Wormholes in fiction explained

Wormhole
Creator:Einstein–Rosen
Genre:Science fiction
Located In:Space
Blank Label:Type
Blank Data:Transportation
Blank Label1:Classification
Blank Data1:Pseudo-scientific fiction
Blank Label2:First proposed
Blank Data2:1916
Blank Label3:Re-proposed
Blank Data3:1935

A wormhole is a postulated method, within the general theory of relativity, of moving from one point in space to another without crossing the space between.[1] [2] [3] [4] Wormholes are a popular feature of science fiction as they allow faster-than-light interstellar travel within human timescales.[5] [6] [7]

A related concept in various fictional genres is the portable hole. While there's no clear demarcation between the two, this article deals with fictional, but pseudo-scientific, treatments of faster-than-light travel through space.

A jumpgate is a fictional device able to create an Einstein–Rosen bridge portal (or wormhole), allowing fast travel between two points in space.

In franchises

Stargate franchise

See also: Stargate and Stargate (device). Wormholes are the principal means of space travel in the Stargate movie and the spin-off television series, Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis and Stargate Universe, to the point where it was called the franchise that is "far and away most identified with wormholes".[8]

The central plot device of the programs is an ancient transportation network consisting of the ring-shaped devices known as Stargates, which generate artificial wormholes that allow one-way matter transmission and two-way radio communication between gates when the correct spatial coordinates are "dialed". However, for some reason not yet explained, the water-like event horizon breaks down the matter and converts it into energy for transport through the wormhole, restoring it into its original state at the destination. This would explain why electromagnetic energy can travel both ways — it doesn't have to be converted.

The one-way rule may be caused by the Stargates themselves: as a Gate may only be capable of creating an event-horizon that either breaks down or reconstitutes matter, but not both. It does serve as a very useful plot device: when one wants to return to the other end one must close the original wormhole and "redial", which means one needs access to the dialing device. The one-way nature of the Stargates helps to defend the gate from unwanted incursions.[9] Also, Stargates can sustain an artificial wormhole for only 38 minutes. It's possible to keep it active for a longer period, but it would take immense amounts of energy. The wormholes generated by the Stargates are based on the misconception that wormholes in 3D space have 2D (circular) event horizons, but a proper visualization of a wormhole in 3D space would be a spherical event horizon.[10] [11]

Babylon 5 and Crusade

In television series Babylon 5 and its spin-off series Crusade, jump points are artificial wormholes that serve as entrances and exits to hyperspace, allowing for faster-than-light travel. Jump points can either be created by larger ships (battleships, destroyers, etc.) or by standalone jumpgates.

Farscape

The television series Farscape features an American astronaut who accidentally gets shot through a wormhole and ends up in a distant part of the universe, and also features the use of wormholes to reach other universes (or "unrealized realities") and as weapons of mass destruction.[12] [13]

Wormholes are the cause of John Crichton's presence in the far reaches of our galaxy and the focus of an arms race of different alien species attempting to obtain Crichton's perceived ability to control them. Crichton's brain was secretly implanted with knowledge of wormhole technology by one of the last members of an ancient alien species. Later, an alien interrogator discovers the existence of the hidden information and thus Crichton becomes embroiled in interstellar politics and warfare while being pursued by all sides (as they want the ability to use wormholes as weapons). Unable to directly access the information, Crichton is able to subconsciously foretell when and where wormholes will form and is able to safely travel through them (while all attempts by others are fatal). By the end of the series, he eventually works out some of the science and is able to create his own wormholes (and shows his pursuers the consequences of a wormhole weapon).[14]

Star Trek franchise

Doctor Who

It is discussed that the Time Vortex was created by the Time Lords (an ancient and powerful race of human-looking aliens that can control space and time; the protagonist is one of them) to allow travel of TARDISes (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) to any point in spacetime.[31] [32]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

In literature

In some earlier analyses of general relativity, the event horizon of a black hole was believed to form an Einstein-Rosen bridge.[42] [43]

