June 1961 Explained

The following events occurred in June 1961:

June 1, 1961 (Thursday)

• LAFTA, the Latin American Free Trade Association (known in its member nations as ALALC, the Asociacion Latino-Americana por la Libre Comerico) came into existence under the terms of the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo and consisted of all South American and Central American nations except for Panama.^[1]
• The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada merged to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, in the largest bank merger in Canadian history.^[2]
• The birth control pill was introduced in West Germany, as Anovlar, developed by the Berlin pharmaceutical company Schering AG, became available for prescription.^[3]
• In the United States, WGFM of Schenectady, New York, on 99.5 MHz became the first radio station to broadcast FM stereo. The station is now WRVE.^[4]
• Capital Airlines, at the time the fifth largest carrier in the U.S., was acquired by United Airlines, making United the world's largest commercial airline.^[5]
• The northern part of the British Cameroons Trust Territory was incorporated into the Federation of Nigeria in accordance with a plebiscite.^[6]
• The Golden Knights were designated as the official demonstration and competition parachute team of the United States Army.^[7]
• Born: Yevgeny Prigozhin, Russian oligarch, mercenary chief, and restaurateur, founder of the Wagner Group, known for having attempted an uprising the Wagner Group rebellion on June 23, 2023, against Russian President Vladimir Putin; in Leningrad (died in jet crash, 2023)^[8]

June 2, 1961 (Friday)

• J. Millard Tawes, Governor of Maryland, dedicated a granite and bronze monument in the grounds of the State House at Annapolis to the memory of the USS Maryland, nicknamed the "Fighting Mary", and her crew.^[9]
• SS Canberra, with room for 2,198 passengers and, at 45,270 gross tons, the largest British ocean liner to be built after World War II, departed Southampton on its maiden voyage, bound for Australia.^[10]
• Born: Liam Cunningham, Irish actor; in Dublin^[11]
• Died:
  • Mikhail Khrunichev, 60, Soviet space program director^[12]
  • George S. Kaufman, 71, American playwright^[13]

June 3, 1961 (Saturday)

• The Vienna summit between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev began in the capital of Austria, a neutral site. The two world leaders opened discussions with a 75-minute meeting at the U.S. Embassy in Austria.^[14] Although described in the press as "cordial",^[15] the first meeting between the young American president and the old Soviet leader was hostile, and Kennedy later described it to New York Times reporter James Reston as "the worst thing in my life", as Khrushchev lectured him and demanded that Western troops leave Berlin.^[16]
• Clarence Earl Gideon, a 50-year-old drifter, was arrested in Panama City, Florida, after being accused of burglary of the Bay Harbor Poolroom. Unable to afford an attorney, convicted and sentenced to five years in prison, Gideon filed his own petition for review in the United States Supreme Court. The Court's ruling in the landmark case of Gideon v. Wainwright established that state courts would be required to provide counsel for any criminal defendant unable to afford an attorney.^[17]
• Stirling Moss won the 1961 Silver City Trophy at Brands Hatch.
• Died: "G. I. Joe", 18, British war pigeon who was credited with saving the lives of 1,000 soldiers of the British 56th Infantry. On October 18, 1943, the division had taken control of the village of Calvi Vecchia in Italy, shortly before the RAF was preparing to make an air strike there. The pigeon flew to the airfield just as seven RAF bombers were preparing to depart, and the mission was aborted in time.^[18]

June 4, 1961 (Sunday)

• On the second day of the Vienna summit, Premier Khrushchev informed President Kennedy that the Soviet Union would, in December, sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany whereby "all commitments stemming from Germany's surrender will become invalid", including the stationing of occupation forces in the city, precipitating what would become known as the Berlin Crisis. In that Berlin was entirely within East Germany, all American, British and French access to the city, including the corridors across East Germany between West Germany and Berlin. Khrushchev added that "it is up to the U.S. to decide whether there will be war or peace", that the Soviet decision to sign the treaty was "firm and irrevocable", and that the treaty would be signed in December. As noted in the memorandum made at the time, and released in 1998, "The President concluded the conversation by observing that it would be a cold winter."^[19]
• Died: Former Dominican Army General Juan Tomas Diaz, 52, who masterminded the assassination of Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo five days earlier; in a gunbattle with security agents^[20]

June 5, 1961 (Monday)

• In separate 5–4 rulings, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the McCarran Act, requiring the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) to register the names of all of its members with the U.S. Justice Department (Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board), and the Smith Act, which made active Communist Party membership a federal crime "if the individual is aware of the party's subversive goals" (Scales v. United States).^[21]
• Tony Castellitto, seen as a rival to Anthony Provenzano's leadership of the Teamsters Union Local 560 that served New York City, vanished after getting into a car with Provenzano's aide, Salvatore "Sally Bugs" Briguglio. "Tony Pro" was the chief suspect after Teamsters' Boss Jimmy Hoffa disappeared under similar circumstances on July 30, 1975. Provenzano was convicted in 1978 for Castellitto's murder, though Hoffa's killers were never found.^[22]
• Muhammad Shamte Hamadi became Chief Minister of Zanzibar.
• Born: Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress and voice-over teacher; in Los Angeles (committed suicide, 1999)^[23]

June 6, 1961 (Tuesday)

• South Korea's military leaders enacted the "Law Concerning Extraordinary Measures for National Reconstruction", replacing the legislative and executive branch with the "Supreme Council of National Reconstruction", consisting of 32 officers and chaired by Major General Park Chung Hee.^[24]
• Biomedical results of Mercury-Redstone 3 (MR-3), Alan Shepard's suborbital space flight, were reported in a Washington conference sponsored by NASA, the National Institute of Health, and the National Academy of Sciences.^[25]
• In the United Kingdom, the commercial television franchise for north and west Wales was awarded to Teledu Cymru, the Wales Television Association, and would go on the air on September 14, 1962. It failed in less than three years.^[26]
• The decennial census was taken in West Germany, and the final tally was that 56,174,826 people lived there.^[27]
• Born: Carole Baskin, American animal rights activist profiled in the documentary series Tiger King; as Carole Stairs Jones at Lackland Air Force Base in Bexar County, Texas
• Died: Carl Jung, 85, Swiss psychiatrist, died ten days after completing his work on the book Man and His Symbols^[28]

