June 1978 Explained
The following events occurred in June 1978:
June 1, 1978 (Thursday)
- The 1978 FIFA World Cup started in Argentina with teams from 16 nations competing in four groups of four teams each, with each team playing the other members of their group once. Group 1 had the national teams of Argentina, France, Hungary and Italy; Group 2 had Mexico, Poland, Tunisia and West Germany; Group 3 had Austria, Brazil, Spain and Sweden; and Group 4 had Iran, the Netherlands, Peru and Scotland. Only one game was played on the first day, with Poland and West Germany kicking off at 3:00 before a crowd of 67,579 at the Estadio Monumental in Buenos Aires, ending in a 0 to 0 draw.[1]
June 2, 1978 (Friday)
- Deng Xiaoping, Vice-Premier of the People's Republic of China, addressed a conference of leaders of the Chinese Communist Party and endorsed the reforms proposed by the Truth Criterion movement for modernization of agriculture, industry, defense and technology, and departing from the approach of the late Mao Zedong.[2] Deng's support would lead to a drastic change in Communist China's economic growth.
- The CyberVision 2001 home computer was introduced, appearing in select Montgomery Ward department stores, and billed as being "programmed to talk... play games, teach math, or help with your tax return."[3] The user-friendly computer was offered for sale at $399 (equivalent to $1,925 in 2024[4]).[5]
- President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines designated Manila and the surrounding suburbs as the National Capital Region by his Presidential Decree No. 1396.[6]
- Born:
- Died: Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, 82, Spanish footballer, player and president of Real Madrid C.F. since 1943, known for building Real Madrid into one of the most valuable sports franchises in the world.[9]
June 3, 1978 (Saturday)
- The first direct presidential election in Bangladesh was held, with ten candidates running for office, including President Ziaur Rahman, who was seeking re-election. President Ziaur received more than 75 percent of the votes cast, with former Bangladesh Army commander-in-chief M. A. G. Osmani garnering almost 22 percent. None of the other candidates received more than one-half of one percent of the votes.[10] [11]
- Born:
- Died:
- Deborah Howe, 31, American children's writer known for , which inaugurated the Bunnicula series of books continued by her husband, James Howe, died of cancer.[13] [14]
- So Phim, 47, Cambodian guerrilla leader, former governor of the East Zone of the Democratic Kampuchea and third ranking Communist Party of Kampuchea official, committed suicide rather than facing torture and execution, after refusing to carry out the Cambodian genocide program of Pol Pot.[15]
June 4, 1978 (Sunday)
June 5, 1978 (Monday)
- The government of Vietnam announced that it would allow ships from the People's Republic of China to enter Vietnamese ports in order to evacuate people of Chinese descent, starting on June 20.[22]
- The British television crime drama Strangers, starring Don Henderson, premiered on ITV and would run until 1982.
- Two days after appearing for Scotland in a 3 to 1 loss to Peru in the World Cup in Argentina, Willie Johnston was banned from the Scotland national team for life when he was found to have taken the banned stimulant fencamfamin.[23]
- Born:
June 6, 1978 (Tuesday)
- Voters in the U.S. state of California overwhelmingly approved "Proposition 13", an amendment to Article XIII of the state constitution passed in a citizens' initiative that had been placed on the ballot through the lobbying efforts of Howard Jarvis.[27] The measure, approved by more than 62% of 6.8 million voters through direct democracy, reversed a 1976 increase in property taxes on California landowners, and placed limits on future increases in taxes. Placement of the proposition on a state election ballot began a "tax revolt" across the United States.
- The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, a multilateral treaty to standardize traffic signs, went into effect after ratification by 15 nations, almost ten years after it had been signed on November 8, 1968.[28] The Convention, not signed in the U.S, Canada, Australia or China, applies to signs in almost all of Europe except for Ireland and Portugal.
- Born:
- Died: Paul Lambert, 43, American college basketball coach for Southern Illinois University, was killed in a fire at the Airport Holiday Inn motel in Columbus, Georgia, two months after being hired to be the head coach of Auburn University's men's basketball team, and six months before the start of the 1978-1979 college basketball season.[30]
June 7, 1978 (Wednesday)
June 8, 1978 (Thursday)
- Naomi James arrived in Dartmouth, Devon, 272 days after her departure on September 9, 1977, becoming the first woman to sail by herself around the world via Cape Horn,[38] and only the second to so overall.[39]
- A team of the French mountain police patrol located a sack of undelivered mail at the foot of the Bossons Glacier in the Alps, more than 27 years after it had been thrown clear of the November 3, 1950, crash of Air India Flight 245. All but eight of the 112 pieces of mail were forwarded to the addresses listed.[40]
- At the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Internazionale of Milan defeated S.S.C. Napoli of Naples, 2 to 1, to win the Coppa Italia, Italy's highest level professional soccer football tournament.[41] Internazionale and Napoli had finished 5th and 6th in Serie A competition.