Title Author Year Description
"The Meteor Girl"Jack Williamson1931In the short story the protagonist creates a "distortion of space-time coordinates" from the effect scientific equipment has on a recently crashed meteor – which is energized with a mystery force. He uses the window in space-time and his knowledge of Einstein's relativity equations to rescue his fiancée from a shipwreck four thousand miles away and twelve hours and 40 minutes in the future.[44] [45]
The Forever WarJoe Haldeman1974 In the classic war novel interstellar travel is achieved through gateways located at collapsars. This is an early word for a black hole, and the novel refers to the (now obsolete) theory that black holes may contain Einstein–Rosen Bridges.[46] [47]
ContactCarl Sagan1985 In the novel a crew of five humans make a trip to the center of the Milky Way galaxy through a transportation system consisting of a series of wormholes.[48] The novel is notable in that Kip Thorne advised Sagan on the possibilities of wormholes.[49] [50] Likewise, wormholes are also central to the film version.[51]
Vorkosigan SagaLois McMaster Bujold1986 In the series naturally occurring wormholes form the basis for interstellar travel. The world of Barrayar was isolated from the rest of human civilization for centuries after the connecting wormhole collapsed, until a new route was discovered, and control over wormhole routes and jumps is the frequent subject of political plots and military campaigns.[52] [53]
Xeelee series Stephen Baxter1989 In the fictional world human beings use wormholes to traverse the solar system.[54] A wormhole is also used in this universe to put a probe into the sun (the wormhole is utilized to cool the probe, throwing out solar material fast enough to keep the probe at operating temperatures). In his book Ring, the Xeelee construct a gigantic wormhole into a different universe which they use to escape the onslaught of the Photino birds.[55]
Honorverse series David Weber1994 In this fictional universe, wormholes have an important impact in the economy of the different star nations, as it greatly reduces travel time between two different points. The Star Kingdom of Manticore, to which the main character belongs, is a powerful economic entity thanks to the Manticore Junction, a set of six (a seventh being discovered during the course of the books) wormholes, close to Manticore's binary system, that ensure much travel goes through their system. It also can play a role in the military side of things, but usage of the wormhole destabilizes it for a time proportional to the size of the starship using it.[56]
His Dark MaterialsPhilip Pullman1995 Wormholes are an immensely important plot device in the trilogy, with one first discovered by protagonist Will Parry, when fleeing from his home after an accidental murder; he finds a window in the air in an Oxford street which leads to a totally different universe, the town of Cittagazze. In the rest of the trilogy, the other main characters use wormholes in the form of these extradimensional windows in order to travel "between worlds" and thus speed their journeys.[57] [58]
Einstein's BridgeJohn G. Cramer1997 The novel features travel via wormholes between alternate universes.[59] [60] [61]
DiasporaGreg Egan1997 The novel features scientifically well founded depictions of wormholes.[62] [63]
TimelineMichael Crichton1999 In the novel traversable wormholes are used for time travel along with the theory of quantum foam.[64] [65]
The Light of Other DaysArthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter2000 The novel discusses the problems which arise when a wormhole is used for faster-than-light communication. In the novel the authors suggest that wormholes can join points distant either in time or in space and postulate a world completely devoid of privacy as wormholes are increasingly used to spy on anyone at any time in the world's history.[66] [67]
Commonwealth SagaPeter F. Hamilton2002 The series describes how wormhole technology could be used to explore, colonize and connect to other worlds without having to resort to traditional travel via starships. This technology is the basis of the formation of the titular Intersolar Commonwealth, and is used so extensively that it is possible to ride trains between the planets of the Commonwealth.[68]
The AlgebraistIain M. Banks2004 In the novel traversable wormholes can be artificially created and are a central factor/resource in the stratification of space-faring civilizations.[69] [70] [71]
House of SunsAlastair Reynolds2008 The novel features a wormhole to Andromeda. One main character also alludes to other wormhole mouths leading to galaxies in the Local Group and beyond. In the books, all wormhole-linked galaxies are cloaked by Absences, which prevent information escaping the galaxy and thus protecting causality from being violated by FTL travel.[72]
PalimpsestCharles Stross2009 An original story in the 2009 collection  – which won the 2010 Hugo Award for Best Novella[73]  – the protagonist creates and uses temporary wormholes to travel through both space and time.[74]
"Bright Moment" Daniel Marcus2011 The short story includes a wormhole for interstellar travel, which can be collapsed to what the story calls a singularity by a multi Gigaton thermonuclear explosion. The story first appeared in F&SF, and was later narrated on the Escape Pod podcast, episode 421.[75] [76]
The ExpanseJames S.A Corey2012A virus shot at the Solar System millions of years ago constructs a ring in space that creates a wormhole to another dimension which is a "hub" of 1373 wormholes that lead to other solar systems.[77]
Waste of SpaceGina Damico2017This young-adult novel involves a secretive group of scientists dubbed NASAW (revealed at the end of the book to stand for the 'National Association for the Search of Atmospheric Wormholes') whose experiments create a wormhole that a protagonist travels through.[78] [better source needed][79]

In music

Wormholes in music! Album/Song !! Description
On Ayreon's album, , a soul is sucked into a black hole in the song "Into the Black Hole", goes through a wormhole in the song "Through the Wormhole", and leaves from a white hole in the song "Out of the White Hole".[80]
Crack the SkyeMastodon's concept album Crack the Skye deals with a paraplegic child sucked into a wormhole.[81] [82]