June 7, 1961 (Wednesday)

• California's war against the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) began with the discovery, by an entomologist, of one of the pests feeding on a flower on the grounds of the California State Capitol in Sacramento. It was soon discovered that an infestation was imminent. For the next four years, the state worked on preventing the beetles from becoming established, with the risk of hundreds of millions of dollars being lost if even 5% of California's fruit crops were destroyed. After four years, the beetle was declared eradicated.^[29]
• The Sony Corporation made its first public stock offering in the United States, with two million shares offered at $1.75 a share on Wall Street. Within two hours, all shares had been sold.^[30]
• The United States Navy ships USS Ulysses (ARB-9) and USS Diomedes (ARB-11) were transferred to West German ownership and renamed the Odin and the Wotan, respectively.^[31]

June 8, 1961 (Thursday)

• The Milwaukee Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball history to hit four consecutive home runs in one inning, as Eddie Mathews, Hank Aaron, Joe Adcock and Frank Thomas scored four home runs in four at-bats in the 7th against pitcher Jim Maloney of the Cincinnati Reds. The Reds (and Maloney) won anyway, 10–8.^[32] The feat was duplicated twice in the next three years, on July 31, 1963 (Indians v. Angels) and May 2, 1964 (Twins v. A's); then not again for 40 years until September 18, 2006 (Dodgers v. Padres) and, most recently, on April 22, 2007 (Red Sox v. Yankees).^[33]
• A mob of 4,000 farmers seized control of the French town of Morlaix at dawn, blocking the roads in and around the 13,000-population town with tractors and trucks, occupying the city hall, and defying the town's 100-member police force. The Breton farmers were angry at the limits on the revenue they could receive from their products. The French Interior Ministry sent 130 riot police to disperse the group.^[34]
• Ramón Mercader, who had served a 20-year prison sentence in Mexico for the August 20, 1940, assassination of Leon Trotsky, was awarded the honors of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. The ceremony took place at the Kremlin in Moscow, and the medals were bestowed by Leonid Brezhnev.^[35]
• Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the uncle of Queen Elizabeth II, married Katharine Worsley at York Minster.^[36] On the same day in London, Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia married Valli Knust, niece of German silent film star Valli Valli.
• The results of the 1961 population census of Great Britain were delivered to Parliament and showed the total population of the island to be 51,294,604 based on 43,430,972 in England, 5,223,000 in Scotland, and 2,640,632 in Wales.^[37]
• Bell Laboratories test pilot Harold Graham made the first public demonstration of a jet pack, flying the Bell Rocket Belt at Fort Eustis, Virginia, before a crowd of several hundred military officers and their guests.^{[38] [39] [40]}
• Died: Olav Bjaaland, 88, Norwegian ski champion and Antarctic explorer^[41]

June 9, 1961 (Friday)

• James A. Chamberlin, Chief, Engineering Division, Space Task Group (STG), briefed Director Robert R. Gilruth, senior STG staff members, and George M. Low and John H. Disher of NASA Headquarters on McDonnell's advanced capsule design. The design was based on increased component and systems accessibility, reduced manufacturing and checkout time, easier pilot insertion and emergency egress procedures, greater reliability, and adaptability to a paraglide landing system. It departed significantly from Mercury capsule design in placing most components outside the pressure vessel and increasing retrograde and posigrade rocket performance. The group was reluctant to adopt what seemed to be a complete redesign of the Mercury spacecraft, but it decided to meet again on June 12 to review the most desirable features of the new design. After discussing most of these items at the second meeting, the group decided to ask McDonnell to study a minimum-modification capsule to provide an 18-orbit capability.^[42]
• Jessie James Ferguson was executed in the electric chair in Louisiana,^[43] and on the same day, Nathaniel Lipscomb was put to death in the gas chamber in Maryland. These would be the last executions in either state for more than 20 years until the reinstatement of capital punishment in both. Robert Wayne Williams would be executed in Louisiana on December 14, 1983,^[44] and John Frederick Thanos in Maryland on May 17, 1994.^[45]
• United Nations Security Council Resolution 163 was adopted, calling on Portugal to act in accordance with the terms of General Assembly Resolution 1603 which declared Angola a Non-Self-Governing Territory.^[46]
• Bohuslav Martinů's opera The Greek Passion was performed for the first time, in Zürich.^[47]
• Born:
  • Mark Goodier, BBC Radio DJ; in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe)
  • Amy Denio, American jazz composer and musician; in Seattle
  • Michael J. Fox, Canadian film and television actor; in Edmonton^[48]
• Died:
  • Jeannie Gunn, 91, Australian novelist
  • Ernest Beaux, 79, French parfumier

June 10, 1961 (Saturday)

• George York and James Latham, two U.S. Army privates who had gone AWOL from Fort Hood, Texas, were arrested in a roadblock west of Salt Lake City, bringing to an end a two-week killing spree. They had strangled two women in Florida, shot an elderly man in Tennessee, beat two men to death the next day in Illinois, and shot a man in Kansas and a woman in Colorado before being caught.^[49] The two men were hanged on June 22, 1965, in Kansas.^[50]
• The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), South Korea's secret police force, was created under the leadership of Colonel Kim Jong Pil, "explicitly designed to spy on its own citizens". Within three years, it had gone from having 3,000 employees on its payroll to 370,000 officials, agents and informers throughout the nation and abroad.^[51]
• The Soviet news agency TASS and the East German press service ADN released copies of two memoranda given by Soviet Premier Khrushchev to U.S. President Kennedy earlier in the week, confirming that the Soviets wanted all but "symbolic" troops to be withdrawn from West Berlin.^[52]
• Born: Maxi Priest (stage name for Max Elliott), Jamaican reggae singer; in Lewisham, London^[53]

June 11, 1961 (Sunday)