- Born:
- Died:
June 9, 1978 (Friday)
June 10, 1978 (Saturday)
- Affirmed held off Alydar to win the Belmont Stakes[52] and would be the last horse to win the U.S. Triple Crown of Horse Racing (the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes) for 37 years, until 2015.[53]
- A fire at the Borås City Hotel in Sweden killed 22 people and injured 55 others, mostly technical college students celebrating the end of the school year with a dance. The fire broke out in the lobby of the hotel and quickly spread to a restaurant on the second floor, and the hotel ballroom on the third floor, where 150 people were attending the dance.[54]
- Born:
June 11, 1978 (Sunday)
- In Canada, 12 students of Saint John's School of Claremont, Ontario, all boys, died along with a staff member when four canoes capsized during a storm while they were boating on Lake Timiskaming. Some who avoided drowning died of hypothermia.[58] Another 15 boys and three adults survived.[59] [60]
- Joseph Freeman Jr. was ordained as the first African-American elder in the Mormon priesthood.[61]
- Born: Joshua Jackson, Canadian TV actor known for Fringe and Dr. Death, and the film One Week; in Vancouver[62]
- Died: Akenzua II, 79, ceremonial monarch of the Edo people in the African nation of Nigeria as the Oba of Benin since 1933.[63] Akenzua was succeeded as Oba by his son, Prince Solomon, who would be crowned as the Oba Erediauwa on March 23, 1979.[64]
June 12, 1978 (Monday)
- A 7.7 magnitude earthquake off of the coast of Japan killed 28 people and injured 1,325 others. The quake struck at 5:14 in the afternoon local time at the east coast of the Miyagi Prefecture[65] [66]
- David Berkowitz, also referred to as the "Son of Sam", received a 25-year prison sentence with the possibility of parole after he was found guilty of 6 counts of second degree murder and 7 counts of attempted second degree murder.[67]
- For the first time, the U.S. House of Representatives allowed a live broadcast of one of its sessions, with Associated Press Radio after authorization by Speaker of the House Thomas "Tip" O'Neill.[68]
- Died: Guo Moruo, 85, Chinese author, historian and archaeologist[69] [70]
June 13, 1978 (Tuesday)
- The explosion of a gun turret on the Soviet navy cruiser Admiral Senyavin, during a test firing exercise, killed 37 of the ship's crew. The disaster occurred as shells were being fired from a 152 mm cannon. After eight were fired, a ninth shell became stuck in the gun turret and on the next firing, the tenth shell impacted the ninth, exploding both and sending smoke back into the bow tower, killing everyone inside. The incident would remain secret until after the end of the Soviet Union in 1992.
- The Ehden massacre took place in Lebanon as 1,200 members of the Kataeb Phalangists killed almost 40 people in an attack on the mansion of Antoine "Tony" Frangieh, a leader of the Marada Brigade.[71] The attack, ordered by Bachir Gemayel and carried out by hundreds of guerrillas led by Samir Geagea and Elie Hobeika, was made in retaliation for the June 7 assassination of Joud el Bayeh.[72] Gemayel would be elected President of Lebanon in 1982, but assassinated before his inauguration.
- Complying with a United Nations resolution, Israel withdrew its troops from Lebanon after 91 days of occupation.[73] Rather than turning authority over to a UN peacekeeping force, however, the Israelis invited Lebanese Christians to replace them.[74]
- Born: Vishwananda (Mahadeosingh Komalram), Mauritiuan Hindu guru who founded Bhakti Marga; in Beau Bassin-Rose Hill[75]
June 14, 1978 (Wednesday)
- In Guatemala, 17 soldiers were killed by a bomb planted by the Guerrilla Army of the Poor, in an apparent retaliation for the May 29 massacre of 38 protesters in the village of Panzós.[76]
- American mobster Anthony Provenzano, nicknamed "Tony Pro", suspected in the 1975 disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa, was convicted of the 1961 murder of Anthony Castellitto and sentenced to life in prison.[77] He would die ten years later at the Lompoc Federal Penitentiary at the age of 71.[78]
- The Cleveland Barons (NHL) of the National Hockey League went out of business, with the league merging the Barons' assets and debts with those of the Minnesota North Stars.[79] The Barons' failure was the first in more than 25 years, when the NFL's Dallas Texans folded after the 1952 NFL season, and would be the last in any of the four major North American sports leagues (MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL) for 46 years until the folding of the NHL's Arizona Coyotes in 2024.