In games

Wormholes in video games
Game Description
Portal and Portal 2The games Portal and Portal 2 are centered around the "Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device", also known as the "Portal Gun", a gun-shaped device that can create a temporary wormhole between two surfaces.[83] [84] [85]
Space RogueThe science fiction computer game Space Rogue featured the use of technologically harnessed wormholes called "Malir gates" as mechanisms for interstellar travel. Navigation through the space within wormholes was a part of gameplay and had its own perils.[86]
FreelancerWormholes are also seen in the computer game Freelancer, commonly referred as "jump holes". They are supposed to be black hole-like formations with ultra-high gravity amounts, that work like 'portals' for players to travel instantly between different star systems. The game also features "jump gates", which are described as devices capable of generating an artificial jump hole.[87] [88]
DarkspaceIn the Massively Multiplayer Online Game Darkspace, a player-versus-player starship combat game, players can create short-term stable wormholes to traverse the game's universe instantly, rather than use the game's concept of FTL travel to move from point A to point B. Wormhole Generation Devices are only available on ships with higher rank requirements, usually Vice Admiral or above, and are most common on Space Stations.[89]
Orion's ArmIn the on-line fictional collaborative world-building project "Orion's Arm", wormholes are used for communication and transport between the millions of colonies in the local part of the Milky way Galaxy. In an attempt to make the physics of the wormhole travel at least semi-plausible, large amounts of ANEC-violating exotic energy are required to maintain the holes, which are nevertheless large objects which must be maintained on the outermost reaches of the planetary systems concerned.[90] [91]
X computer game seriesIn the X computer game series by Egosoft, wormholes were established using Jump Gates, created by the Old Ones. These Jump Gates connected to many systems but not the Solar System. Humanity advanced to the technological level to create Jump Gate technology and discovered the already established gate network. Hundreds of years after cutting themselves off from the network to escape the Xenon, they created a Jumpdrive, allowing for travel between systems not connected directly via a gate. Different versions of Jumpdrives emerged with some being limited but stable, others being dangerously random.[92] [93]
In , Phazon-based organic meteors called Leviathans create wormholes to travel from Phaaze (the living planet they are "born" in) to other planets. They do this to "corrupt" the planet and any beings able to survive the Phazon into Phazon-based creatures. The planet would then progress into changing its environment until it becomes another planet like Phaaze. The Galactic Federation took control of one with Samus Aran's assistance, and used it to travel to and destroy Phaaze.[94] [95]
Far GateWormholes are used frequently in Far Gate as a means of transporting spacecraft across interstellar distances.[96] [97]
In , while in the Mirror Universe, the USS Excelsior (NCC-2000) encounters a wormhole similar to the one the USS Enterprise NCC-1701 in Star Trek: The Motion Picture the player must defend Excelsior from on coming asteroids and pursuing Starships of the Terran Empire, the evil Mirror Universe counterpart of the United Federation of Planets, until the ship can exit the wormhole.
Crysis 3In Crysis 3, the Alpha Ceph combines its energy with the energy of a C.E.L.L. orbital strike to create an Einstein–Rosen Bridge, thus allowing a Stage Three Ceph Invasion Force to be rapidly transported from Messier 33 to Earth in a matter of minutes.[98] [99]
EVE OnlineStargates, also known as jump gates, are the primary means of interstellar travel for players in EVE Online. In-universe, the exact way in which jump gates function is unknown: "While functions of jump gates are well known from a theoretical point of view, there still remain a lot of unanswered questions about the fundamentals of dimensional inter-connections."[100] [101] In 2009, the expansion Apocrypha added wormholes to the game, which differ from stargates by being less stable and more random and adding an entire new dimension to the game.[102] [103] [104] [105]
StellarisThe science-fiction strategy game Stellaris features wormholes spread throughout the galaxy. The player may research technology to stabilize wormholes and travel through them to reach a linked wormhole elsewhere in the galaxy.[106] [107]
One of the three main factions, the Scrin, can construct a "Rift Generator", their in-game superweapon, which creates a wormhole that pulls in nearby units to deep space. Additionally, The Scrin have an ability to create wormholes to instantly teleport units around the battlefield, so long as they have a building called "Signal Transmitter".