• Olivier Gendebien of Belgium and Phil Hill of the United States won the 1961 24 Hours of Le Mans, setting a new event record, going almost farther in the allotted time than any previous team. Together, they drove at an average of .^[54]
• Norm Cash of the Detroit Tigers hit a home run out of the three-tier high Tiger Stadium.^[55] He would duplicate the feat three more times over the next two seasons, and, after retiring from baseball, would admit that he had cheated by "corking" his bat.^[56]
• The amusement park Ghost Town in the Sky was established on top of a 4600foot high mountain at Maggie Valley, North Carolina.^[57]
• Italian cyclist Arnaldo Pambianco won the 1961 Giro d'Italia cycle race.^[58]

June 12, 1961 (Monday)

• The "Night of Fire" took place in the Italian province of South Tyrol, inhabited by a substantial German-language speaking population. 37 electricity pylons were blown up by political protesters seeking autonomy for the region. Autonomy would be recognized in 1972 and expanded in 2001.^{[59] [60]}
• Redstone launch vehicle No. 8 was delivered to Cape Canaveral for the Mercury-Redstone 4 mission.^[25]
• Born: Julius Kariuki, Kenyan Olympic gold medalist in 1988 in the 3000 metre steeplechase; in Nyahururu

June 13, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The Space Task Group forwarded to NASA Headquarters the instrumentation system details for the Mercury-Scout mission, planned to check the operational effectiveness of the Mercury global tracking network.^[25]
• From June 13 to 25, approximately 750,000 visitors viewed the Freedom 7 Mercury spacecraft at the Rassegna International Electronic and Nuclear Fair at Rome, Italy.^[25]
• Yuri Gagarin laid the cornerstone of the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics. The museum, located in Kaluga, would open in 1967.^[61]

June 14, 1961 (Wednesday)

• A custom-built 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible was delivered to the White House for use of President Kennedy.^[62] Kennedy would be assassinated in the car on November 22, 1963.
• American singer Patsy Cline and her brother, Sam, were involved in a head-on car collision on Old Hickory Boulevard in Nashville. The impact threw Cline into the windshield, nearly killing her.^[63]
• The British government unveiled new "panda" crossings with push button controls for pedestrians. The new crossings were set to appear on British roads the following year.^[64]
• Born: Boy George (stage name for George O'Dowd), British new wave singer for Culture Club; in Bexley, Kent^[65]

June 15, 1961 (Thursday)

• At 11:00 a.m., Walter Ulbricht, State Council Chairman of East Germany, opened a rare press conference in East Berlin for Western journalists, restating the Communist demand that Berlin should be a "Free City". Reporter Annamarie Doherr of the Frankfurter Rundschau asked Ulbricht whether a boundary would be erected at the Brandenburg Gate. Ulbricht responded with the first reference to "die Mauer" (The Wall), "I understand by your question that there are men in West Germany who wish that we would mobilize the construction workers of the GDR in order to build a wall," and added, "No one has the intention of erecting a wall! ("Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!"). Construction of the Berlin Wall would begin on August 13.^[66]
• Forty-five American civil rights activists, Freedom Riders who had been arrested on June 2 in Jackson, Mississippi, for protesting against segregation, were transferred from the crowded local jail to the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman. Later that morning, two of the men, Felix Singer and Terry Sullivan, both white men from Chicago, were tortured with an electric cattle prod, in one of the first publicized uses of an electrified non-lethal weapon as a law enforcement device to control human beings. The 10,000-volt devices continued to be used throughout the 1960s.^{[67] [68]} The story of the brutality at Parchman was reported worldwide after another of the protestors was released two weeks later.^{[69] [70]}
• At the Jodrell Bank radio telescope, the search ceased for a Soviet Venus probe "lost" since February 1961, as visiting Soviet space scientists prepared to leave. The probe was last commanded on February 12.^[71]
• The Canadian Mathematical Bulletin received Joachim Lambek's paper "How to Program an Infinite Abacus", representing an important development in theoretical computer science.
• In Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie inaugurated a new 226m (741feet) long highway bridge over the river Abay near Bahir Dar.^[72]
• Born: Miguel "Angá" Díaz, Cuban percussionist (d. 2006); in San Juan y Martínez, Pinar del Río, Cuba

June 16, 1961 (Friday)

• The dance troupe of Russia's Kirov Ballet was at Le Bourget Airport and waiting to board a flight to London, when the star, dancer Rudolf Nureyev, was pulled aside by KGB agents and told that he was to take a 12:25 p.m. flight back to Moscow. Sensing that he would never be allowed to leave the Soviet Union again, Nureyev broke away from the escorts and ran over to two French airport policemen (who had been alerted by Nureyev's friend Clara Bichkova), shouting in English, "Protect me!" France granted the defecting Nureyev asylum.^{[73] [74]}
• An Ad Hoc Task Group reported to NASA the results of its studies to determine the main problems, the pacing items, and the major decisions required to accomplish the crewed lunar landing mission. The direct ascent method was studied intensively with much less attention given to the rendezvous method.^[25]
• English motorcycle racer Ralph Rensen, 28, became the third rider in less than a week to be killed while competing in the Isle of Man TT series of races. The previous Saturday, Michael Brookes was fatally injured during practice, and on Monday, Marie Lambert was killed while riding in a sidecar during a race.^[75]
• Died: Marcel Junod, 57, Swiss physician and humanitarian^[76]

June 17, 1961 (Saturday)

• The first President's Daily Brief, a top secret intelligence bulletin intended only for the view of the President of the United States, was published and delivered to John F. Kennedy under the title President's Intelligence Checklist. After the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy had discarded the Central Intelligence Bulletin, which was limited to CIA findings. The daily briefing, compiled by a panel of representatives from all American government intelligence agencies, was renamed the National Intelligence Daily, then the Senior Executive Intelligence Brief, before becoming the "PDB".^[77]
• The first jet airplane manufactured in India, the HF-24 Marut, was flown for the first time, by Captain Suranjan Das.^[78]