- Baseball player Pete Rose began what would become the longest streak in the National League of consecutive games with at least one hit, making a single in a game against the Chicago Cubs. The streak would reach 44 games in a row, making it the first challenge to Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in 1941, before ending on August 1.[80]
- Born:
- Died:
- Robert Fabian, 77, English crime writer, retired Detective Superintendent and TV personality known for Fabian of the Yard[83]
- Dox (pen name for Jean Razakandraina), 65, Madagascar poet known for his work in poetry in the Malagasy and French launguages, was fatally injured after being accidentally knocked down a flight of stairs.[84]
June 15, 1978 (Thursday)
June 16, 1978 (Friday)
- At a joint ceremony in Panama City, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Panama's military leader, General Omar Torrijos, signed the instruments of ratification of the Panama Canal Treaty and the Panama Canal Neutrality Treaty, providing that Panama would have full control of the operations of the Panama Canal, to take effect at noon on December 31, 1999.[89]
- Grease, starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John, premiered, making its debut in U.S. theaters before being shown worldwide, and would go on to become the highest-grossing musical film of the year.[90]
- The GOES-3 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) weather and communications satellite was launched from the U.S., and placed intogeostationary orbit the next day. Positioned over the U.S., it was used initially for weather forecasting as well as for communication. Ceasing to function as a weather satellite in 1989, it would continue until its deactivation on June 29, 2016 a communications satellite, operating for a total of 38 years.[91]
- Born:
- Died: Sven Halvar Löfgren, 68, Swedish pulmonologist known for identifying Löfgren syndrome, a form of sarcoidosis[94]
June 17, 1978 (Saturday)
June 18, 1978 (Sunday)
- Voting was held in Peru for all 100 seats of the Asamblea Constituyente, an assembly convened by the South American nation's president, General Francisco Morales Bermudez, to create a new constitution as part of Peru's transition to democracy following 10 years of military rule.[97]
- Born:
- Ben Gleib (stage name for Ben Nathan Gleiberman), American comedian[98]
- Kathleen Aerts, Belgian singer and one of the three vocalists of the Belgian and Dutch "girl group" K3; in Geel
- Died:
- Peter Štefan, 37, Czechoslovakian mathematician, was killed in a mountain climbing accident while attempting to scale Tryfan in Wales.[99]
- Harry Clork (pen name for Harry Prince), 89, American screenwriter and playwright
- Leopold Anslinger, 87, German World War One flying ace with 10 confirmed kills.[100]
June 19, 1978 (Monday)
- The comic strip Garfield went into nationwide syndication.[101] [102] [103]
- England cricketer Ian Botham became the first man in the history of the game to score a century and take eight wickets in one innings of a Test match.
- Born:
June 20, 1978 (Tuesday)
June 21, 1978 (Wednesday)
- The musical Evita, written by Andrew Lloyd Webber, was performed for the first time, premiering in London's West End at the Prince Edward Theatre. With Elaine Paige in the title role as Argentine First Lady Eva Peron, Evita ran for 3,176 performances on the West End before closing more than seven years later on February 8, 1986.[110] With an American cast, Evita would make its Broadway debut on September 25, 1979 and run for 1,567 performances (with Patti Lu Pone in the title role) until June 26, 1983.
- Four Imperial Iranian Air Force helicopters strayed into Soviet airspace and two were shot down near the village of Gjaurs in the Turkmen SSR.
- A shootout between Provisional IRA members and the British Army in Northern Ireland left one civilian and three IRA men dead.[111]
- In World Cup competition, the determination of which two teams would qualify for the June 25 championship game was decided. In Group A, the Netherlands and Italy both had records of 1-1-0 (one win, one draw) and were scheduled to play each other in Buenos Aires. The Netherlands won, 2 to 1, to win Group A with a record of two wins and one tie. In Group B, Argentina and Brazil also had records of one win and one draw; Brazil had a goal differential of +3 points and Argentina +2 points. In the first match, Brazil beat Poland 3 to 1 to increase their differential to +5, so Argentina had to win and to get at least four goals more than opponent Peru; Argentina defeated Peru, 6 goals to 0.[112]
- Born:
June 22, 1978 (Thursday)
- Charon, a satellite of Pluto, was discovered by astronomer James Christy at the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station in Arizona. Christy had been examining highly magnified images of Pluto on photographic plates taken with the telescope in April and notice a slight bulge that was visible at regular intervals between times that the photos were taken.[115] As a result of the discovery, postulations about Pluto's size, mass, and other physical characteristics because the calculated mass and albedo of the Pluto–Charon system had previously been attributed to Pluto alone. The International Astronomical Union formally announced Christy's discovery to the world on July 7, 1978.[116] [117]
- Born: Dan Wheldon, English racing driver, winner of the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2011, and 24 Hours of Daytona in 2006; in Emberton, Buckinghamshire (killed in racing accident, 2011)[118]
June 23, 1978 (Friday)
- The Vumba massacre took place in Rhodesia as guerrillas of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army attacked the civilian members of the Elim Pentecostal Mission, murdering eight British missionaries and four children.[119]
- At shootout in the La Mesa Prison in Mexico's Baja California state, near Tijuana, killed Warden Salvador Gonzales Gutierrez, an assistant warden, two prison guards and four prisoners. Gonzalez had been targeted for assassination for his was attempts to reform the prison by stopping wealthy narcotics dealers who continued to operate behind the prison walls.[120]
- Born: Frédéric Leclercq, French musician, songwriter and guitarist for the death metal group Sinsaenum and bassist for DragonForce; in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes département
- Died: Richard "Toby" Tobias, 46, American stock car and sprint car racer known for his modification of stock cars by producing a chassis of tubular steel, was killed in a crash while competing in a USAC spring car race at the Flemington Speedway in New Jersey.[121] He was inducted into the Eastern Motorsports Press Association, the National Sprint Car and the Northeast Dirt Modified Halls of Fame.[122]
June 24, 1978 (Saturday)
- Ahmad al-Ghashmi, President of the Yemen Arab Republic since the October 11 assassination of his predecessor in office, was assassinated by an envoy from South Yemen, who had been sent by South Yemen President Salim Rubai Ali.[123] [124] Both President al-Ghashmi and the South Yemen envoy were killed in the explosion of a bomb inside a briefcase. Salim Rubai Ali was assassinated in a coup three days later.[125]
- The Gay & Lesbian Solidarity March was held in Sydney, Australia, to mark the ninth anniversary of the Stonewall riots in the United States. The event would later become the annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, and include a festival.
