June 1937 Explained

The following events occurred in June 1937:

June 1, 1937 (Tuesday)

• In Italy, the Ministry of Popular Culture ordered all foreign words and names to be Italianized. Louis Armstrong, for example, was to be known as Luigi Fortebraccio.^[1]
• Oldsmobile announced the first automatic transmission available to the public.
• Bill Dietrich of the Chicago White Sox pitched an 8-0 no-hitter against the St. Louis Browns.^[2]
• Born: Morgan Freeman, actor, director and narrator, in Memphis, Tennessee; Rosaleen Linehan, actress, in Dublin, Ireland

June 2, 1937 (Wednesday)

• Rioting broke out around İskenderun and Antioch after the Syrian parliament refused to ratify the League of Nations' decision to make the İskenderun district autonomous.^[3]
• German War Minister Werner von Blomberg began a three-day visit to Italy to discuss German-Italian military ties.^[4]
• St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Dizzy Dean was suspended by National League President Ford C. Frick for referring to Frick and umpire George Barr as "the two biggest crooks in baseball today."^[5]
• Born: Jimmy Jones, singer-songwriter, in Birmingham, Alabama (d. 2012); Sally Kellerman, actress and singer, in Long Beach, California (d. 2022); Don Turnbull, journalist, editor and game designer, in Preston, Lancashire, England (d. 2003)
• Died: Louis Vierne, 66, French organist and composer

June 3, 1937 (Thursday)

• The Duke of Windsor and Wallis Warfield (Simpson) were married at the Château de Candé in Monts, France.
• Dizzy Dean refused to sign a letter of apology and threatened to sue Ford Frick for $250,000.^[6]
• Born: Phyllis Baker, baseball player, in Marshall, Michigan (d. 2006); Crawford Hallock Greenewalt, Jr., classical archaeologist, in Wilmington, Delaware (d. 2012); Solomon P. Ortiz, politician, in Robstown, Texas
• Died: Emilio Mola, 49, Spanish Nationalist commander (plane crash)

June 4, 1937 (Friday)

• Fumimaro Konoe became Prime Minister of Japan.
• The Kriegsmarine held its first maneuvers off Heligoland since the island was refortified in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Only a skeleton fleet participated because so many ships were deployed in Spain.^[7]
• The National League lifted its suspension of Dizzy Dean, who stuck with his vow not to sign a letter of apology but issued a letter of "explanation" instead. Dean lost $500 during the course of his suspension.^{[8] [9]}
• Sylvan Goldman introduced an invention of his called a shopping cart at the Humpty Dumpty supermarket he owned in Oklahoma City.^[10]
• Born: Gorilla Monsoon, professional wrestler and commentator, in Rochester, New York (d. 1999)
• Died: Helmut Hirsch, 21, German Jew convicted of conspiring in a bombing plot against the government (executed by decapitation)

June 5, 1937 (Saturday)

• French troops were rushed to the İskenderun region to control the rioting between Arabs and Turks.

June 6, 1937 (Sunday)

• The Segovia Offensive ended in Republican failure.

June 7, 1937 (Monday)

• Benito Mussolini and Galeazzo Ciano became the first recipients of the Order of the German Eagle.^[11]
• Born: Roberto Blanco, singer and actor, in Tunis, Tunisia; Neeme Järvi, conductor, in Tallinn, Estonia
• Died: Jean Harlow, 26, American actress (kidney disease)

June 8, 1937 (Tuesday)

• In London, representatives of Argentina, Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, South Africa, Germany and the United States reached an agreement to stop the dangerous reduction of the world's whale stocks through whaling.^[12]
• The German Postal Ministry decreed that all non-Aryans must retire.
• The Carl Orff composition Carmina Burana premiered in Frankfurt.
• The French war film La Grande Illusion (The Grand Illusion) directed by Jean Renoir was released.
• A total solar eclipse occurred.
• Born: Toni Harper, child singer, in Los Angeles (d. 2023)

June 9, 1937 (Wednesday)

• The funeral of Jean Harlow was held at a chapel in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. William Powell, Lionel Barrymore, Clark Gable, Spencer Tracy and Norma Shearer were among the mourners in attendance.^[13]
• The Citizens' War Memorial was unveiled in Christchurch, New Zealand.
• Born: Harald Rosenthal, hydriobiologist, in Berlin, Germany