• Died: Jeff Chandler, 42, American film star; of complications from orthopaedic surgery. Chandler had injured his back on April 15 while filming Merrill's Marauders and underwent surgery on May 13. Arterial damage caused by the operation led to a massive hemorrhage, requiring additional surgery on May 18. Chandler died from blood poisoning 30 days later.^[79] His physicians were sued for malpractice, a lawsuit settled months later for $233,358.^[80]

June 18, 1961 (Sunday)

• In the USSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet awarded 7,026 honors to those associated with the flight of Vostok 1. Nikita Khrushchev received the Order of Lenin and a third Gold Hammer and Sickle Medal for "guiding the creation and development of the rocket industry, science and technology" which "opened up a new era in the conquest of space"; seven outstanding scientists and designers received a second Gold Hammer and Sickle Medal; 95 designers, officials and technicians received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor; and 6,924 workers, designers, scientists and technicians received various orders and medals (Order of Lenin, 478 persons; Order of the Red Banner of Labor, 1,218; Order of the Red Star, 256; Order of the Badge of Honor, 1,789; and medals to 3,183 other persons).^[71]
• The last episode of the radio version of Gunsmoke was broadcast. The show, which starred William Conrad as Marshal Matt Dillon and Georgia Ellis as Miss Kitty, ran on the CBS Radio Network on Sunday evenings at 6:30 and had debuted on April 26, 1952.^[81] The television show, which began in 1955 (with James Arness and Amanda Blake), continued on the CBS TV network until 1975.
• The Garabandal apparitions were first reported by four young girls in the Spanish village of San Sebastian de Garabandal, who said that the Archangel Michael had told them that the Blessed Virgin Mary would soon appear before them (which reportedly happened a week later on June 25). Reports of sightings would continue until 1965.^[82]
• Thirty-two passengers were killed and 153 injured when a bomb exploded on the Paris-to-Strasbourg express train as it approached Vitry-le-François. Ten coaches veered off the track, with several falling down a 45foot embankment into an adjoining ravine.^[83]
• American driver Phil Hill won the Belgian Grand Prix, finishing 0.7 seconds ahead of Wolfgang von Trips. First, second and third place were taken by Ferraris.^[84]
• Born:
  • Alison Moyet, English singer and vocalist for the synth-pop duo Yazoo; in Billericay
  • Andrés Galarraga, Venezuelan-born Major League Baseball star; in Caracas
• Died: Eddie Gaedel, 36, the shortest player in Major League Baseball history, after being mugged. On August 19, 1951, the 3inchesfoot7inchesin (footin) Gaedel had appeared for the St. Louis Browns in a game against the Detroit Tigers, as a stunt for Browns' owner Bill Veeck.

June 19, 1961 (Monday)

• By a 5–4 margin, the United States Supreme Court rendered the landmark decision of Mapp v. Ohio, holding that the admission, in a state criminal trial, of evidence obtained in an illegal search was a violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dollree Mapp had been arrested at her home in Shaker Heights, Ohio, on May 23, 1957, based on materials found without a warrant or probable cause. The decision resulted in the prospective exclusion of improperly obtained evidence from trials in the United States thereafter.^[85]
• With the exchange of diplomatic notes between Sir William Luce, the British Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and Sheikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, the Anglo-Kuwaiti Treaty of January 23, 1899, was terminated, the British protectorate over Kuwait (which provided for control of Kuwait's foreign affairs) came to an end, and Kuwait became an independent nation. Less than a week later, the existence of the State of Kuwait would be threatened by Iraq.^[86]

June 20, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The Political Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, lone party in Communist Hungary, adopted a resolution that put into effect a government policy for the assimilation of the nation's growing Romani minority, which constituted 2% of the population. The program was aimed at improved housing and education for the impoverished Romani, while discouraging a separate Romani culture, and continued in effect until 1989.^[87]
• Ten weeks into his war crimes trial in Israel, the prosecution having rested, Adolf Eichmann took the witness stand in his own defense.^[88]

June 21, 1961 (Wednesday)

• Between this date and July 15, 1961, as part of the Mercury-Atlas animal program, chimpanzees received training in acclimation to noise and vibration and to centrifuge runs at the University of Southern California. Two of the animals flew parabolas in a C-131 aircraft for weightlessness training.^[25]
• The first seawater desalinization plant in the United States, located near Freeport, Texas, was opened. At the White House, President Kennedy pushed a button to set in motion the process to convert salt water from the Gulf of Mexico into fresh water.^{[89] [90]}
• The ATL-98 Carvair, created by Aviation Traders, made its first flight. Each of the 21 Carvairs, converted from a DC-4 airplane, were designed to carry up to five cars and 20 passengers by air.^{[91] [92]}
• Syiah Kuala University was founded in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, by decree of the Indonesian Ministry of Education.^[93]
• Born: Manu Chao, French folk singer; in Paris

June 22, 1961 (Thursday)

• Meeting together in Switzerland, the three rival princes of Laos reached an agreement to avoid further civil war and to create a representative government "of national union". Prime Minister Boun Oum, former premier Souvanna Phouma, and Pathet Lao leader (and future President) Prince Souphanouvong agreed in Zürich to ask King Savang Vatthana to select a new government.^{[94] [95]}
• Deputy NASA Administrator Hugh Latimer Dryden sent an explanatory letter to Chairman Robert S. Kerr of the U.S. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences on the broad scientific and technological gains to be achieved in landing a man on the Moon and returning him to Earth.^[71]
• Egypt's Al-Azhar University, a religious institution in operation since 970 AD, was nationalized by the terms of Law 103, approved by the National Assembly at the request of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.^[96]
• The Space Task Group forwarded Mercury-Redstone 4 (MR-4) recovery requirements to the U.S. Navy.^[25] The Redstone booster for Mercury-Redstone 4 was erected on Pad 5, at Cape Canaveral.^[25]
• Former Katangan leader Moise Tshombe was released for lack of evidence of connection to the January murder of Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba.
• Born: Stephen Batchelor, British field hockey player and 1988 Olympic gold medalist; in Beare Green, Surrey^[97]