- Born:
June 25, 1978 (Sunday)
- Argentina defeated the Netherlands, 3 to 1, after extra time to win the 1978 FIFA World Cup.[126] Argentina had been leading, 1 to 0, with nine minutes to play when Dirk Nanninga, a substitute for the Netherlands, scored in the 81st minute to tie the game. After 15 minutes, the score was still 1 to 1. Mario Kempes, who made Argentina's first score, made the go-ahead goal past Dutch goalkeeper Jan Jongbloed in the second overtime for a 2 to 1 lead and then made an assist to Daniel Bertoni who effectively put the game out of reach.
- The rainbow flag of the LGBT movement was flown for the first time, in its original form, and made its debut at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.
- Born:
June 26, 1978 (Monday)
June 27, 1978 (Tuesday)
- Soyuz 30 was launched from the Soviet Union with the first cosmonaut from Poland, Mirosław Hermaszewski, along with Belarusian Soviet cosmonaut Pyotr Klimuk, who was on his third mission.[130] Hermaszewski became only the space traveler who was a citizen of neither the Soviet Union nor the United States, and was trained and sent under the Soviet Interkosmos program.
- Seasat, the first orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans, was launched by the U.S. from Cape Canaveral. The satellite's mission would last for less than four months, ending on October 10, 1978 when a short circuit in Seasat's electrical system caused it to shut down.[131]
- Born: Olukorede Yishau, Nigerian novelist known for In The Name Of Our Father (2018) and Vaults of Secrets (2020); in Somolu, Lagos State
- Died: Josette Day (stage name for Josette Dagory), 63, French film actress
June 28, 1978 (Wednesday)
June 29, 1978 (Thursday)
- Arif Heydarov, the Minister of Internal Affairs in the Soviet Union's Azerbaijani SSR and a KGB officer in charge of security in what was then a constituent republic of Soviet Union, was assassinated by an official of the republic's penitentiary.[137] Heydarov, the Deputy Internal Affairs Minister, Salahaddin Kazimov and an assistant, Aziz Safikhanov, were at a branch office in Agdash when Zia Muradov entered the office and shot both of them before committing suicide. Heydarov died at the scene, and Kazimov died three days later.[138] The news of the assassination would be published later with the statement, "Deputy of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic, Lieutenant General Arif Nazar oglu Heydarov died tragically while on duty. Deputy Minister Salakhaddin Kazimov and assistant Aziz Safikhanov, who were in his office, were shot along with the minister."[139]
- CERN (Conseil européen pour la Recherche nucléaire), the European nuclear research organization, approved the UA1 experiment, a high-energy physics project using CERN's Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron to detect evidence subatomic particles.[140]
- Multi-candidate elections were held in the southeastern African nation of Malawi for 87 of the 102 seats in the National Assembly. Although Malawian President Hastings Banda had to approve all candidates, and 15 of the seats were filled by Banda appointees, voters in 47 of the 87 constituencies had a choice of candidates, marking the first such election in the nation's history.[141]
- Voting for President began in Italy to find a replacement for Giovanni Leone, as a 1,011-member electoral college gathered in Rome. The college was composed of all 323 Senators, all 630 Deputies and 58 regional delegates. On the first three ballots, a two-thirds majority (at least 675 votes) was necessary to win, and on the first ballot, former Justice Minister Guido Gonella of the Christian Democrats received 392 votes, Communist Party candidate Giorgio Amendola had 339 and the other votes were divided among ten candidates.
- Born:
- Died:
June 30, 1978 (Friday)
- Ethiopia began a massive offensive in Eritrea.[145]
- The accidental explosion of an ice cream truck in New York City injured 114 bystanders in lower Manhattan, 15 of whom sustained serious injuries.[146]
- The inaugural voyage of the Venture Cruise Lines ocean liner SS America began with a ship unprepared for business. Problems with its lack of cleanliness, leaking pipes and overbooking that caused many to be turned away, ended with passengers so angry that the ship returned to New York and 969 disembarked. The ship departed again later in the day, and 200 more passengers elected to leave.[147] On its third try on July 3, SS America stopped at Nova Scotia and was served with $2,500,000 worth of claims for refund. The ship would be impounded on July 18, fail its inspection (with a score of 6 out of 100) and be ordered sold on August 28 after Venture Cruise Lines filed for bankruptcy.[148] [149]
- Died: William F. Harrah, 67, founder of Harrah's Casino in 1946, operator at the time of the world's biggest purely gaming casino business[150]
Notes and References
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- Web site: Powers . Matt . The History of a Forgotten Computer : Part 2 . Game Developer . March 23, 2023 . en . May 4, 2014.
