.[100]

ASCAP lawsuit and receivership

From April 2016 to June 2018, on behalf of WB Music and other music companies, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) successfully sued Stolz-owned Royce International Broadcasting Corporation and its subsidiaries, including KREV, for copyright infringement. The stations did not hold licenses to use music registered with ASCAP but played works covered by the performing rights organization between 2009 and 2012. The result was a $330,000 judgment, increased to over $1.3 million with attorney fees and sanctions.[101]

KREV was transferred into a court-ordered receivership controlled by broker Larry Patrick on July 6, 2020, along with KFRH and KRCK-FM in the Palm Springs market. Stolz continued his refusal to pay the judgment and was found in contempt of court by judge Jesus Bernal in September.[102] Patrick marketed the stations and reached a $6 million deal in December 2020 with VCY America, operator of a national network of Christian talk and preaching stations.[103] Bernal denied a petition from Stolz to end the receivership in March 2021, and VCY America began a local marketing agreement to program KREV, KFRH, and KRCK-FM, paying $5,000 a month for operational control of the three outlets.[104]

Stolz continued to challenge the receivership, arguing that in a Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization case, the debtholder should have control of the assets. The United States Trustee in the case concurred with Stolz, while Patrick and a law firm that was a creditor of Stolz argued in favor of the receivership and a conversion to Chapter 7 liquidation.[105] Federal bankruptcy judge August B. Landis ordered Patrick to turn control of KREV and Stolz's two other FM stations back to Stolz's companies in February 2022.[106] VCY America ceased airing its programming. KREV was the last of the three outlets to return to air,[107] resuming operations on October 28 with a dance format under the name "Pirate Radio 92.7".[108]

Stolz's liabilities ultimately became too much to save control. After Stolz failed to propose a reorganization plan, acting on a request filed by the U.S. Trustee from creditors including Patrick, VCY America, and the Bellaire Tower Homeowners Association, the bankruptcy court ordered the appointment of a trustee to manage the Royce International stations in March 2023.[109] The trustee, Michael Carmel, arranged for AutopilotFM, a company controlled by Kurt Nilson, to provide programming for the Stolz stations; Autopilot is related to Don Davis, a New Mexico radio station owner who was already providing KREV with its dance music.[110] After rebranding as "Revolution 92.7" in June, KREV was the first station to receive new programming under AutopilotFM, relaunching as hip-hop "92.7 The Hustle" on August 18.[111]

Sale to KEXP

During the same week that KREV began broadcasting "The Hustle", the bankruptcy court approved Carmel's plan to conduct an auction of the Stolz stations, with VCY America offering a $4.5 million stalking horse bid for all of them.[112]

The bankruptcy auction was held on October 23, 2023; KREV was won by Friends of KEXP, the owner of Seattle non-commercial station KEXP-FM, with a bid of $3.75 million.[113] The CEO of KEXP, Ethan Raup, cited a large streaming audience in the Bay Area and the opportunity to introduce a "low-barrier" listening method there. KEXP announced plans to mirror its Seattle programming on KREV with some content catered towards the Bay Area, such as a region-specific program similar to local music program Audioasis. The transaction was financed through an investment fund set up after a $10 million bequest from an anonymous listener.[114] With the station's existing tower site owner unwilling to continue providing space, Carmel filed to move the station back to Mount Sutro,[115] where it began broadcasting, initially with reduced power, on December 29, 2023.[116] Friends of KEXP reserved the call sign KEXC for the station effective March 19, 2024.[117]

The sale to Friends of KEXP closed in February 2024.[118] Days before the switch, KREV dropped "The Hustle" and began stunting, airing a two-hour sound collage of solfeggio frequencies, shortwave radio static, ambient music and classic Bay Area radio jingles, among other soundbites and song excerpts, for a 72-hour period; this was replaced on March 18 with a mix of music from Bay Area artists.[119] [120]