• Died:
  • Queen Maria of Yugoslavia, 61, exiled member of royalty who had served as Queen Consort from 1922 until the assassination of her husband, King Alexander I, died in London.
  • Cheikh Raymond, 48, Jewish-Algerian singer; after being shot by assassins

June 23, 1961 (Friday)

• USAF Major Robert M. White became the first person to fly an airplane faster than one mile per second, or, and the first to pass Mach 5. White was piloting an X-15 over California after taking off from Edwards Air Force Base, and attained a maximum speed of .^{[98] [99]} White, who on March 7 had been the first person to travel faster than Mach 4, would become the first to reach Mach 6, on November 9.^[100]
• The Antarctic Treaty came into effect, after being ratified simultaneously by Australia, Argentina and Chile. Those nations and nine others had signed the treaty on December 1, 1959.^[101]
• Born: Ian Duncan, Kenyan rally driver; in Limuru

June 24, 1961 (Saturday)

• Twenty-seven years after it had first been introduced, in Europe, the Henry Miller novel Tropic of Cancer was released in the United States for the first time and distributed through Grove Press. Although the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. Post Office had cleared the book (which included graphic descriptions of sexual intercourse) for sale, booksellers across the United States were threatened with prosecution for violating anti-obscenity laws. The U.S. Supreme Court would settle the issue in the 1964 case of Grove Press v. Gerstein.^{[102] [103]}
• Modifications were made to the spacecraft designated for the second crewed suborbital Project Mercury flight. An observation window replaced two view ports and an improved manual control system was installed.^[25]
• Born:
  • Ralph E. Reed Jr., American Christian political activist; in Portsmouth, Virginia
  • Curt Smith, English singer for the pop rock band Tears for Fears
  • Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian politician; in Tbilisi
• Died: George Washington Vanderbilt III, 46, American philanthropist and heir to a $40,000,000 fortune, jumped to his death from the 10th floor of the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco.^[104]

June 25, 1961 (Sunday)

• Iraqi prime minister Abdul Karim Kassem announced at a press conference his nation's intention to annex the tiny, but oil rich, kingdom of Kuwait, which had become an independent nation the previous week. Kassem told reporters that the takeover would be peaceful and that the Emir of Kuwait would be permitted to become the administrator of Iraq's new province. The basis of Iraq's claim was that both Iraq and Kuwait had both been part of the Ottoman Empire province of Basra, which had been partitioned in 1918.^[105] British troops moved into the area to defend against the chance of an Iraqi invasion, and Kassem rescinded his position on July 8.^[106]
• White supremacist George Lincoln Rockwell, accompanied by 20 of his followers in the American Nazi Party, appeared for "the first and last event to which [he] was invited as a speaker".^[107] Rockwell had been invited as a guest of black supremacist Elijah Muhammad to address a Chicago rally of the Nation of Islam, more commonly known as the Black Muslims. Malcolm X appeared as a speaker later in the program. The common link for both groups was a belief in separation of races.
• The Bill Evans Trio completed a two-week booking at The Village Vanguard in New York, with a live performance that was recorded for later release. This was the last time the trio would play together, as virtuoso bassist Scott LaFaro was killed in an auto accident 10 days later.^[108]
• Born: Ricky Gervais, English comedian, actor, writer, and producer; in Reading, Berkshire^[109]
• Died:
  • Miriam 'Ma' Ferguson, 86, American politician who was Governor of Texas from 1925 to 1927 and again from 1933 to 1935. Ferguson was only the second woman in history to be inaugurated as Governor of an American state.
  • Douglas McCurdy, 74, Canadian aviator and Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia

June 26, 1961 (Monday)

• After having gone into hiding in South Africa to avoid arrest, African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela issued the manifesto "The Struggle Is My Life", signaling that the ANC leaders had not fled the country, and changing tactics from passive resistance to armed struggle.^[110] A militant wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), was founded as part of the new direction.^[111]
• Ernest Hemingway was released from hospitalization for the last time, after spending two months at the psychiatric hospital at the Mayo Clinic for suicidal behavior. The renowned author would shoot himself six days later.^[112]
• Died: Hélène Dutrieu, 83, Belgian aviator who set several records in the early days of airplane flying

June 27, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The Reverend Arthur Michael Ramsey was enthroned as the 100th Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, the highest ranking prelate in the Church of England. After taking the oath of office at the Cathedral in Canterbury, Ramsey took his seat in the Ancient Throne of St. Augustine, a marble chair constructed in the year 1205, and named for St. Augustine of Canterbury, who is considered to have been the first Archbishop, serving from 598 to 601.^[113]
• Born: Meera Syal, British-Indian actress and comedian; in Wolverhampton
• Died: Mukhtar Auezov, 63, Kazakh dramatist

June 28, 1961 (Wednesday)

• President Kennedy issued National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 55, entitled "Relations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the President in Cold War Operations". NSAM-55, along with memoranda #56 and #57, transferred responsibility for planning of U.S. paramilitary operations in peacetime from the CIA to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The directives, proposed by General Maxwell D. Taylor following the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, were so secret that copies were not released to either the CIA or to the U.S. Department of State.^[114]
• Using Mercury spacecraft No. 5, a spacecraft seaworthiness test was conducted east of Wallops Island. Sea conditions varied with 2foot to 4foot ground swells and wave heights of from to . Spacecraft flotation characteristics were found to be quite satisfactory.^[25]
• Born:
  • Mike Lindell, also known as the My Pillow Guy, American businessman, political activist and founder and CEO of My Pillow; in Mankato, Minnesota^[115]
  • Kurt Eichenwald, American investigative reporter; in New York City
• Died: Huw Menai, 74, Welsh poet^[116]

June 29, 1961 (Thursday)