June 10, 1937 (Thursday)

• Nazi Germany announced an ambitious 15-year development plan for the city of Hamburg that would see the construction of a 60-story skyscraper and a suspension bridge across the Elbe.^[14]
• The Boston Red Sox traded the future Baseball Hall of Famer Rick Ferrell, his brother Wes and Mel Almada to the Washington Senators in exchange for Ben Chapman and Bobo Newsom.^[15]
• Born: Luciana Paluzzi, actress, in Rome, Italy
• Died:
  • Jane Foss Barff, 73, Australian women's rights advocate
  • Robert Borden, 82, 8th Prime Minister of Canada

June 11, 1937 (Friday)

• The secret Moscow trial known as the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization began.^[16]
• The comedy film A Day at the Races starring the Marx Brothers was released.^[17]
• Born:
  • Don Fleming, American college and professional football player; in Bellaire, Ohio (d. 1963, construction accident)^[18]
  • Robin Warren, pathologist and Nobel laureate; in Adelaide, Australia (d. 2024)^[19]
• Died: Máté Zalka, 41, Hungarian writer and revolutionary (killed in the Spanish Civil War)

June 12, 1937 (Saturday)

• The Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization ended swiftly with eight Soviet generals sentenced to be shot for treason.^[20]
• The Battle of Bilbao started as the Nationalists launched an assault on the city.
• The Republicans launched the Huesca Offensive.
• Ralph Guldahl won the U.S. Open.
• The Greater Texas & Pan-American Exposition opened in Dallas, Texas.
• The body of Henry Clay Torrence of Richmond, California, was recovered on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Torrence was the first person to die by falling from the Golden Gate Bridge after its opening, but whether his death was an accident, suicide or murder is unknown.^[21]
• Born: Mujaddid Ahmed Ijaz, experimental physicist, in Lahore, British India (d. 1992)
• Died: Boris Feldman, 46 or 47, Soviet military commander; Vitaly Primakov, 39, Soviet military commander; Vitovt Putna, 44, Soviet military officer; Mikhail Tukhachevsky, 44, Soviet military leader; Ieronim Uborevich, 41, Soviet military commander; Iona Yakir, 40, Soviet military commander

June 13, 1937 (Sunday)

• The Nationalists came within of Bilbao, capturing a range of hills east of the city.^[22]

June 14, 1937 (Monday)

• Nationalists captured Las Arenas, cutting Bilbao off from the sea.^[23]
• The Irish Parliament was dissolved and new elections called for July 1.^[24]
• The Social Credit backbenchers' revolt in Alberta came to an end when Premier William Aberhart finally got a budget passed in the legislature by a vote of 40–7.^[25]

June 15, 1937 (Tuesday)

• Switzerland recognized the Italian conquest of Ethiopia.^[26]
• Born: Herbert Feuerstein, comedian and entertainer, in Zell am See, Austria (d. 2020); Waylon Jennings, musician and actor, in Littlefield, Texas (d. 2002); Alan Thornett, Trotskyist activist, in Britain

June 16, 1937 (Wednesday)

• Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín banned POUM. Andrés Nin and other leaders were arrested; Nin soon disappeared mysteriously and was presumed murdered by Soviet agents.^[27]
• Germany and Italy rejoined neutral ship patrols around Spain.^[28]
• Born: Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, monarch and politician, in Sofia, Bulgaria; Charmian May, actress, in Purbrook, England (d. 2002)
• Died: Alexander Chervyakov, 45, Belarusian Communist leader (suicide)

June 17, 1937 (Thursday)

• A state funeral was held in Germany for 31 victims of the May 29 Deutschland incident.^[29]
• The adventure film King Solomon's Mines premiered in the United Kingdom.
• The drama film The Road Back starring John King and Richard Cromwell premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York City.^[30]
• Cuban band Orquesta Casino de la Playa record "Bruca maniguá", Arsenio Rodríguez's first hit.^[31]

June 18, 1937 (Friday)