KEXP programming launched on the station on March 19, 2024, initially consisting of a near-total simulcast with inserts for Bay Area events guides, with the local music show planned to launch in August.[121] On August 6, the show was announced as Vinelands, hosted by Kelley Stoltz and Gabriel Lopez from the studios of KQED-FM as part of a partnership between the two public media broadcasters to house KEXP's San Francisco staff and studio broadcasts in KQED's facility.[122]

Notes and References

  1. News: Chords and Changes. January 4, 1959. Highlight 12. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. August 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808021017/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-chords-and-ch/138076843/. live.
  2. News: Tower Erected in Berkeley For Jazz Radio Station. July 1, 1959. S-5. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. August 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808021017/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-tower-erected-in-berkele/138076697/. live.
  3. News: December 31, 1958. 19. Liquor Ads for FM Jazz Station. Variety. .
  4. News: Brubeck Score for Broadway Musical Under Study in N.Y.. March 22, 1959. B-19. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. August 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240808020921/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-brubeck-score-for-broadw/138076626/. live.
  5. News: The Bay Area's Jazz Station Celebrates First Anniversary. July 31, 1960. 6-B. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106183531/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-the-bay-areas-jazz-stat/138076945/. live.
  6. News: World of Jazz: Berkeley's Station One of Few in U.S.. July 5, 1959. B-19. Russ. Wilson. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065238/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-world-of-jazz-berkeley/138076721/. live.
  7. News: World of Jazz: Buddy Montgomery Joins Miles Davis. February 14, 1960. B-23. Russ. Wilson. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065238/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-world-of-jazz-buddy-mon/138076899/. live.
  8. News: July 13, 1960. 30. Frisco Gets Second All-Jazz Station. Variety. .
  9. News: 25 years of KJAZ. August 24, 1984. E1, E4. Philip. Elwood. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065315/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-25-years-of-k/138078353/. live.
  10. News: World of Jazz: Dorsey Orchestra To Play Tomorrow. December 16, 1962. 107. Russ. Wilson. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065238/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-world-of-jazz-dorsey-or/138077077/. live.
  11. News: KJAZ—Podium On Russian Hill: Spreading the Message From Stockton to San Jose. December 16, 1962. Highlight 8. Richard. Hadlock. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 5, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070433/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjazpodium-o/138077055/. live.
  12. Billboard. 56–57. Godfrey. Lehman. Jazz Fan Believes He's Island: Henry. September 25, 1965. .
  13. Radio & Jazz = Loyal Listeners. 25, 26. April 29, 1972. Billboard. .
  14. News: KJAZ Radio Station: Still Jazzy After 25 Years. November 4, 1984. Datebook 37, 38. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065746/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjaz-radio-st/138078364/. live.
  15. News: 5. Petitions-to-deny blitz hits 25 in California; Justice Dept. files against McClatchy stations. Broadcasting. November 4, 1974. .
  16. News: Bay Area Jazz Lines. December 7, 1974. New Vistas 4. Gordon. Laddue. Berkeley Daily Gazette. Berkeley, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065810/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-berkeley-gazette-bay-area-jazz-lines/138077185/. live.
  17. Billboard. . KJAZ Crisis: Bay Area Station Struggles To Keep Good Jazz On Dial. Jack. McDonough. April 26, 1975. 20, 22.
  18. News: Broadcasting. 38–39. Fairness issue in KBAY case draws criticism. . August 9, 1976.
  19. News: 9. February 22, 1977. The Hollywood Reporter. Media group appeals Calif. station's renewal. .
  20. News: 75–76. Jacklin's Alameda plan hits a snag. Broadcasting. December 12, 1977. .
  21. News: March 1, 1978. Variety. Form Group to Save S.F. Jazz Station. . 132.
  22. News: April 10, 1978. FCC has a heart for small-market radio station. 32. Broadcasting. .
  23. News: 44. Media Briefs. Broadcasting. October 23, 1978. .
  24. News: KJAZ: Jazz could be the first fatality in the battle for a radio station. March 12, 1978. 39, 44, 45. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065747/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-kjaz-jazz-could-be-the/138077251/. live.