In television and film fiction

Film/episode Description
The TriangleThe 2005 three-part US-British-German science fiction miniseries The Triangle uses a wormhole to explain mysterious disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle.[108] [109]
Invader ZimIn an episode of the animated series Invader Zim wherein Zim, in order to get rid of Dib and his horrible classmates once and for all, utilizes a wormhole to send Dib and the other Skoolkids on a one-way busride to an alternate dimension containing a room with a moose. However, Dib discovers Zim's plan, and taking advantage of a fork in the wormhole, is able to transport the bus back to Earth.[110] [111]
Event HorizonIn the movie Event Horizon, the titular ship is designed to create an artificial wormhole. However, the wormhole doesn't lead to anywhere in the known universe, but to an alternate, horrific reality.[112] [113] [114]
FringeIn the television series Fringe, the main storyline is the investigation of an unusual series of events and scientific experiments called the Pattern. In the second-season episode "Peter" it's revealed that the root cause of the Pattern was an incident in 1985 where Dr. Walter Bishop opened a wormhole into an alternate universe so that he may cure the alternate version of his terminally ill son, Peter (who had died in our universe). By crossing the wormhole, Dr. Bishop disrupted the fundamental laws of nature and weakened the fabric of space-time, causing incalculable destruction in the alternate universe and forcing them to seek a way to repair the damage caused and save their existence.[115] [116] [117]
Power Rangers Time ForceIn Power Rangers Time Force, artificial Temporal Wormholes were used extensively for the delivery of the Time Fliers to travel to the past to aid the Rangers and was also used by Wes, Eric and Commandocon to travel to prehistoric times to recover the Quantasaurus Rex. In Power Rangers SPD, in the episode Wormhole, Gruumm and later the SPD Rangers used a "Temporal Wormole" to travel from 2025 to 2004 to battle with the Dino Thunder Rangers in early 21st century Reefside.[118]
"Vanishing Act" (The Outer Limits episode)The 21st episode of the 1995 Canadian science fiction TV series The Outer Limits, "Vanishing Act", tells the story of a man who is abducted by an alien race through wormholes and later returned to his family every ten years.[119]
SlidersIn the FOX/Sci-Fi series Sliders, a method is found to create a wormhole that allows travel not between distant points but between different parallel universes;[120] [121] objects or people that travel through the wormhole begin and end in the same location geographically (e.g. if one leaves San Francisco, one will arrive in an alternate San Francisco) and chronologically (if it is 1999 at the origin point, so it is at the destination, at least by the currently accepted calendar on our Earth.)[122] Early in the series, the wormhole is referred to by the name "Einstein–Rosen–Podolsky bridge," apparently a merging of the concepts of an Einstein–Rosen bridge and the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, a thought-experiment in quantum mechanics.[123] [124] This series presumes that we exist as part of a multiverse and asks what might have resulted had major or minor events in history occurred differently; the wormholes in the series allow access to the alternate universes in which the series is set.
Déjà VuThe 2006 film Déjà Vu is based on a phenomenon caused by a wormhole, specifically referred to as an Einstein–Rosen Bridge.[125] [126]
The Lost RoomThe Lost Room is a science fiction television miniseries that aired on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States. The main character is allowed to travel around the planet when using a special key together with any kind of door, leading him to random locations. The key is part of a series of different artifacts, coming from an alternate reality.[127] [128]
Bill & Ted's Excellent AdventureBill & Ted's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science fiction–comedy buddy film and the first film in the Bill & Ted franchise in which two metalhead slackers travel through a temporal wormhole in order to assemble a menagerie of historical figures for their high school history presentation.[129] [130]
In the Primeval spin-off series , Lt. Kenneth Leeds theorizes that the anomalies, the central plot point of the series which allow dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures into the present day, are Einstein–Rosen Bridges after discovering the Spaghetti Junction in the Season 1 finale. However, this seems unlikely since they do not exist within black holes and do not allow travel across distances beyond the Earth yet, only through time.[131] [132]
Rick and MortyIn the animated show, the main protagonist Rick Sanchez uses what's referred to as a 'portal gun' as a plot device to travel to different universes, dimensions and realities. Despite being described by Adult Swim as its "most scientifically accurate animated comedy", the rules of inter-dimensional travel are usually played for laughs, often spoofing common science fiction tropes and popular culture approaches to the multiverse.[133] [134] [135]