• Nationalists captured the Santo Domingo hills northeast of Bilbao after a week-long assault and surrounded the city completely.^[32]
• Secretary of the National Fascist Party Achille Starace made it mandatory for all members of the party to subscribe to Mussolini's newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia.^[33]
• Born: Wray Carlton, AFL and CFL running back, in Wallace, North Carolina; Vitaly Zholobov, cosmonaut, in Zburjevka, Ukrainian SSR
• Died: Gaston Doumergue, 73, French politician

June 19, 1937 (Saturday)

• The Battle of Bilbao ended with the Nationalist capture of the city.
• The Huesca Offensive ended in Republican failure.
• The Women's day massacre occurred in Youngstown, Ohio.
• Pennsylvania Governor George Howard Earle III declared martial law in Johnstown.^[34]
• Died: J. M. Barrie, 77, Scottish author and dramatist

June 20, 1937 (Sunday)

• A Soviet Tupolev ANT-25 aircraft flew over the North Pole and landed in Vancouver, Washington. The flight was made to test the prospects of trans-polar air travel.^[35]
• All Catholic schools in Bavaria were closed by the Nazis.^[36]
• The Geibeltbad Pirna was founded near Dresden, Germany.
• Born: Rosa Luna, Uruguayan dancer (d. 1993)

June 21, 1937 (Monday)

• Léon Blum resigned as Prime Minister of France when the Senate refused to give him special powers to deal with the country's financial crisis.^[37]
• Ohio Governor Martin L. Davey ordered 4,500 National Guardsmen to Youngstown.
• The Wimbledon Championships were televised for the first time, on BBC Television.^[38]

June 22, 1937 (Tuesday)

• Camille Chautemps became Prime Minister of France for the third time.
• Joe Louis won boxing's World Heavyweight Championship with an eighth-round knockout of James J. Braddock at Comiskey Park in Chicago.^[39]
• An espionage tribunal was established in the Spanish Republic with the primary task of putting members of POUM on trial.^[40]
• Two Soviet gun boats were reported to have attacked Manchukuo troops near Heiho, on the Amur River.^[41]

June 23, 1937 (Wednesday)

• Hitler sent the strongest units of the Kriegsmarine toward Valencia for a "demonstration" after dropping out of the international neutral ship patrol for the second time, since Britain and France refused to allow Germany to secure satisfaction for an alleged Spanish submarine attack on the cruiser . Spain warned that it would fight back if any power shelled a Republican city.^{[42] [43]}
• Born: Martti Ahtisaari, 10th President of Finland and Nobel laureate, in Viipuri, Finland (d. 2023)

June 24, 1937 (Thursday)

• Paul Robeson made an important speech on the Spanish Civil War at the Royal Albert Hall in London during a benefit to raise funds for Basque refugee children. "There is no standing above the conflict on Olympian heights. There are no impartial observers", Robeson said. "The liberation of Spain from the oppression of fascist reactionaries is not a private matter of the Spaniards, but the common cause of all advanced and progressive humanity."^[44]
• The 8th Imperial Conference ended.
• Liechtenstein added a crown to its national flag so it would no longer be identical to the flag of Haiti.

June 25, 1937 (Friday)

• Neville Chamberlain made his first major foreign policy speech in the House of Commons, in which he asked influential members of British society to exercise caution when talking about Germany's policy toward Spain to avoid a larger European war. "I have read that in the high mountains there are sometimes conditions to be found when an incautious move or even a sudden loud exclamation may start an avalanche", Chamberlain said. "That is just the condition in which we are finding ourselves to-day. I believe, although the snow may be perilously poised it has not yet begun to move, and if we can all exercise caution, patience and self-restraint we may yet be able to save the peace of Europe."^{[45] [46]}
• The historical adventure film Wee Willie Winkie starring Shirley Temple and Victor McLaglen premiered in Los Angeles.^[47]
• Born: Keizō Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan, in Nakanojō, Gunma, Japan (d. 2000)
• Died: Colin Clive, 37, English actor (tuberculosis)

June 26, 1937 (Saturday)

• Mary Pickford and Charles "Buddy" Rogers were married in a simple ceremony in Los Angeles.^[48]
• Born: Robert Coleman Richardson, experimental physicist, in Washington, D.C. (d. 2013)