  25. News: Filipino-American group buys KJAZ. March 20, 1979. 10. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065750/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-filipino-amer/138077988/. live.
  26. News: Changing Hands. 41. Broadcasting. February 12, 1979. .
  27. News: The sour notes at KJAZ. August 23, 1979. 26. Paul. Shinoff. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065748/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-the-sour-note/138078018/. live.
  28. News: Firings bring picket line at KJAZ. August 18, 1979. A-6. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065749/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-firings-bring-picket-lin/138078009/. live.
  29. News: E. Bay nursery, jazz FM struck. August 20, 1979. 34. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065749/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-e-bay-nurser/138077272/. live.
  30. News: Sale of KJAZ fails. October 29, 1979. C-4. George. Estrada. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106065750/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-sale-of-kjaz-fails/138078065/. live.
  31. News: Radio & Records. Prospective Owner Sees No Conflict in Interest: KJAZ Buyer Accused Of Propaganda Motives. 4. April 27, 1979.
  32. News: Russakoff . Dave . Richburg . Keith B. . Taylor . Paul . Edsall . Thomas B. . March 20, 1986 . Marcos Papers Raise New Questions . January 6, 2024 . The Washington Post . en-US . 0190-8286.
  33. News: S.F. firm tried to buy KJAZ for Marcos. March 20, 1986. A-10. Jack. Cheevers. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070252/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-sf-firm-tried-to-buy-k/138077322/. live.
  34. News: UPI. Another $8.38 million awarded for Marcos-related slayings. Luke. Hill. January 12, 1990.
  35. News: Mayor Wilson buying troubled station KJAZ. December 19, 1979. A-1, A-14. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070254/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-mayor-wilson-buying-trou/138078096/. live.
  36. News: Hitch in sale of KJAZ to mayor. April 23, 1980. C-3. George. Estrada. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070254/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-hitch-in-sale-of-kjaz-to/138078127/. live.
  37. News: FCC decision due on KJAZ sale. May 21, 1980. C-2. George. Estrada. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070255/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-fcc-decision-due-on-kjaz/138078135/. live.
  38. News: KJAZ applies for new license. August 4, 1980. B-1. David. Alcott. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070255/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-kjaz-applies-for-new-lic/138078158/. live.
  39. News: KJAZ's 30th Birthday: Saga of a Jazz Station. May 14, 1989. Datebook 24, 25. Jesse. Hamlin. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070256/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjazs-30th-b/138078447/. live.
  40. News: Prospects brighten for KJAZ. February 7, 1982. H-25. Rick. Malaspina. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070435/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-prospects-brighten-for-k/138078244/. live.
  41. Jack. McDonough. 26, 68. . Billboard. Listeners Benefit As KJAZ-FM In Alameda Brightens Its Image. September 19, 1981.
  42. News: S.F. Jazz Festival is finally getting hot. October 23, 1981. E5. Philip. Elwood. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070435/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-sf-jazz-fes/138078227/. live.
  43. News: The man who jazzed up KJAZ-FM is selling out: His junior partner, Lionel Wilson, is disappointed. April 20, 1982. A2. Philip. Elwood. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070435/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-the-man-who-j/138078281/. live.
  44. News: Hot notes. January 14, 1983. 51. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070435/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-hot-notes/138078306/. live.
  45. News: Dick Conte Out, New Format In: Behind the Major Changes at KJAZ. December 4, 1983. Datebook 45. Jesse. Hamlin. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070436/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-dick-conte-ou/138078323/. live.
  46. News: Rosier view of the blues. December 4, 1985. D-5. Bill. Mann. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071314/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-rosier-view-of-the-blues/138078407/. live.