- Creating the Department of Human Settlements and the Human Settlements Development Corporation, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and Accordingly Amending Certain Presidential Decrees . PD . 1396 . 1978-06-02 . . 10 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230710122046/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/26/16961 . 10 July 2023 . live.
- Encyclopedia: Cox, Nikki 1978– . . March 25, 2024.
- Encyclopedia: Long, Justin 1978– . Encyclopedia.com . March 25, 2024.
- News: Don Santiago Bernabeu fallecio ayer . Don Santiago Bernabeu passed away yesterday . . . June 3, 1978 . 49 . es.
- M. A. . Singammal . 1979 . 1978 presidential election in Bangla Desh . The Indian Journal of Political Science . 40 . 1 . 97–110. 41854894 .
- Book: Dieter . Nohlen . Dieter Nohlen . Florian . Grotz . Christof . Hartmann . Elections in Asia: A data handbook . I . . 2001 . 525 . 0-19-924958-X.
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- Book: Kane, Solomon . Google Books . Dictionnaire des Khmers rouges . Dictionary of the Khmer Rouge . 2007 . Aux lieux d'être . 978-2-916063-27-0 . 349 sq . fr.
- News: Liberal Elected President of Colombia; Pro-Washington Candidate Bets Conservative Rival in Close Vote . Associated Press. . June 6, 1978 . I-5.
- Book: Nohlen, Dieter . Elections in the Americas: A data handbook . II . Nomos Publishing . 2005 . 305 . 978-0-19-928358-3.
- Web site: Research Library: Country Profiles: Pakistan . NTI . 2 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100709104713/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1977.html . 9 July 2010 . dead . dmy-all.
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- http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/seculo-xx/jorge-de-sena-55876-dp13.html "Jorge de Sena"
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- "Si es con mi programa, me da igual quién me haga presidenta;no se pueden rechazar los votos" . Noticias de Gipuzkoa . Andoni . Irisarri . 2019-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001173807/https://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.eus/2019/05/21/politica/si-es-con-mi-programa-me-da-igual-quien-me-haga-presidenta-no-se-pueden-rechazar-los-votos . 2019-10-01 . dead.
- Web site: Qasim al-Rimi. https://web.archive.org/web/20150115094142/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/qasim_al_rimi.html. dead. 2015-01-15. Rewards for Justice. 21 July 2015.
- Nick Kroll. TVGuide.com. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20130623023822/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/nick-kroll/bio/280161. 23 June 2013.
- News: California Voters Approve a Plan To Cut Property Tax $7 Billion . Wallace . Turner . Wallace Turner . The New York Times . June 7, 1978 . 1.
- Protocol on Road Signs and Signals . 19 September 1949 . United Nations Conference on Road and Motor Transport . 182 . United Nations Treaty Series . Geneva, Switzerland . en, fr . United Nations Treaty Collection.
- News: Child actress Barsi, mother buried . Phillips . Deidre C. . August 10, 1988 . . Southern California News Group . Los Angeles, California.
- News: AU Basketball Coach Dies In Columbus Motel Blaze . Paul . Cox . . . June 5, 1978 . A-1.
- News: Bullets Put and End to an Endless Season . Ted . Green . . June 8, 1978 . III-1.
- News: 300,000 See Shoe Edged at Wire in Epsom Derby . Reuters . . June 8, 1978 . III-1.
- Web site: Coxon . Dave . The Class 370 APT-P . Testing Times . 10 February 2023.
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- Web site: Bill Hader Biography and Filmography 1978 . . May 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170527065559/https://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/bill-hader-57635941/ . May 27, 2017.
- Web site: Ronald G.W. Norrish – Biographical . . Nobel Prize Outreach AB . 2024 . 11 July 2024 .
- Book: Itamar, Rabinovich . The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983 . Cornell University Press . 1984 . 1501742957 . 98.
- Book: James, Naomi . Naomi James . At one with the sea: alone around the world . . 1979 . 0-09-136860-X . London.
- News: Sailing: The other Dame who sailed round the world . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/sailing-the-other-dame-who-sailed-round-the-world-482979.html . 18 June 2022 . subscription . live . Chris . Redman . . 12 February 2005 . 11 April 2009.
- Muir . Douglas N. . Douglas N. Muir . Letters Freed from a Glacier after 28 Years . . 131 . 10 . 26 October 1978 . 1051.
- Web site: Coppa Italia 1977/78 . Dinant . Abbink . RSSSF . 2000.
- Web site: Maria Menounos: Biography . . April 10, 2013.
- 네이버 인물검색 - 은지원 Naver. December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- Web site: Jenny Mathilda Elisabeth Hasselquist, premiärdansös, skådespelare. Gultarp Genealogy. 3 March 2014 . Swedish.
- Encyclopedia: Britannica . ((The Editors of Encyclopaedia)) . Valéria Dienes . . 4 June 2024 . 12 July 2024.
- News: Mormons Lift Ban on Black Priests . . June 9, 1978 . A1.
- News: Mormon Church Strikes Down Ban Against Blacks in Priesthood . Kenneth A. . Briggs . The New York Times . June 10, 1978 . 47.