June 27, 1937 (Sunday)

• Martin Niemöller gave what would be his last sermon in Nazi Germany, stating, "No more are we ready to keep silent at man's behest when God commands us to speak. For it is, and must remain, the case that we must obey God rather than man."^[49]

June 28, 1937 (Monday)

• The new French Finance Minister Georges Bonnet addressed the country's financial crisis by closing the stock market and suspending all commercial payments in gold and foreign currencies until further notice.^[50]
• The Soviet Union executed 36 more people for spying.
• Born: Ron Luciano, baseball umpire, in Endicott, New York (d. 1995)
• Died: George Warren Russell, 83, New Zealand politician

June 29, 1937 (Tuesday)

• The Nationalists occupied Balmaseda.^[51]
• Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had separate meetings with Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler in Berlin. Mackenzie King's diary entry that day described Hitler as "a man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot."^[52]
• The Lewiston–Auburn shoe strike ended in defeat of the workers.

June 30, 1937 (Wednesday)

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. and Ethel du Pont were married in Wilmington, Delaware in the American society wedding of the decade.^[53]
• German Reichsminister of Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl decreed state control of Protestant church funds. The government now controlled all aspects of the churches' financial activities, right down to ministers' salaries.^[54]
• Portugal stopped co-operating with the Non-Intervention Committee patrol agreement and ordered British observers off its soil.
• The emergency number 999 was introduced in the United Kingdom, the first emergency telephone number of its kind in the world.^[55]
• Born: Noel Black, film and television director, screenwriter and producer, in Chicago (d. 2014)
• Died: Frank A. Vanderlip, 72, American banker