  47. News: Fourth annual swap underlines continuing prosperity of KJAZ. April 2, 1987. D-3. William. Johnson. The Peninsula Times Tribune. Palo Alto, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070958/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-peninsula-times-tribune-fourth-annua/138078431/. live.
  48. News: Variety. 45. Bruce. Ingram. Frisco FMer Jazzes It Up With Live Broadcast To Japan. . July 13, 1988.
  49. News: 50. Ben. Fong-Torres. KJAZ Founder Smarts at Perceived Slight. San Francisco Chronicle. August 13, 1989.
  50. News: June 26, 1990. Something Else. Jesse. Hamlin. E2. San Francisco Chronicle.
  51. News: KJAZ denies rumors of bankruptcy. August 20, 1992. C-4. Philip. Elwood. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070929/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjaz-denies-r/138078461/. live.
  52. News: KJAZ's Cowan plans his excellent venture. May 6, 1993. CUE-1. Bill. Mann. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071000/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-kjazs-cowan-plans-his-e/138078507/. live.
  53. News: F1. KJAZ Bebops Into Space - Bay Area jazz station goes national on satellite. Jesse. Hamlin. San Francisco Chronicle. July 1, 1993.
  54. News: Builder wooing UC labs has key friends: Ron Cowan close to Willie Brown, university official. January 17, 1993. A-1, A-10, A-11. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070930/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-builder-wooin/138141937/. live.
  55. News: Probe ordered into UC deal. February 6, 1993. A4. San Francisco Chronicle. Louis. Freedberg. Times-Advocate. Escondido, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070930/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-advocate-probe-ordered-into-uc-dea/138142070/. live.
  56. News: UC to probe official's tie to Alameda builder: Outraged regent says ordered audit will be 'whitewash'. February 19, 1993. A-1, A-14. Lance. Williams. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071004/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-uc-to-probe-o/138142173/. live.
  57. News: UC officials kept mum about lavish dinners: Analysis shows university, state rules were ignored. July 14, 1993. A-1, A-14. Lance. Williams. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070936/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-uc-officials/138142299/. live.
  58. News: San Francisco Chronicle. E2. Something Else. Jesse. Hamlin. August 17, 1993.
  59. News: KJAZ's swan song leaves a void in the airwaves. February 27, 1994. C-1, C-2. Dave. Becker. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106070932/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-kjazs-swan-song-leaves/138078545/. live.
  60. News: Alameda station KJAZ is on the sales block. February 16, 1994. A-11. Jonathan. Schorr. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071327/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-alameda-station-kjaz-is/138078531/. live.
  61. News: Datebook 29. KJAZ Tunes Out - Voice of jazz in the Bay Area might survive on cable. March 27, 1994. Jesse. Hamlin. San Francisco Chronicle.
  62. News: KJAZ needs $3 million to nullify sale. May 13, 1994. 50. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjaz-needs-3/138078621/. live.
  63. News: May 23, 1994. Broadcasting & Cable. 98. Changing Hands. .
  64. News: More 'friends' needed to revive ailing KJAZ. June 2, 1994. Cue-2. David. Becker. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-more-friends-needed-to/138078634/. live.
  65. News: Concern for KJAZ and its supporters. June 17, 1994. C-8. Philip. Elwood. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071321/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-concern-for-k/138078671/. live.
  66. News: KJAZ owner loan defaults alleged: Ron Cowan on the hook for $6 million. June 5, 1994. B-1, B-7. Lance. Williams. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071322/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjaz-owner-lo/138078650/. live.
  67. News: Developer Cowan's ex-wife wins claim to mansion effects. June 22, 1994. A-5. Don. Martinez. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071334/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-developer-cow/138078739/. live.
  68. News: Fund-raising drive fails to save KJAZ: Pioneer station will switch to all-Spanish format. July 1, 1994. A-1, A-20. Lance. Williams. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071321/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-fund-raising/138078757/. live.
  69. News: KJAZ personalities, fans pay their last respects to station. July 31, 1994. C-1, C-6. Dave. Becker. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071459/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-kjaz-personalities-fans/138078817/. live.