- Encyclopedia: Cardell . Jacobson . Doctrine and Covenants: Official Declaration—2 . http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5686 . 423–424 . Ludlow . Daniel H . Daniel H. Ludlow . . New York . . 1992 . 0-02-879602-0 . 24502140.
- Web site: Holland . Douglas . The Air Links between Gatwick and Heathrow . 16 August 2006 . 28 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150211013052/http://www.airpixbycaz.co.uk/cazsite/galleries/airlines/balp/air_links_lgw_lhr.pdf . 11 February 2015 . dead .
- Web site: Miroslav Klose . kicker Online . de . 30 January 2019.
- News: Amy . Longsdorf . Allentown native Michaela Conlin: The 'girl next door' is an irreverent crime-solver on the hit show 'Bones' . . November 1, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191206161039/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2009-11-01-4467787-story.html . December 6, 2019.
- News: A TRIPLE CROWN FOR AFFIRMED'S HEAD— Cauthen Fights Off Alydar in a Stirring Belmont Battle . Skip . Bayless . . June 11, 1978 . III-1.
- News: Amiercan Pharoah runs into history— Boy colt ends 37-year Triple Crown drought, runs Belmont Stakes . Beth . Harris . . June 7, 2015 . B3.
- News: The last dance began then fire killed 22 youths . June 12, 1978 . The Gazette . Montreal . July 12, 2024 . Google News .
- Web site: Subhash Khot - Heidelberg Laureate Forum . 3 July 2024 . - Heidelberg Laureate Forum . en-EN.
- Web site: DJ Qualls - Biography . 25 March 2024 . IMDb . en-US.
- Encyclopedia: West, Shane 1978- . 25 March 2024 . Encyclopedia.com.
- News: History Through Our Eyes: June 13, 1978, canoe trip tragedy . 13 June 2019 . The Gazette . Montreal . August 18, 2020 .
- News: 13 die on school canoe trip . June 13, 1978 . . 1.
- News: 13 Canoe Victims Sturggled for Hours, Canadian Coroner Says . AP . . June 14, 1978 . I-11.
- Book: Freeman, Joseph Jr. . Joseph Freeman (Mormon) . In the Lord's Due Time . . Salt Lake City, Utah . 1979 . 4 . 978-0-88494-382-2 . 5800205 . Internet Archive .
- News: Shires . Sarah . I was just six and dad filed for custody of my dog... Yes, I'm still mad; Joshua Jackson on growing up and life after Dawson's Creek . The Evening Standard . March 11, 2005 . December 10, 2007.
- Web site: Edo history . edo-nation.net . 20 February 2017.
- News: The Benin monarchy . National Daily Newspaper . 5 April 2017 . 22 December 2016.
- News: Biggest Quake in 14 Years Hits Japan; 21 Killed . . June 13, 1978 . I-1.
- Bruce R. Ellingwood, An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan, Earthquake of June 12, 1978 (National Bureau of Standards, 1980) p. vii
- News: Max H. Seigel . June 13, 1978 . Berkowitz Given 25 Years to Life In Each of 6 'Son of Sam' . 11 July 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: The Nation . . June 13, 1978 . I-2.
- News: China's Foremost Intellectual Dies at 86; Kuo Mo-jo Was One of Most Prolific Writers of 20th Century . Reuters. . June 14, 1978 . I-1.
- Web site: Raise a glass to painter Fu Baoshi, MA . www.chinadaily.com.cn . 26 October 2018.
- News: Son of Ex-Lebanese Leader Killed in Christian Strife . AP . . June 14, 1978 . I-6.
- Dan Naor . The Ehden massacre of 1978 in Lebanon: The creation of a resistance myth . The Journal of the Middle East and Africa . 7 . 3 . 2016 . 10.1080/21520844.2016.1228041 . 327 . 151703051 .
- News: Israelis Lower Flag, Withdraw From South Lebanon . Dial . Torgerson . . June 14, 1978 . I-1.
- News: Lebanese Christians Evidently Gain Most From Israeli Pullout . Joe Alex . Morris Jr. . . June 14, 1978 . I-7.
- Web site: Paramahamsa Vishwananda's Birthday 2023 . 2024-03-24 . Bhakti Event . en.
- News: The World . . June 16, 1978 . I-2.
- https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/15/archives/provenzano-and-konigsberg-guilty-in-1961-slaying-of-teamster.html "Provenzano and Konigsberg Guilty In 1961 Slaying of Teamster Official"
- News: Anthony Provanzano, 71, Ex-Teamster Chief, Dies . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104073016/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/13/obituaries/anthony-provanzano-71-ex-teamster-chief-dies.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm. live. January 4, 2019 . The New York Times. Robert D.. McFadden. December 13, 1988.
- "North Stars, Barons Merge in N.H.L.", by Parton Keese, The New York Times, June 15, 1978, p. B-19
- News: It's Over! Pete Rose's streak ends at 44 . AP . Monroe (LA) Morning World. August 2, 1978. 1-C.
- News: From Lemont to Hollywood, with a pole dance in between . 9 December 2007 . Schaults . Janine . . 2015-02-11.