• The "first in-orbit break-up event in space history"^[117] took place at 06:08:10 UTC, when the upper stage of an American Thor-Able rocket exploded into 298 fragments at an orbital altitude of roughly . The launch marked the first three-satellite payload^[118] lifted into space: the Transit 4A navigational satellite, which was the first nuclear-powered device in orbit, with energy supplied by the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) system, powered by the isotope plutonium-238;^[119] the Injun I, "the first university-built satellite", designed to gather information on the Earth's radiation belts;^[120] and the second Galactic Radiation and Background satellite (GRAB 2), which measured stellar radiation, but also served as a spy satellite.^[121]
• You Bet Your Life, a thirty-minute game show hosted by comedian Groucho Marx, was broadcast for the last time on television, at 10:00 p.m. After starting on CBS Radio in 1947, it had an eleven-season run on NBC from 1950 onward.^[122]
• From June 29 to 30, factory roll-out inspection of Atlas launch vehicle 88-D, designated for the Mercury-Atlas 4 mission, was conducted at Convair. Personnel strength of the Space Task Group was now 794.^[25]

June 30, 1961 (Friday)

• In a pivotal event in the history of professional wrestling, a record crowd of 38,622 fans turned out to Chicago's Comiskey Park. Buddy Rogers defeated reigning National Wrestling Alliance champion Pat O'Connor for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship.^[123]
• Kuwait requested the assistance of British forces to protect it from possible invasion by Iraq. The next day, an initial contingent of 600 soldiers was dispatched. Kuwait applied for United Nations membership on the same day.^[124]
• The Value Line Composite Index, a weighted measure of the value of individual stocks traded on the various exchanges in the United States, was inaugurated.^[125]
• Ernest Hemingway returned to his home in Ketchum, Idaho, after treatment at the Mayo Clinic; two days later, he committed suicide.
• The 1961 Australian Census was taken. The final results showed a population that day of 5,333,179.^[126]
• Died: Lee de Forest, 87, American inventor whose creation of the Audion vacuum tube in 1908 revolutionized electronics and radio broadcasting. Despite patenting over 300 inventions, DeForest did not attempt to recover royalties, and left an estate of only $1,250.^[127]