In the animated show, the main way of travel in space are Wormholes, created by the power of Altean Magic. The show's protagonist use wormholes to escape dangerous situation or to fly away from a fight.[136]
InterstellarIn the 2014 film Interstellar, scientists at NASA discover a wormhole orbiting the planet of Saturn, and send a team to travel through it to a distant galaxy in order to find a new home for the human race before Earth is unfit for life. The wormhole takes them halfway across the observable universe to another star system, containing a huge black hole named Gargantua. This new system has three candidate planets for re-seeding the human race, two of which orbit the black hole. In the movie, the wormhole is implied to have been placed there by future humans for the present humans to find a new home. The wormhole is described as the surface of a ball.[137] [138] [139] [140] [141]
The FlashIn the CW Network Superhero sci-fi, wormholes play a vital role in the series.[142] [143] [144] [145]
Strange Days at Blake Holsey HighThe television program features a wormhole that can lead to either the future or the past.[146]
FuturamaIn the final scene of the direct-to-video movie, Into the Wild Green Yonder, the series protagonists travel through a wormhole.[147] The movie also features black holes as part of Leo Wong's golf course.[148] In the episode following the movie, Rebirth, Professor Farnsworth names the wormhole as the Panama Wormhole, after the Panama Canal, calling it as "Earth's central channel for shipping."[149] The characters also travel through a wormhole back to the year 1947 and back to the future in the December 8, 2001, episode, Roswell That Ends Well.[150]
MirakelIn 2020, two Swedish scientists, Vilgot and Anna-Karin, develop an artificial wormhole (also known as an artificial black hole) in an attempt to control the electricity market. It malfunctions and instead causes two girls, Mira in 2020 and Rakel in 1920, to travel through time and swap bodies with each other.[151]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. News: A new 'Einstein' equation suggests wormholes hold key to quantum gravity. Siegfried. Tom. 2016-08-19. Science News. 2018-09-08. en.
  3. Einstein. A.. Rosen. N.. 1935-07-01. The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity. Physical Review. 48. 1. 73–77. 10.1103/physrev.48.73. 1935PhRv...48...73E. 0031-899X. free.
  4. News: Entanglement and the Geometry of Spacetime. Maldacena. Juan. 2013. Institute for Advanced Study. 2018-09-08. en.
  5. Crothers. Stephen J.. 3 October 2014. Wormholes and Science Fiction. Thunderbolts Project. en.
  6. Web site: What is a Wormhole and Will Wormhole Travel Ever be Possible?. Grush. Loren. 26 October 2014. Popular Science. en. 2019-03-07.
  7. Web site: Cosmic Wormholes: Where Science Meets Science Fiction. Veggeberg. Scott. July 1992. The Scientist Magazine. en. 2019-03-07.
  8. Book: Hollyweird Science: From Quantum Quirks to the Multiverse. Grazier. Kevin R.. Cass. Stephen. Springer. 2015. 9783319150727. Sylmar, CA and Boston, MA. 234. en.
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  10. Web site: Ask Ethan: What Should A Black Hole's Event Horizon Look Like?. Siegel. Ethan. 22 April 2017. Forbes. en. 2019-03-07.
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  51. Web site: 'Interstellar' Science: Is Wormhole Travel Possible?. Wall. Mike. 24 November 2014. Space.com. 10 September 2018.
  52. Book: Petersen, Carolyn Collins. Astronomy 101: From the Sun and Moon to Wormholes and Warp Drive, Key Theories, Discoveries, and Facts about the Universe. Simon and Schuster. 2013. 9781440563591. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, New Delhi. 155. en.
  53. Book: Bujold, Lois McMaster. The Vorkosigan Companion. Baen Publishing Enterprises. 2008. 9781618247063. Stewart Carl. Lilian. Riverdale, NY. en. Helfers. John.
  54. Web site: Cowie . Jonathan . Review of Xeelee Vengeance by Stephen Baxter . www.concatenation.org . 10 September 2018.
  55. Book: Esomba, Steve. Moving Cameras and Living Movies. Lulu.com. 2013. 9781291351576. Morisville, NC. 207. en.
  56. Book: Weber, David. House of Steel: The Honorverse Companion. Baen Publishing Enterprises. 2013. 9781625790989. Riverdale, NY. en.
  57. Book: Gresh, Lois H.. Exploring Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials: An Unauthorized Adventure Through The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass. 2007-10-30. St. Martin's Press / Macmillan. 9780312347437. New York. 201. en. Wormhole. Multiply connected spaces, passages between universes. It's unknown at this time whether mass can travel through a wormhole without being destabilized or destroyed..
  58. Book: Cousin, Geraldine. Playing for time: Stories of lost children, ghosts and the endangered present in contemporary theatre. 2013-07-19. Manchester University Press. 9781847795489. 146. en. The windows in His Dark Materials are the equivalent of wormholes, and Lyra and Will use them to journey between parallel worlds.. Google Books.