- Web site: Nikola Vujcic International Stats. Basketball-Reference.com.
- News: Fabian of Scotland Yard Dies at 77 . 15 June 1978 . New York Times.
- Web site: Ramambazafy . Jeannot . Madagascar Poésie. DOX : 13.01.1913-13.01.2013 . Madagate.com . 2013 . French . 27 June 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141030044649/http://www.madagate.com/madagascar-informations-politiques-malagasy-photos-madagascar/a-la-une-de-madagascar/madagate-video-et-affiche/2901-madagascar-poesie-dox-13011913-13012013.html . 30 October 2014 . dmy-all .
- News: Italy's President Quits Under Fire . Louis B. . Fleming . . June 16, 1978 . I-1.
- News: New Soyuz Craft Launched. . June 16, 1978 . I-2.
- News: Ship Fire Kills 13. . AP . June 16, 1978 . 10A.
- Book: Barry J. . Hugman . The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2009–10 . 2009 . Mainstream Publishing . 978-1-84596-474-0 . 56.
- https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/17/archives/new-jersey-pages-carter-and-torrijos-conclude-treaties-on-canals.html "Carter and Torrijos Conclude Treaties on Canal's Transfer"
- Book: Hofler, Robert . Party Animals: A Hollywood Tale of Sex, Drugs, and Rock 'N' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . 2010 . 9781459600072 . 145.
- Web site: GOES-3 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061004131515/http://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/history/goes/goes3.html . dead . 4 October 2006 . NASA . The GOES Program - ESE 40th Anniversary . 13 August 2009.
- Web site: Goitia . Fernando . 20 October 2013 . Tenemos Angela Merkel para rato . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140116055520/http://www.finanzas.com/xl-semanal/magazine/20131020/daniel-bruhl-tenemos-angela-6412.html . 16 January 2014 . 20 October 2013 . XL Semanal . es.
- http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F3%2F8%2Flifefocus%2F8195507&sec=lifefocus 100 memorable Malaysian women - Part 1
- https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/10049 Sven H Löfgren
- Web site: National Weather Service . National Weather Service . 2006 . 1978 Whipporwill Tornado Disaster . . 2006-12-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070108105040/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/top/events/whippoorwill.php . 8 January 2007 . live.
- Web site: Isabelle DELOBEL / Olivier SCHOENFELDER: 2009/2010 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20120902231441/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00000038.htm . 2 September 2012 . live.
- https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Peru/1978Asam.html "Peru: Elecciones Asamblea Constituyente 1978
- Web site: The 'Idiotest' Funnyman Around: An Interview with Ben Gleib . Eby . Margaret . . September 23, 2014.
- https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stefan_Peter/ "Peter Stefan"
- Book: Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914 - 1918 . 62 .
- Rodney McCance, The Creation of Garfield (Pen & Sword Books, 2022)
- https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-press-first-garfield-comic-from/21185519/ "Garfield"
- "2 New Comic Strips", The Victoria (TX) Advocate, June 18, 1978, Comic Pullout Section, p.9
- Book: Dirk Nowitzki – german wunderkind . Dirk Nowitzki: German Wunderkind . Reisner . Dino . CoPress Munich . 2004 . 3-7679-0872-7 . 12–20 . Sauer . Holger.
- News: Brady . Tara . Zoe Saldaña: 'I loved Star Trek. I learned later it was unorthodox for women to be obsessed with science fiction . December 27, 2017 . . August 1, 2014.
- News: Associated Press . June 21, 1978 . 1 . Greek City Is Struck by Powerful Quake . 2024-07-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: The World . Greek troops dug out 15 bodies from the debris of an apartment house in Salonica, raising the death toll from Tuesday's earthquake to 29 . . June 23, 1978 . I-2.
- Book: Hugman, Barry J. . The PFA Premier & Football League Players' Records 1946–2005 . Queen Anne Press . 2005 . 1-85291-665-6 . 358.
- News: Mark Robson, Film Director, Dies; Did 'Champion' and 'Earthquake' . The New York Times . 22 June 1978 . Blau . Eleanor.
- http://www.thisistheatre.com/shows/princeedward40.html Evita at Prince Edward Theatre
- News: 4 Slain as Irish Militants Seek to Blow Up Belfast Postal Depot. . June 22, 1978 . I-5.
- News: Argentina Storms Into Final of Cup Against Holland— Needing Win by at Least 4 Goals, Host Country Crushes Peru, 6-0; Dutch Defeat Italians, 2-1 . . June 22, 1978 . I-5.
- Web site: Erica Durance Biography . https://web.archive.org/web/20160213160951/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/erica-durance/bio/192358/ . 13 February 2016 . TV Guide . 13 February 2016.
- Web site: Prisma média . Jean-Pascal Lacoste - la biographie de Jean-Pascal Lacoste avec Gala.fr . 14 October 2022 . 30 May 2023.
- Book: Dick, Steven J. . 2013 . Discovery and Classification in Astronomy: Controversy and Consensus . The Pluto Affair . https://books.google.com/books?id=IT8oAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9. 15–17 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-03361-0.