Notes and References

1. Book: Patrick . Heenan . Monique . Lamontagne . The South America Handbook . Taylor & Francis . 2002 . 218.
2. Web site: A New Bank, 1961-1986 . The Story of CIBC . . August 31, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050209115927/http://www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/history/story-cibc-3.html . February 9, 2005 .
3. Book: Jütte, Robert . Contraception: A History . Polity . 2008 . 210.
4. Book: Stereophonic sound . The Guide to United States Popular Culture . . 2001 . 768.
5. Book: R. Duane . Ireland . R. Duane Ireland . etal . Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases . . 2005 . 222.
6. Book: Arnold, Guy . Guy Arnold . Guide to African Political and Economic Development . . 2001 . 168.
7. Book: Hopkins, Ellen . The Golden Knights: The U.S. Army Parachute Team . . 2001 . 18.
8. Web site: Who is Yevgeny Prigozhin, the Wagner Group leader accused of 'betrayal' and 'treason' by Putin? . Lee . Lloyd . Frias . Lauren . Jankowicz . Mia . Ankel . Sophia . Rennolds . Nathan . Panella . Chris . . Politics . 23 August 2023 . . 8 February 2024.
9. Book: Mooney, James . 1981 . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, V. 4: L-M, Volume 4. Naval History Division . Washington DC. 259 .
10. Peter Plowman, Australian Cruise Ships (Rosenberg Publishing, 2007) p15
11. Web site: Falling for an Irish Lad. Irish News, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 27 November 1999 – by Robert McMillen. 18 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120317114419/http://www.liamcunningham.net/interviews/irishnews01.php. 17 March 2012.
12. Book: Caryl Parker Haskins. The Scientific Revolution and World Politics. Council on Foreign Relations. 85. 1964.
13. News: June 3, 1961 . George S. Kaufman Dies at 71 . The New York Times . March 14, 2018 .
14. Book: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963: Soviet Union . . 1998 . 171–172.
15. News: Kennedy, Khrushchev Have Cordial Meeting . . June 3, 1961 . 1.
16. Book: Stacks, John F. . Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism . . 2006 . 4–5.
17. Book: Prentzas, G. S. . Gideon v. Wainwright: The Right to Free Legal Counsel . . 2007 . 19.
18. News: Google News . Pigeon & Battle Hero — GI Joe Is Dead . . June 6, 1961 . 1.
19. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963: Soviet Union (Government Printing Office, 1998) pp217-220
20. "CHIEF TRUJILLO ASSASSIN IS SLAIN IN GUN BATTLE", Miami News, June 5, 1961, p1
21. Michal R. Belknap, The Supreme Court under Earl Warren, 1953-1969 (University of South Carolina Press, 2005) p71-72; "Supreme Court Rocks U.S. Reds- Party Must Register Members", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 5, 1961, p2
22. Eric Konigsberg, Blood Relation (HarperCollins, 2006) pp27-28
23. http://www.mkbmemorial.com/interviews/invitedtalktrans/index.html EMuck--Mary Kay Bergman (Disney Voice Artist) Invited Talk Transcript
24. Book: Kleiner, Jürgen . Korea, a Century of Change . . 2001 . 134.
25. Book: Grimwood, James M. . Project Mercury - A Chronology . PART III (A) Operational Phase of Project Mercury May 5, 1961 through May 1962 . NASA Special Publication-4001 . https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/p3a.htm . . 9 February 2023.
26. Book: Catherine . Johnson . Robert . Turnock . ITV Cultures: Independent Television over Fifty Years . . 2005 . 96–97.
27. Book: The Europa Year Book . . 1984 . 499.
28. Book: Coolidge, Frederick L. . Frederick L. Coolidge . Dream Interpretation as a Psychotherapeutic Technique . . 2006 . 59 . 978-1-84619-017-9.
29. Book: Arthur V. . Evans . Arthur V. Evans . James N. . Hogue . Introduction to California Beetles . . 2004 . 125.
30. Book: Nathan, John . John Nathan . Sony . . 2001 . 66.
31. Web site: USS Ulysses (ARB-9) . Navsource.org . 1 July 2016 . 20 June 2017.
32. News: Braves Blast 6 Home Runs but Still Lose 10-8 Clash . . . June 9, 1961.
33. The Fans Speak Out . . September 2008 . 9.
34. News: 4,000 Irate Farmers Seize Town . Miami News . June 8, 1961 . 1.
35. Book: Patenaude, Bertrand M. . Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary . HarperCollins . 2009 . 295.
36. Book: Sandra . Choron . Harry . Choron . Planet Wedding: A Nuptial-Pedia . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2010 . 84.
37. News: Tight Little Island Is Filling Up . Miami News . June 8, 1961 . 4A.
38. News: Portable Army Rocket Propels Man 150 Feet in 14-Second Test Flight . The New York Times . June 9, 1961 . 1.
39. News: . Just Like Superman Is Army Test Flight With Body Rockets . . . June 9, 1961 . 1.
40. Book: Montandon, Mac . Jet Pack Dreams . . 2008.
41. Encyclopedia: Olav Bjaaland . . Barr . Susan . 1 August 2023 . Bolstad . Erik . no . 8 February 2024.
42. Book: Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology . PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961 . Grimwood . James M. . Hacker . Barton C. . Vorzimmer . Peter J. . NASA Special Publication-4002 . https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4002/p1a.htm . . 18 February 2023.
43. Book: Omus . Sours . Mark . Bishop . The Face of Death . . 2003 . 74–79.
44. News: Killer executed in U.S. . The Sun . . December 14, 1983 . A19.
45. News: Thanos executed in Maryland- State puts inmate to death for first time in 33 years . . . May 17, 1994 . C8.
46. News: Lisbon Reproved by U.N. on Angola . The New York Times . June 10, 1961 . 1.
47. Book: Nils Holger . Petersen . etal . Signs of Change: Transformations of Christian Traditions and Their Representation in the Arts, 1000-2000 . . 2004 . 295.
48. Encyclopedia: Michael J. Fox: Canadian actor . . Tikkanen . Amy . en . June 5, 2021 . January 23, 2022 . November 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211110180644/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-J-Fox.
49. "7 Killings In 6 States A Joke To Teen Boys", Miami News, June 12, 1961, p1
50. Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p297; "Two Hanged in Kansas After Slaying 7 Persons", New York Times, June 23, 1965
51. Mark Clifford, Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats, and Generals in South Korea (M.E. Sharpe, 1998) p80
52. "Russian Note Demands German Peace Treaty", Miami News, June 11, 1961, p1
53. Ancestry.com. England & Wales, Birth Index: 1916–2005 [database on-line]. Provo, Utah, US: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original data: General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office.
54. News: Gendebien And Hill Share Famous Le Mans Victory . . June 12, 1961 . 13.
55. News: Norm's Homer Unique . Miami News . June 12, 1961 . 7.
56. Book: Harrigan, Patrick . The Detroit Tigers: club and community, 1945-1995 . . 1997 . 115.
57. http://media.visitnc.com/news/385/15/Ghost-Town-And-Cliffhanger-Rollercoaster-Re-Open/d,newsitem_travel_partner_news.html North Carolina Division of Tourism
58. News: Ayer terminó en Milan el 44 Giro, con la brillante victoria del italiano Pambianco . es . 12 June 1961 . 9 . . 27 May 2012 . The 44th Giro ended yesterday in Milan, with the brilliant victory of Italian Pambianco . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406030515/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1961/06/12/MD19610612-009.pdf . 6 April 2016 . live.
59. News: Dynamite Blasts Rock South Tyrol . . . June 13, 1961 . 11.
60. Book: Peterlini, Oskar . The South-Tyrol Autonomy in Italy . Oskar Peterlini . One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders: Perspectives of Evolution . Springer . 2009 . 149, 152.
61. Book: Andrews, James T. . Red Cosmos: K.E. Tsiolkovskii, Grandfather of Soviet Rocketry . . 2009 . 98.
62. News: June 14, 1961 . 1 . Luxury On Wheels — That's New Car For The President . Miami News.