  59. Book: Nahin, Paul J.. Time Machine Tales: The Science Fiction Adventures and Philosophical Puzzles of Time Travel. 2016-12-24. Springer. 9783319488646. 84. en. The general theory of relativity predicts the existence of wormholes in spacetime and, in fact, they were first 'discovered' theoretically in the mathematics of relativity as early as 1916 by the Viennese physicist Ludwig Flamm (1885-1964). Later analyses were done by Einstein, himself. Wormholes have been discussed as a possible model for pulsars (as opposed to the more usual model as rotating neutron stars). It has also been suggested that the interior of a charged black hole may be the entrance to a wormhole. All of these various solutions to the gravitational field equations are generically called 'Einstein-Rosen bridges' in the physics literature (see note 81 for example), and the term soon appeared in fiction, too. [Note 83: See, for example, J. G. Cramer, Einstein's Bridge, Avon 1977]. Google Books.
  60. Book: Halpern, Paul. Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles. registration. Cramer Einstein's Bridge wormhole.. John Wiley & Sons. 2009. 9780470286203. Hoboken, NJ. 222. en.
  61. Cramer. John G.. 8 March 2008. All About Teleportation. Analog Science Fiction & Fact . July / August 2008. Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics (CENPA) - University of Washington.
  62. Book: Wolf, Mark J. P.. Building Imaginary Worlds: The Theory and History of Subcreation. Routledge. 2012. 9781136220807. New York and London. 174. en. In his novel Diaspora (1998), Greg Egan invents new theories of physics including Kozuch Theory, which views elementary particles as six-dimensional wormholes.
  63. Web site: Chapter 9: Degrees of Freedom - Wormholes in Kozuch Theory. Egan. Greg. 26 February 2008. www.gregegan.net. 2019-03-10.
  64. Book: The Science of Michael Crichton: An Unauthorized Exploration Into the Real Science Behind the Fictional Worlds of Michael Crichton. Grazier. Kevin Robert. Grazier. Robert. BenBella Books. 2008. 9781933771328. Dallas, TX. 94–95. en.
  65. Blanch. Robert J.. 2000. Timeline by Michael Crichton (review). Arthuriana. en. 10. 4. 69–71. 10.1353/art.2000.0038. 160339886. 1934-1539.
  66. Book: Stableford, Brian. Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. registration. the light of other days wormhole.. Routledge. 2006. 9781135923747. New York and London. 66. en.
  67. Book: Playing the Universe: Games and Gaming in Science Fiction. Mead. David G.. Frelik. Paweł. Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. 2007. 9788322726563. Lublin, Poland. 33. en.
  68. Web site: 10 Reasons to Read and Love Peter F. Hamilton. Atherton. Kate. 26 September 2014. Tor.com. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  69. Book: Stableford, Brian. Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. registration. the algebraist wormholes.. Routledge. 2006. 9781135923747. New York & London. 66. en.
  70. Web site: Four new tales in science fiction. Sourbut. Elizabeth. 8 December 2004. New Scientist. en-US. 10 March 2019.
  71. News: When wormholes collapse: Andrew McKie reviews The Algebraist by Iain M Banks.. McKie. Andrew. 9 November 2004. The Telegraph. 2019-03-10. en-GB. 0307-1235.
  72. Hartland. Dan. 12 May 2008. House of Suns by Alastair Reynolds. Strange Horizons. 12 May 2008.
  73. http://www.thehugoawards.org/2010/09/2010-hugo-award-winners/ 2010 Hugo Award Winners
  74. Web site: Palimpsest. 1 August 2011. Publishers Weekly. 2019-03-10.
  75. Escape Pod, Ep. 421. escapepod.org. Escape Artists. 10 November 2013.
  76. Web site: Fantasy & Science Fiction -- Sept./Oct. 2011. Chen. Colleen. 14 August 2011. www.tangentonline.com. 2019-03-10.
  77. Book: Corey, James S.A. Abaddon's Gate. Orbit Books. 2013. 978-0-316-12907-7.
  78. News: Waste of Spce. Damico. Gina. 17 April 2017. Kirkus Reviews. 10 March 2019.
  79. Bush. Elizabeth. 2017-06-24. Waste of Space by Gina Damico (review). Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books. en. 70. 11. 483–484. 10.1353/bcc.2017.0483. 201712068. 1558-6766.
  80. Book: McParland, Robert. Myth and Magic in Heavy Metal Music. McFarland. 2018. 9781476673356. Jefferson, NC. 184. en.
  81. Update: Mastodon To Play Complete 'Skye' On North American Tour. Cohen. Johathan. Billboard. 2018-09-10. It's about a crippled young man who experiments with astral travel. He goes up into outer space, goes too close to the sun, gets his golden umbilical cord burned off, flies into a wormhole, is thrust into the spirit real, has conversations with spirits about the fact that he's not really dead, and they decide to help him..
  82. Book: McPadden, Mike. If You Like Metallica...: Here Are Over 200 Bands, CDs, Movies, and Other Oddities That You Will Love. 2012-05-01. Backbeat Books. 9781476813578. en. Two thousand nine's Crack the Skye concerns the time-space wormhole travels of an astral-projecting paraplegic who enters Rasputin's body to battle the devil..
  83. News: Life-size Portal gun to shoot onto shelves soon. Cox. Caleb. 9 February 2012. The Register. 2018-09-09. en.
  84. Book: Anderson, Ryan J.. Screen Savvy: Creating Balance in a Digital World. Cedar Fort. 2017. 9781462128471. Springville, UT. en.
  85. Book: Jones, Steven E.. The Emergence of the Digital Humanities. Routledge. 2014. 9781136202353. New York and London. 58. en.
  86. News: Space Rogue. Guerra. Bob. December 1989. Compute!. 10 March 2019. 115.