  70. News: KJAZ blows a new tune. November 30, 1994. C-5. Al. Morch. The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071503/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-kjaz-blows-a/138078844/. live.
  71. News: Jazz radio station finally meets its end on cable, too. August 16, 1995. CUE-1, CUE-2. William. Friar. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071501/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-jazz-radio-station-final/138078853/. live.
  72. News: Radio station gets jazzed about big album donation: KCSM: Non-profit will get KJAZ's collection of more than 30,000. San Jose Mercury News. 2B. Jennifer. Mena. November 26, 1998.
  73. News: JazzWest. https://web.archive.org/web/20060317001626/http://www.jazzwest.com/archive/articles/archives/kjaz.html. January 1999. Michael. Handler. KCSM Scores Old KJAZ Library. dead. March 17, 2006.
  74. News: Spanish network buys Bay Area radio station. July 16, 1994. Scene 7. Dan. Vierria. The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. Newspapers.com. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071501/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sacramento-bee-spanish-network-buys/138143605/. live.
  75. News: 4. Radio & Records. December 19, 1997. Radio One Picks Up San Francisco Duo. .
  76. News: Lorna. Fernandes. January 9, 1998. Radio firm tunes in to Bay Area. San Francisco Business Times. .
  77. News: Heavy FM competition, right price spur sale. Mediaweek. 15. January 5, 1998. Rachel. Fischer. .
  78. News: Alastair. Goldfisher. ARS acquisition will result in more radio-signal shuffling. Silicon Valley Business Journal. June 8, 1998. .
  79. News: 15. Jacor steps up deals' frequency. The Hollywood Reporter. August 20, 1998. . Jay. Sherman.
  80. News: Clear Channel to Buy Jacor For $2.8 Billion in Stock. October 9, 1998. Allen R.. Myerson. The New York Times. January 6, 2024. July 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720154921/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/09/business/the-media-business-clear-channel-to-buy-jacor-for-2.8-billion-in-stock.html. live.
  81. News: 4, 9. Radio & Records. Clear Channel Closes On Its $6.5-Billion Jacor Purchase. Jeffrey. Yorke. . May 7, 1999.
  82. News: 65, 70. The Clearance sale continues: 16 Clear Channel stations go to Saga, Rodriguez, others. The Hollywood Reporter. Nellie. Andreeva. March 10, 2000. .
  83. News: Radio & Records. 6. Spanish Broadcasting System Scoops Six From Rodriguez. May 12, 2000. .
  84. News: Monster companies dominate stations and news. 1F. Brad. Kava. The Mercury News. January 15, 2002.
  85. News: A2. Laurel. Wellman. Heat wave may be over, but hot tunes remain. June 13, 2002. San Francisco Chronicle.
  86. News: The Mercury News. Good times, good timing: A new Party on your radio. June 11, 2002. Brad. Kava. 1E.
  87. PR Newswire. Spanish Broadcasting Broadens Suit Against Clear Channel and Hispanic Broadcasting; Seeks Recovery In Excess Of A Billion Dollars. Spanish Broadcasting System. July 31, 2002. .
  88. Spanish Broadcasting Announces Agreement to Sell San Francisco Radio Station. . PR Newswire. Spanish Broadcasting System. October 3, 2003.
  89. Web site: Arnold. Eric K.. Chris. Thompson. Fighting The Power. East Bay Express. July 3, 2010. October 6, 2004. October 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121010061250/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/gyrobase/fighting-the-power/Content?oid=1075454&showFullText=true. live.
  90. News: Fong-Torres. Ben. Radio Waves. San Francisco Chronicle. PK-19. October 17, 2004. July 3, 2010. November 29, 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20041129070649/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/10/17/PKGKV98KGB1.DTL. live.
  91. News: Bajko. Matthew S.. A gay home on the radio dial. Bay Area Reporter. 1. November 24, 2005. January 7, 2011. March 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120308170255/http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=376. live.
  92. News: Bay Area Reporter. Radio station fights boycott. June 20, 2007. Matthew S.. Bajko. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106091320/https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&id=238028. live.
  93. News: Karel still shouting at windmills. July 20, 2011. Ed. Walsh. Bay Area Reporter. January 6, 2024. June 8, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230608025407/https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&id=241749. live.