63. Book: William L. O'Neill. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: A-L.. C. Scribner's Sons. 2003. 191.
64. News: 1961: Panda replaces zebra at road crossing . BBC News . June 14, 1961.
65. Web site: Boy George Biography: Singer (1961–) . Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). 28 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160114213348/http://www.biography.com/people/boy-george-433170 . 14 January 2016.
66. Book: Harrison, Hope M. . Driving the Soviets up the wall: Soviet-East German relations, 1953-1961 . . 2003 . 179–180.
67. Book: Arsenault, Raymond . Raymond Arsenault . Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . . . 2006 . 325.
68. Book: Rejali, Darius . Darius Rejali . Torture and Democracy . . 2009 . 228.
69. News: N.Y. Youth Charges 'Terrible Treatment' of Freedom Riders . Milwaukee Journal . June 26, 1961 . 1.
70. News: Freedom Rider Alleges Brutal Gaol Treatment . . . June 28, 1961 . 11.
71. News: Space News Of Five Years Ago . Space News Roundup . Page 6, columns 1-2 . 5 . 17 . 10 June 1966 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013017/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/roundups/issues/66-06-10.pdf . 5 March 2016 . . . 19 March 2023.
72. Web site: Ba Lakmadobe - Bakyuje . Bernhard . Lindahl . . 27 January 2022.
73. News: Red Dancer Asks Asylum in France . Spokane Spokesman-Review . June 17, 1961 . 1.
74. Book: Kavanagh, Julie . Nureyev: The Life . . 2008 . 133–137.
75. News: Hailwood Wins Senior T.T. Race at 100 M.P.H. . . June 17, 1961 . 7.
76. Web site: Marcel Junod (1904-1961): the Red Cross doctor who personified "the spirit of the thing" . 15 June 2011 . . 27 January 2022.
77. Book: Hastedt, Glenn P. . Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage . . 2010 . 219.
78. News: It's a milestone for a magnificent fighter . 21 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110621035656/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/18/stories/2011061862320200.htm . . 18 June 2011.
79. News: Film Star Chandler Is Dead . Miami News . June 18, 1961 . 1.
80. News: Jeff Chandler Heirs Settle for $233,358 . Los Angeles Times . February 21, 1962 . A-1.
81. Book: Dunning, John . On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio . John Dunning (detective fiction author) . 1998 . Oxford University Press . New York, NY . 978-0-19-507678-3 . 302–306 . Revised . 19 October 2019 . Google Books.
82. Encyclopedia: Garandabal, Our Lady of . The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism . Richard P. . McBrien . Richard McBrien . HarperCollins . 1995 . 553–554.
83. News: Train Crash Kills 23 . . . June 19, 1961 . 1.
84. The Age (Melbourne), June 21, 1961, p18
85. Priscilla H. Machado Zotti, Injustice for All: Mapp vs. Ohio and the Fourth Amendment (Peter Lang Publishing, 2005) p154; The Papers of Justice Tom C. Clark, University of Texas
86. Alan Rush, Al-Sabah: history & genealogy of Kuwait's ruling family, 1752-1987 (Garnet & Ithaca Press, 1987) p6; "Independence for Kuwait— UK protection withdrawn", The Guardian (Manchester), June 20, 1961
87. Book: Crowe, David M. . David M. Crowe . A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia . . 1996 . 93.
88. News: EICHMANN SPEAKS— 'THEY ORDERED ME' . Miami News . June 20, 1961 . 1.
89. News: President Hails Desalting Plant; He Flips Switch to Dedicate Water Project in Texas . The New York Times . June 22, 1961.
90. Book: Introduction to Desalinazation Technologies.
91. Book: Endres, Gunter . The Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft . . 2001 . 273.
92. Web site: Lost in Time: Aviation Traders Carvairs . David Parker . Brown . . November 24, 2010.
93. Book: Welcome to Syiah Kuala University.
94. News: Laos to Get New Rule by Coalition— Three Factions to Run Nation . Spokane Spokesman-Review . June 22, 1961 . 1.
95. Book: Zhai, Qiang . China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975 . . 2000 . 103.
96. Book: Lulat, Y. G.-M. . A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2005 . 144.
97. Web site: Steve Batchelor . . OlyMADMen . 9 February 2023.
98. News: X-15 Sets Record of Mile a Second . The New York Times . June 24, 1961 . 1.
99. News: Google News . Rocket Plane Travels Faster Than Mile Per Second . Reading Eagle . Reading, Pennsylvania . June 24, 1961 . 1.
100. Web site: Breaking the Sound Barrier: From Mach 1 to Mach 10 . Darlington . Roger . Roger Darlington's World . 28 April 2011 . 8 February 2023.
101. Book: Rothwell, Donald . The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law . . 1996 . 70–71.
102. News: Court Voids Ban on 'Tropic' Book . The New York Times . June 23, 1964 . 25.
103. Book: Eberly, Rosa A. . Citizen Critics: Literary Public Spheres . . 2000 . 65–66.
104. News: George Vanderbilt, 47, Is Killed In Plunge From Hotel on Coast . The New York Times . June 25, 1961 . 1.
105. "Iraq Threatens to Annex Kuwait", St. Petersburg Times, June 26, 1961, p1
106. Frank Brenchley, Britain and the Middle East: an economic history, 1945-87 (I.B.Tauris, 1989) pp 136-138
107. Mattias Gardell, In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam (Duke University Press, 1996) p274
108. Peter Pettinger, Bill Evans: How My Heart Sings (Yale University Press, 2002) p110
109. Web site: Episode 1.1 The 100 Greatest Stand-Ups 2007. Comedy.co.uk. 25 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402205235/http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/100_greatest_stand_ups/episodes/1/1/. 2 April 2015. live.
110. Book: Okwesili, Meche . Good Over Evil . . 2003 . 249-250.
111. Book: Ward . Churchill . Ward Churchill . Mike . Ryan . Pacifism as Pathology . . 2007 . 138.
112. Book: Julien . Bogousslavsky . Julien Bogousslavsky . etal . Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists, Part 3 . . 2010 . 186.
113. "Canterbury's Day of Splendour", Glasgow Herald - June 28, 1961; "Canterbury Archbishop Is Enthroned", St. Petersburg Times, June 28, 1961
114. Book: L. Fletcher . Prouty . L. Fletcher Prouty . Oliver . Stone . Oliver Stone . JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy . . 2009 . 170–172.
115. Web site: Wishing a Very Happy Birthday to our owner and CEO Mike Lindell . Facebook . March 10, 2021 . My Pillow . June 28, 2016 . March 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210312201959/https://m.facebook.com/MyPillow/posts/1331183610243528 . live.
116. s2-WILL-OWE-1886. Huw Owen Williams. Roberts Jones. Sally. National Library of Wales. 2001. 9 April 2016.
117. Book: Klinkrad, Heiner . Space Debris: Models and Risk Analysis . . 2006 . 1.
118. News: 3-IN-1 SATELLITE ORBITS . Miami News . June 29, 1961 . 1.
119. Book: Angelo, Joseph A. . Space Technology . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2003 . 26.
120. Book: Foerstner, Abigail . James Van Allen: The First Eight Billion Miles . . 2007 . 205.
121. Book: Johnson, Loch K. . Loch K. Johnson . Strategic Intelligence . 1 . Greenwood Publishing . 2007 . 235.
122. Book: Louvish, Simon . Simon Louvish . Monkey Business: the Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers: Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Zeppo, with Added Gummo . Macmillan . 2000 . 365.
123. Keith Elliot Greenberg, Pro Wrestling: From Carnivals to Cable TV (Lerner Publications, 2000) p40
124. David H. Finnie, Shifting Lines in the Sand: Kuwait's Elusive Frontier with Iraq (Harvard University Press, 1992) p140
125. Leslie N. Masonson, All about Market Timing: The Easy Way to Get Started (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003) p154
126. Official Year Book of Australia No. 60, 1974 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1974) p132
127. "Famed Inventor Leaves $1,250", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 18, 1961, p2