Notes and References

1. Web site: 1937 . MusicAndHistory . September 9, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120829172721/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/198-1937.html . August 29, 2012 .
2. Web site: 1937 MLB No-Hitters . . September 9, 2015 .
3. News: June 6, 1937 . Rush French Troops to Quell Turk-Arab Riots in Syrian City . . 2.
4. Web site: Tageseinträge für 2. Juni 1937 . chroniknet . September 9, 2015.
5. News: June 3, 1937 . Frick Suspends Dizzy Dean for Not Apologizing . . 31.
6. News: June 4, 1937 . Dean Threatens to Sue Frick for $250,000 . Chicago Daily Tribune. 31 .
7. News: June 5, 1937 . 10,000 Workers See Nazi Navy Maneuvers Off Heligoland Isle . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
8. News: June 5, 1937 . League Lifts Suspension; Dean Pitches Today . Chicago Daily Tribune. 17, 19 .
9. Web site: May 19, 1937: The Battle at Sportsman's Park . Forrester . Wade . May 19, 2014 . On This Day in Cardinal Nation . September 9, 2015 .
10. Web site: June 4, 1937: Humpty Dumpty and the Shopping Cart . Sjoden . Kerstin . June 4, 2009 . . September 9, 2015 .
11. News: June 8, 1937 . Hitler Bestows Highest Medal on Friend Duce . Chicago Daily Tribune. 15 .
12. Web site: Tageseinträge für 8. Juni 1937 . chroniknet . September 9, 2015 .
13. News: June 10, 1937 . Jean Harlow's Bier a $100,000 Floral Mound . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
14. News: June 11, 1937 . 'Rebuild Hansa City Hamburg, Show Our Might,' Hitler Says . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
15. News: June 11, 1937 . Red Sox Trade Two Ferrells to Washington . Chicago Daily Tribune. 29 .
16. News: June 11, 1937 . Russia Shaken; Call Troops . . 1.
17. Web site: A Day at the Races . . . 2 May 2024.
18. Web site: Don Fleming Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College . . 2 May 2024.
19. Web site: J. Robin Warren – Facts . . Nobel Prize Outreach AB . 2024 . 2 May 2024 .
20. News: June 12, 1937 . Russia Orders Eight General Shot . . 1.
21. Book: Bateson, John . 2012 . The Final Leap: Suicide on the Golden Gate Bridge . . . . 33-34 . 978-0-520-27240-8 . registration . 2 May 2024.
22. News: Stephens . Pembroke . Philip Pembroke Stephens . June 14, 1937 . Rebels Capture Last Ridge; Fire Down on Bilbao . . 7.
23. News: Darrah . David . June 15, 1937 . Rebels Cut Off Bilbao Harbor; Fight for City . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
24. Web site: Tageseinträge für 14. Juni 1937 . chroniknet . September 9, 2015 .
25. News: June 15, 1937 . Social Crediters Unite to Pass Alberta Budget As R.C.M.P. Ouster Fails . . 3 .
26. Web site: Chronology 1937 . 2002 . indiana.edu . September 9, 2015 .
27. Web site: Spanish Civil War: Chronology . Simkin . John . 2014 . . September 9, 2015 .
28. News: June 17, 1937 . Germany and Italy Rejoin Neutrals' Ship Patrol Around Spain . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .
29. News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . June 17, 1937 . Germany to Vury Warship Victims in State Today . Chicago Daily Tribune. 10 .
30. Book: Holston, Kim R. . 2013 . Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973 . Jefferson, North Carolina . McFarland & Company, Inc. . 87 . 978-0-7864-6062-5 .
31. Web site: Díaz Ayala. Cristóbal. Arsenio Rodríguez. Encyclopedic Discography of Cuban Music 1925–1960. Florida International University Libraries. October 7, 2015. Fall 2013.
32. News: Stephens . Pembroke . June 19, 1937 . Basque Verdun Falls; Rebels Close on Bilbao . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
33. News: June 19, 1937 . Il Duce Decrees Self a $9,375,000 Income Per Year . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
34. News: July 5, 1937 . Spirit of 1937 . . 13 .
35. Web site: Tageseinträge für 20. Juni 1937 . chroniknet . September 9, 2015 .
36. Book: 1989 . Mercer . Derrik . Chronicle of the 20th Century . London . Chronicle Communications Ltd. . 484 . 978-0-582-03919-3 .
37. News: June 21, 1937 . French Cabinet Out; Dictator Plea Rejected . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
38. News: June 22, 1937 . Wimbledon's Tennis Games Portrayed in London by Television . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
39. News: Ward . Arch . June 23, 1937 . Louis Wins Title: Knockout . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
40. Book: 1982 . Cortada . James W. . Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 . Westport, Connecticut . Greenwood Press . 508 . 0-313-22054-9 .
41. News: 1937-06-23 . SOVIET-MANCHU CLASH . Tribune . 2024-01-02.
42. News: Darrah . David . June 24, 1937 . Hitler Orders Fleet to Move Near Valencia . Chicago Daily Tribune. 4 .
43. News: Brewer . Sam . June 24, 1937 . Valencia Dares Hitler and Duce to Shell Cities . Chicago Daily Tribune. 5 .
44. Book: Duberman, Martin . 2014 . Paul Robeson: A Biography . Open Road Media . 978-1-4976-3536-4 .
45. Web site: Tageseinträge für 25. Juni 1937 . chroniknet . September 9, 2015 .
46. Web site: Foreign Office . June 25, 1937 . . September 9, 2015 .
47. Book: 1993 . Hanson . Patricia King . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931–1940 . Berkeley and Los Angeles . University of California Press . 2368–2369 . 0-520-07908-6 .
48. News: June 27, 1937 . Mary Pickford Wed to Rogers in Simple Rites . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
49. Book: Thomsett, Michael C. . 1997 . The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945 . Jefferson, North Carolina . McFarland & Company, Inc. . 63 . 978-0-7864-0372-1 .
50. News: Small . Alex . June 29, 1937 . Crisis as Paris Stops Gold . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
51. News: June 30, 1937 . Rebels Capture Spanish Town on Santander Road . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
52. Web site: Mackenzie King in Berlin . Library and Archives Canada . September 9, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150418111107/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/king/023011-1070.05-e.html . April 18, 2015 .
53. Book: Wead, Doug . 2003 . All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families . registration . Atria Books . 119 . 978-0-7434-4633-4 .
54. News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . July 1, 1937 . Hitler Takes Over Treasury of Protestants . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
55. Web site: 30 June 1937: 999 and the launch of the first emergency telephone calls . June 29, 2012 . . September 9, 2015 .