  94. News: Gay radio show hosts plan comeback. Bay Area Reporter. Matthew S.. Bajko. September 16, 2009. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106091319/https://www.ebar.com/story.php?ch=news&id=240185. live.
  95. News: Radio and Television Business Report. Radio station price drops in San Francisco. July 16, 2009. January 6, 2024. January 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220120042203/https://www.rbr.com/radio-station-price-drops-in-san-francisco/. live.
  96. News: Rachel. Swan. Death of Energy at 92.7 FM - San Francisco's beloved gay dance station shuttered last week to make room for a Top-40 Revolution. East Bay Express. September 23, 2009.
  97. News: Energy 92.7 goes from gay-oriented to mainstream . The San Francisco Chronicle . Sam . Whiting . September 14, 2009 . September 14, 2009 . September 22, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090922184042/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/09/13/DDBK19LRFJ.DTL . live .
  98. News: McMullen . Randy . September 12, 2009 . Reports: S.F. gay station fires staff . March 21, 2024 . Oakland Tribune . A2 . Newspapers.com . August 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240808020922/https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-reports-sf-gay-statio/143813640/ . live .
  99. News: All Access. Dance KNGY To Flip To Top 40 As KREV. September 10, 2009. January 6, 2024. September 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930000926/https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/63672/dance-kngy-to-flip-to-top-40-as-krev. live.
  100. News: Revolution Coming to San Francisco. RadioInsight. September 11, 2009. Lance. Venta. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106091319/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/netgnomes/1309/revolution-coming-to-san-francisco/. live.
  101. News: Judge Demands Royce International Pay Delinquent ASCAP Licensing Fees. InsideRadio. July 16, 2018. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106091320/https://www.insideradio.com/free/judge-demands-royce-international-pay-delinquent-ascap-licensing-fees/article_5fad1438-88c0-11e8-85c2-9385f3205426.html. live.
  102. News: Venta . Lance . September 23, 2020 . Ed Stolz Avoids Jail; Makes Last Ditch Attempt To Retain Stations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220205214407/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/190923/ed-stolz-stations-transferred-to-receivership-after-lawsuit-from-music-copyright-holders/ . February 5, 2022 . February 5, 2022 . RadioInsight.
  103. News: Venta. Lance. VCY America Acquires Ed Stolz' Las Vegas, Palm Springs & San Francisco FMs From Receivership. RadioInsight. December 30, 2020. January 3, 2020. December 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181659/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/203585/vcy-america-acquires-ed-stolz-las-vegas-palm-springs-san-francisco-fms-from-receivership/. live.
  104. News: Venta . Lance . March 16, 2021 . VCY America To Begin LMA Of Three Stations From Stolz' Receivership . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210921183341/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/206126/vcy-america-to-begin-lma-of-three-stations-from-stolz-receivership/ . September 21, 2021 . February 5, 2022 . RadioInsight.
  105. News: Federal Trustee Agrees That Ed Stolz Should Regain Control Of His FMs. InsideRadio. December 14, 2021. January 6, 2024. December 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214140706/http://www.insideradio.com/free/federal-trustee-agrees-that-ed-stolz-should-regain-control-of-his-fms/article_a61250f8-5cb8-11ec-bd1b-1345f0bdbb48.html. live.
  106. News: InsideRadio. Judge Orders FM Trio Be Put Back Into Owner Ed Stolz's Hands. February 9, 2022. January 6, 2024. March 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220313024739/https://www.insideradio.com/free/judge-orders-fm-trio-be-put-back-into-owner-ed-stolz-s-hands/article_b39d6010-897b-11ec-8a99-c32922aa11d6.html. live.
  107. News: Venta . Lance . November 11, 2022 . Royce International Returns KREV San Francisco To The Air As 'Pirate Radio 92.7' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221112031948/https://www.insideradio.com/free/royce-international-returns-krev-san-francisco-to-the-air-as-pirate-radio-92-7/article_e9d56946-61f9-11ed-9dfc-9bf878dcf009.html . November 12, 2022 . January 6, 2024 . RadioInsight.
  108. Web site: Venta . Lance . November 10, 2022 . KREV San Francisco Returns As Dance Pirate Radio 92.7 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221111002946/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/244984/krev-san-francisco-returns-as-dance-pirate-radio-92-7/ . November 11, 2022 . November 11, 2022 . RadioInsight . en-US.