  87. Book: Doug, Radcliffe. Freelancer: Sybex Official Strategies & Secrets. SYBEX. 2003. 0782141870. Alameda, CA. 50841933.
  88. News: Freelancer: While it's not the revolutionary title it initially promised to be, Freelancer delivers the exact combination of addictive and accessible gameplay that the genre has needed for a long time.. Desslock. 4 March 2003. Game Spot.
  89. Web site: Darkspace Review. Misund Berntsen. Andreas. 5 November 2005. www.gamershell.com. 2019-03-10.
  90. Getchell. Adam. 14 January 2006. Wormhole Engineering in Orion's Arm: An Overview. Orion's Arm Universe Project.
  91. Web site: Wormhole Nexus, The. Orion's Arm - Encyclopedia Galactica. 2019-03-10.
  92. Book: Tringham, Neal Roger. Science Fiction Video Games. CRC Press. 2015. 9781482203899. Boca Raton, FL, London and New York. 437. en.
  93. Web site: X: Beyond The Frontier - Another futile attempt to recreate Elite falls flat on its face. Purchese. Robert. 21 October 1999. Eurogamer. en. 2019-03-10.
  94. Web site: Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Walkthrough. Rorie. Matthew. 3 April 2009. GameSpot. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  95. Book: Knight, David. Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Premiere Edition. Prima Games. 2007. 978-0-7615-5642-8. Roseville, CA. 20–210. Walkthrough.
  96. Web site: Far Gate: Review - can Far Gate boldly go where Homeworld has gone before?. DNM. 15 January 2001. Eurogamer. en. 10 March 2019.
  97. Web site: Far Gate Review: In spite of the game's original qualities, there are just too many other, better choices available to make it worthwhile for most real-time strategy game players. Todd. Brett. 17 May 2006. GameSpot. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  98. Book: Tringham, Neal Roger. Science Fiction Video Games. CRC Press. 2015. 9781482203899. Boca Raton, FL, London and New York. 257. en.
  99. Web site: Gods And Monsters. 2 March 2013. IGN.com. 10 March 2019.
  100. Web site: Stargates - Real Life Science Fiction. EVE Fiction. 2019-03-10.
  101. Book: Warmelink, Harald. https://books.google.com/books?id=DL5VOosdGsgC&q=eve+online+jump+gates&pg=PA201. Writing and the Digital Generation: Essays on New Media Rhetoric. McFarland. 2010. 9780786455867. Urbanski. Heather. Jefferson, NC and London. 201. en. Born Again in a Fictional Universe: A Participant Portrait of EVE Online.
  102. Web site: Patch Notes for Apocrypha. Capslock. CCP. 10 March 2009. EVE Online. en. 10 March 2019.
  103. Web site: The Darkness at the End of the Tunnel. Abathur. CCP. 5 March 2009. EVE Online. en. 10 March 2019.
  104. Web site: Into the Wormhole: An afternoon with EVE Online's least understood demographic. Khaw. Cassandra. 16 July 2013. PCWorld. en. 2019-03-10.
  105. Web site: Stranded Beyond The Wormhole. Rossignol. Jim. 14 March 2009. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  106. Web site: Stellaris FTL changes are in the warp pipes. Cox. Matt. 3 November 2017. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. en-US. 10 March 2019.
  107. Web site: Stellaris: The Biggest Changes Coming In The Cherryh Update. Apolon. 24 December 2017. Player.One. en. 2019-03-10.
  108. Book: Perlin, Michael. Fantastic Adventures in Metaphysics. Ozark Mountain Publishing. 2015. Huntsville, AR. en.
  109. Web site: The Triangle (2005). 2014-12-10. Moria. en-GB. 2019-03-10.
  110. Web site: Invader Zim, Season 1. www.quotes.net. en. 2019-03-10.
  111. Web site: Episode Guide - Season 1, Episode 7 A Room with a Moose; Hamstergeddon. TVGuide.com. en. 2019-03-10.
  112. Book: Space Exploration For Dummies®. registration. Event Horizon 1997 wormhole.. Phillips. Cynthia. Cynthia B. Phillips. Priwer. Shana. John Wiley & Sons. 2009. 9780470549742. Hoboken, NJ. 340. en.
  113. Web site: Is Event Horizon actually disturbing or are we just scared of an angry Sam Neill?. McCarter. Reid. 25 July 2018. News. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  114. Web site: All The Reasons Why Event Horizon Is A Hell Of A Good Time. Eddy. Cheryl. 2 April 2015. io9. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  115. Book: Hollyweird Science: From Quantum Quirks to the Multiverse. Grazier. Kevin R.. Cass. Stephen. Springer. 2015. 9783319150727. Cham, Switzerland. 234. en.
  116. As the Wormhole Turns: Fringe Flashes Back to Parallel Universe. Capps. Robert. 1 April 2010. Wired. 10 March 2019. en-US. 1059-1028.
  117. Web site: Fringe finally sums up the central paradox of Walter Bishop, the gentle destroyer. Anders. Charlie Jane. 7 May 2011. io9. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  118. Book: Sherman, Fraser A.. Now and Then We Time Travel: Visiting Pasts and Futures in Film and Television. McFarland. 2017. 9780786496792. Jefferson, NC. 188–189. en.
  119. Book: Science Fiction Television Series, 1990-2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. Garcia. Frank. Phillips. Mark. McFarland. 2009. 9780786469178. Jefferson, NC and London. 381. en.
  120. Book: This Book is From the Future: A Journey Through Portals, Relativity, Worm Holes, and Other Adventures in Time Travel. Jones. Marie D.. Flaxman. Larry. Red Wheel/Weiser. 2012. 9781601635808. Pompton Plains, NJ. en.