- Web site: IAUC 3241: 1978 P 1; 1978 (532) 1; 1977n . July 7, 1978 . Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams . July 5, 2011.
- News: Moon Is Discovered In an Orbit of Pluto, The Outermost Planet . Malcolm W. . Browne . . July 8, 1978 . 1.
- News: Dan Wheldon: One of the few British racing drivers to win the Indy 500 . Maume . Chris . 18 October 2011 . The Independent . January 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111021084325/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/dan-wheldon-one-of-the-few-british-racing-drivers-to-win-the-indy-500-2371986.html . 21 October 2011 . dead . dmy-all.
- Web site: 12 White Teachers and Children Killed by Guerrillas in Rhodesia . June 25, 1978 . 4 September 2021 . . Kaufman . Michael T..
- News: Warden One of 8 Dead in Tijuana Prison Shootout . Laurie . Becklund . . June 24, 1978 . I-1.
- News: Tobias died instantly, autopsy reveals. The Morning Call. June 25, 1978. 59 . . May 14, 2023.
- Web site: EMPA Hall of Fame – Toby Tobias . Eastern Motorsports Press Association. 2023-05-08.
- News: Yemen Leader, Rival's Envoy Killed in Blast . . June 25, 1978 . I-1.
- News: Associated Press . 1978-06-25 . President of Yemen Reported Murdered . 2024-07-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: 1978-06-27 . South Yemen Chief Reported Slain, But Pro‐Red Group Stays in Power . 2024-07-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: Alex Yannis . 1978-06-26 . Argentina Captures World Cup in Overtime, 3‐1 . 2024-07-20 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: S. Yemen Leader Reported Ousted, Slain With Aides . AP. . June 27, 1978 . I-1.
- News: Blast Damages Historic Palace of Versailles— Priceless Art, Pieces of Furniture Ruined by Huges Explosion . AP . . June 26, 1978 . I-1.
- News: French Hold 2 Bretons in Versailles Palace Blast . UPI . . July 1, 1978 . I-3.
- https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/28/archives/a-polish-astronomer-put-in-orbit-in-soyuz-accompanies-soviet.html "A Polish Astronmoer Put in Orbit in Soyuz"
- Report of the Seasat Failure Review Board . Readings in Systems Engineering . NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program . 201–215 . 1993 . NASA-SP-6102; N93-24678 . 1993rse..nasa..201..
- News: Bakke Wins but Justices Uphold Affirmative Action— Historic Ruling Strikes Down Davis Quotas . Philip . Hager . . June 29, 1978 . I-1.
- News: 26 Lebanese Reported Slain . . June 29, 1978 . I-2.
- News: Lebanese Christians Are Slain by Gunmen . The New York Times . 29 June 1978 .
- Web site: Schoenfeld . Bruce . Ryan Smith: Utah's Jazzmaster . Sports Business Journal . June 7, 2021 . 2 August 2023.
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/06/29/clifford-dupont-first-president-of-rhodesia-dies/d29adb45-89f9-4a1b-ba66-918373973bbe/ Clifford Dupont, First President of Rhodesia, Dies
- News: Soviets Disclose Triple Assassination— Azerbaidzhan Interior Minister and Two Aides Shot to Death . . AP . July 5, 1978 . I-4.
- https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Azerbaijan/seE6DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Heydarov+1978&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover "Heydarov, Arif (1926—1978)"
- https://www.azadliq.org/a/1870251.html "The story of one murder"
- Banner . M. etal . January 31, 1978 . Proposal to Study Antiproton-Proton Interactions at 540 GeV CM Energy . SPS Committee . July 24, 2017.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100125183929/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/malonepartyrule.htm Malawi: Era of One Party Rule (1964-1992)
- Web site: Five Things You Didn't Know About Charlamagne tha God. March 10, 2018. TVOvermind.
- News: June 30, 1978 . 'Hogan's Heroes' Star Bob Crane Beaten to Death . 6 . . December 15, 2012.
- Web site: Souvenir of Aldo Ferraresi . 19 March 2009 . https://archive.today/20120729133041/http://www.cremona.u-net.com/aldo.htm . 29 July 2012 . dead .
- News: June 30, 1978 . Eritrean Guerrillas Offer to Negotiate End to War . 2024-07-13 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
- News: 114 Injured as Ice Cream Truck Explodes in N.Y.; Bomb Suspected at First but That Seems Less Likely After Witnesses Report Seeing a Blaze . John J. . Goldman . Charles T. . Powers . . July 1, 1978 . I-1.
- News: July 2, 1978 . Pleasure Ship Sails for ‘Nowhere,’ Returns in Chaos . Joseph B. Treaster . 1 . 2024-07-29 . The New York Times.
- News: Problem-plagued Cruise Ship Sold for $1 Million . AP . . August 29, 1978 . I-4.
- Lawrence Driscoll, S.S. America, U.S.S. West Point, S.S. Australis: The Many Lives of a Great Ship (Palo Alto: The Glencannon Press, 2003)
- News: William Harrah of Casino Fame Dies— Parlayed Bingo Parlor Into Gambling Empire . Richard . West . . July 1, 1978 . I-1.