  109. News: Bankruptcy Court Orders Ed Stolz's Stations Placed Under Trustee. RadioInsight. Lance. Venta. March 6, 2023. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106192121/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/249506/bankruptcy-court-orders-ed-stolzs-stations-placed-under-trustee/. live.
  110. News: Venta . Lance . May 14, 2023 . Judge Orders U.S. Marshals To Collect $2 Million Plus Payment From Ed Stolz . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230521205803/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/252058/judge-orders-u-s-marshals-to-collect-2-million-plus-payment-from-ed-stolz/ . May 21, 2023 . January 6, 2024 . RadioInsight.
  111. News: Venta . Lance . August 18, 2023 . KREV San Francisco Flips to Hip Hop . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818142740/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/257600/krev-san-francisco-flips-to-hip-hop/ . August 18, 2023 . RadioInsight.
  112. News: Bankruptcy Judge Approves October Auction For Ed Stolz Stations. August 18, 2023. RadioInsight. Lance. Venta. January 6, 2024. August 21, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230821071831/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/257619/bankruptcy-judge-approves-october-auction-for-ed-stolz-stations/. live.
  113. News: KEXP, VCY America & AutoPilot FM To Acquire Stations From Ed Stolz Auction. October 27, 2023. Lance. Venta. RadioInsight. January 6, 2024. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002438/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/260386/kexp-vcy-america-autopilot-fm-to-acquire-stations-from-ed-stolz-auction/. live.
  114. News: Rietmulder . Michael . November 16, 2023 . KEXP bought a San Francisco radio station . . November 16, 2023 . November 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116232957/https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/kexp-bought-a-san-francisco-radio-station/ . live .
  115. News: limited. December 10, 2023. FCC Report 12/10: KREV Seeks New Tower Site Ahead Of Sale. Lance. Venta. RadioInsight. January 6, 2024. December 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231212102128/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/261986/fcc-report-12-10-krev-seeks-new-tower-site-ahead-of-sale/. live.
  116. Web site: Reduced Power Notification. January 9, 2024. Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. January 10, 2024. January 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240110002241/https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/views/public/fmDraftCopy?displayType=html&appKey=25076f918ce99306018cf05f4fd106d7&id=25076f918ce99306018cf05f4fd106d7&goBack=N. live.
  117. News: RadioInsight. December 23, 2023. Lance. Venta. FCC Report 12/23: Four More AMs Gone For Good. January 6, 2024. December 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231227013229/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/262457/fcc-report-12-23-four-more-ams-gone-for-good/. live.
  118. News: February 7, 2024 . Friends Of KEXP Completes Purchase Of KREV San Francisco . February 8, 2024 . Inside Radio . en . February 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240208070319/https://www.insideradio.com/free/friends-of-kexp-completes-purchase-of-krev-san-francisco/article_ca9275c6-c58d-11ee-bf39-2b15c75a19b7.html . live .
  119. News: Venta . Lance . March 17, 2024 . 92.7 San Francisco Stunting Ahead Of KEXP Launch . March 17, 2024 . RadioInsight . en-US . March 17, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240317220117/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/266181/92-7-san-francisco-stunting-ahead-of-kexp-launch/ . live .
  120. News: Karoff . Timothy . March 20, 2024 . KEXP teased its San Francisco broadcast with a 72-hour stunt . March 20, 2024 . San Francisco Chronicle . March 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320192041/https://www.sfgate.com/sf-culture/article/kexp-sound-collage-launch-19311233.php . live .
  121. News: Vaziri . Aidin . March 12, 2024 . Exclusive: KEXP sets date for first Bay Area radio broadcast. Here's what to know . March 12, 2024 . San Francisco Chronicle . en . March 12, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312145242/http://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/kexp-bay-area-launch-date-18891405.php . live .
  122. News: KEXP Launches First Bay Area Exclusive Show. RadioInsight. Lance. Venta. August 6, 2024. August 6, 2024. August 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240806213512/https://radioinsight.com/headlines/277306/kexp-launches-first-bay-area-exclusive-show/. live.

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