  121. Book: Johnson-Smith, Jan. American Science Fiction Tv: Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond. registration. sliders wormhole.. I.B.Tauris. 2005. 9781860648823. London and New York. 160–161. en.
  122. Book: Wheeler, J. Craig. Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping the Universe. Cambridge University Press. 2007. 9781139462419. Cambridge, New York. 292. en.
  123. Book: Chance, Norman. Who was Who on TV. Xlibris Corporation. 2011. 9781456824563. Bloomington, Indiana. 221. en.
  124. Book: Massicot, Jean. Notions fondamentales de physique. Lulu.com. 2011. 9781445298559. Morisville, NC. 466. fr.
  125. Book: Sherman, Fraser A.. Now and Then We Time Travel: Visiting Pasts and Futures in Film and Television. McFarland. 2017. 9780786496792. Jefferson, NC. 191. en.
  126. Book: Fahy, Declan. https://books.google.com/books?id=ai4ABwAAQBAJ&q=D%C3%A9j%C3%A0+Vu+film+2006+wormhole&pg=PA170. The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. 9781442233430. Lanham, MA, Boulder, CO, New York, London. 170. en. The Charming Stardom of Brian Greene.
  127. Book: TV Goes to Hell: An Unofficial Road Map of Supernatural. Abbott. Stacey. Lavery. David. ECW Press. 2011. 9781770900349. Toronto. 274. en.
  128. Web site: Most Underrated Sci-Fi TV Shows. Lizowski. James. 7 January 2017. FUTURISM. 2019-03-10.
  129. News: Let's Do the Time Warp Again. Mowbray. Scott. March 2002. Popular Science. 10 March 2019. 3. 260.
  130. Web site: Long the stuff of fantasy, wormholes may be coming soon to a telescope near you. Siegfried. Tom. 5 August 2013. Science News. en. 2019-03-10.
  131. Web site: 'Sinbad' and 'Primeval: New World': TV Review. Keene. Allison. 8 June 2013. The Hollywood Reporter. en. 10 March 2019.
  132. Web site: 'Sinbad,' 'Primeval' reviews: Good, bad - SFChronicle.com. Wiegand. David. 6 June 2013. www.sfgate.com. en-US. 10 March 2019.
  133. Book: Abesamis, Lester C.. https://books.google.com/books?id=6nZaDwAAQBAJ&q=portal+gun&pg=PT68. Rick and Morty and Philosophy: In the Beginning Was the Squanch. Open Court Publishing. 2019. 9780812694666. Abesamis. Lester C.. Chicago, IL. en. Neither the Hero You Deserve or the Hero You Need. Yuen. Wayne.
  134. Web site: Rick and Morty Gets Multiverse Theory Totally Wrong, but Physicists Don't Care. Kim. Meeri. 28 July 2017. Slate Magazine. en. 2019-03-10.
  135. Web site: Why Rick and Morty Doesn't Bother With Time Travel (Mostly). For Us Nerds. 14 August 2017. For Us Nerds. en-GB. 2019-03-10.
  136. Web site: VOLTRON Recap: "Across the Universe" and Lost in Space. https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153331/http://nerdist.com/voltron-recap-across-the-universe-and-lost-in-space/. dead. January 28, 2017. Anderson. Kyle. 20 January 2017. Nerdist. 11 March 2019.
  137. Book: Thorne, Kip. The Science of Interstellar. W. W. Norton & Company. 2014. 9780393351385. New York. en.
  138. Web site: The Science of 'Interstellar': Black Holes, Wormholes and Space Travel. Wall. Mike. 10 November 2014. Space.com. en. 2019-03-10.
  139. News: The science of Interstellar: fact or fiction?. Knapton. Sarah. 17 November 2015. The Telegraph. 2019-03-10. en-GB. 0307-1235.
  140. Web site: Why Hollywood had To Fudge The Relativity-Based Wormhole Scenes in Interstellar. The Physics arXiv Blog. 20 February 2016. Medium. 2019-03-10.
  141. Web site: Movie plots explained: Interstellar. Nugent. John. 21 April 2016. Empire. en. 2019-03-10.
  142. Web site: 'The Flash' Season 1 finale: Whose helmet came through the wormhole?. Hayner. Chris E.. 20 May 2015. Screener. en. 2019-03-10.
  143. Web site: The 1 Detail From The Flash's Finale That You May Have Missed. Panos. Maggie. 20 May 2015. PopSugar. 11 March 2019.
  144. Web site: Will Barry Die On 'The Flash'? The Singularity Wormhole In "Fast Enough" Threatens The Entire World. Rullo. Sam. 20 May 2015. Bustle. en. 2019-03-10.
  145. Web site: The Real Science of Flash's Mirror Master Explained. Dyce. Andrew. 26 October 2016. ScreenRant. en-US. 2019-03-10.
  146. Web site: Strange Days at Blake Holsey High - Season 1, Episode 1 Wormhole. 5 October 2002. TVGuide.com. en. 2019-03-10.
  147. Web site: Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder Blu-ray review. Turfrey. Louis. January 12, 2009. Den of Geek. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406014606/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/futurama-into-the-wild-green-yonder-blu-ray-review/. April 6, 2020. 2020-04-05.
  148. Web site: Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (Blu-ray). Kauffman. Jeffrey. March 1, 2009. DVD-Talk. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214621/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/36463/futurama-into-the-wild-green-yonder/. March 3, 2016. 2020-04-05.
  149. Web site: Futurama Recap - Rebirth. January 12, 2009. Syfy. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180602215342/https://www.syfy.com/futurama/episodes/season/7/episode/1/rebirth. June 2, 2018. 2020-04-05.
  150. Web site: Futurama Recap - Roswell That Ends Well. January 12, 2009. Syfy. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180307205429/https://www.syfy.com/futurama/episodes/season/4/episode/1/roswell-that-ends-well. March 7, 2018. 2020-04-05.
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