July 1973 Explained

The following events occurred in July 1973:

July 1, 1973 (Sunday)

• The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was created within the U.S. Department of Justice to enforce the Controlled Substances Act, merging the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement.
• U.S. President Richard M. Nixon signed legislation including the Case–Church Amendment, prohibiting funding for the resumption of all U.S. military activity in South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, without Congressional approval.^[1] The only remaining operation in Indochina was the U.S. Air Force bombing of Cambodia, which was allowed to continue until August 15, 1973. The original amendment, attached to a funding bill, had been passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 325 to 86, on June 26, and by the U.S. Senate 73 to 16 on June 29.
• The British Library was established.^[2]
• The deputy military attaché of Israel's Embassy in the U.S., Colonel Yosef Alon, was shot five times in the chest and killed as he and his wife were returning to their home in Chevy Chase, Maryland.^[3]
• Loyola Marymount University formally came into existence in the Los Angeles suburb of Westchester, California, with the merger of all-male Loyola University and the all-female Marymount California University. The merger had been announced on February 9.^[4]

July 2, 1973 (Monday)

• Match Game '73, the first and most successful revival of the NBC game show, made its debut on CBS. As with the NBC version, Gene Rayburn, was the host.^[5] Rather than having two celebrity panelists, the show had six, starting with Richard Dawson, Vicki Lawrence, Anita Gillette, Jack Klugman, Michael Landon and Jo Ann Pflug, and had been scheduled to start on June 25, but had been preempted by the testimony of John Dean before the Senate Watergate Committee.^[6] It would soon become the highest-rated daytime TV show on U.S. television.
• Died:
  • Betty Grable, 56 American film actress and pin-up girl of World War II, died of lung cancer.^{[7] [8]}
  • Swede Savage, 36, U.S. race car driver, died of injuries sustained in a crash during the Indianapolis 500 race in May.^[9]

July 3, 1973 (Tuesday)

• The U.S. Army and U.S. Navy dismissed all charges that had been brought against seven former American prisoners of war in court-martial proceedings. The enlisted men — five Army and two Marines — had been charged with collaboration with the enemy. In addition to the lack of more than hearsay and circumstantial evidence, the servicemen had spent an average of five years confinement. This came seven days after the June 26 suicide of an eighth accused person.^[10]
• David Bowie "retired" his Ziggy Stardust stage persona in front of a shocked audience at the Hammersmith Odeon at the end of his British tour.^[11]
• Born:
  • Saumya Joshi, Indian actor, playwright and director in Gujarati theater; in Ahmedabad, Gujarat state
  • Patrick Wilson, American stage and TV (actor); in Norfolk, Virginia
• Died:
  • Ellen Kaarma, 45, Estonian Soviet film and stage actress
  • Karel Ančerl, 65, Czech orchestral conductor^[12]

July 4, 1973 (Wednesday)

• The Treaty of Chaguaramas was signed by representatives of the nations of Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago to create CARICOM, the Caribbean Community, an economic union to replace the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA).
• Camilla Shand, then 25 and destined to become the Queen consort of the United Kingdom in 2022, married for the first time, in a wedding to British Army Major Andrew Parker Bowles, in a ceremony attended by the Queen Mother and by Princess Anne.^[13] After her divorce from Parker Bowles in 1995, she would marry Prince Charles, the future King Charles III of the United Kingdom, in 2005.
• Don Powell, the drummer of British pop group Slade, was critically injured in a car crash in Wolverhampton and his 20-year-old girlfriend was killed. Powell recovered after surgery, and was able to join the band ten weeks later in New York, to record "Merry Xmas Everybody".
• Born: GACKT (stage name for Gakuto Oshiro), Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor; in Okinawa, as ^[14]
• Died: Helen Ogston, 91, British suffragette

July 5, 1973 (Thursday)

• Grégoire Kayibanda, the first President of Rwanda, was overthrown 11 years after the central African nation had become independent, in a coup d'état led by his Minister of Defense, Juvénal Habyarimana.^[15]
• The Isle of Man Post began to issue its own postage stamps.
• In the U.S., 11 firefighters were killed in a catastrophic explosion of boiling liquid expanding vapor in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank. This explosion has become a classic incident, studied in fire department training programs worldwide.^{[16] [17]}
• Guerrillas in Rhodesia kidnapped 292 students and staff from the remote St. Albert's Mission, a Catholic school established by German Jesuits, and were pursued by Rhodesian troops and local trackers and hunters, to the border with Portuguese Mozambique, away. In the confusion of the chase, 214 of the captives escaped, but 46 students and 32 adults were taken into Mozambique.^[18]
• Born: Róisín Murphy, Irish singer and songwriter; in Arklow, County Wicklow

July 6, 1973 (Friday)

• The Flemish Cultural Community (Vlaamse Gemeenschap) of Belgium, located in Flanders, the northern one-third of the European kingdom, adopted an official flag and anthem, as well as setting July 6 as an annual holiday. The anthem, De Vlaamse Leeuw ("The Flemish Lion") had been written by Hippoliet Van Peene in 1847.
• The James Bond film Live and Let Die was released in British cinemas (after premiering in the United States on June 27, 1973), with the spy played by 45-year-old The Saint star Roger Moore.^[19]
• Died:
  • Joe E. Brown, 81, American comic actor
  • Otto Klemperer, 88, German conductor and composer ^[20]

July 7, 1973 (Saturday)

• U.S. President Nixon sent a letter to U.S. Senator Sam Ervin the chairman of the U.S. Senate Watergate Investigation Committee, writing "In this letter I shall state the reasons why I shall not testify before the committee or permit access to Presidential papers. I want to strongly emphasize that my decision, in both cases is based on my constitutional obligation to preserve intact the powers and prerogatives of the Presidency and not upon any desire to withhold information relevant to your inquiry", and went on to justify his position.^[21] Nixon agreed five days later to meet with Senator Ervin at Ervin's request to avoid "a fundamental constitutional confrontation between the Congress and the Presidency."^[22]
• The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB or Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a white nationalist terrorist organization in South Africa, was founded by former police officer Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other Afrikaners at a meeting in Heidelberg, Transvaal Province.
• Uganda's dictator Idi Amin ordered the detention of 112 Peace Corps volunteers from the U.S. after their chartered East Africa Airlines flight stopped at the Entebbe International Airport near Kampala for refueling. The U.S. airplane had been on its way from London to Bukavu in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Amin, shouted "Bring them all back!" after he learned that Peace Corps members were on the Vickers VC10, told his cabinet the next day that he felt that the group "could be mercenaries trying to enter Rwanda", where the government had recently been overthrown. The airliner halted preparations for takeoff after being warned that it would be shot down by Ugandan Air Force fighters.^[23] The hostages were released two days later.^[24]
• The 1973 Ethiopian general election, the last to be held under imperial rule in Ethiopia, ended as voters chose from more than 1,500 independent candidates for the 250 seats of the Chamber of Deputies (Yaheg Mamria Meker-beth).^[25] Aklilu Habte-Wold continued as prime minister.
• Billie Jean King defeated Chris Evert, also from the U.S., in straight sets, 6-0 and 7–5, to win the women's singles title at the All-England Tennis Championship at Wimbledon. In the men's finals, Jan Kodeš of Czechoslovakia defeated Alex Metreveli of the Soviet Union, 6–1, 9–8 and 6–3 to win the title the same day.^[26]
• Born: Kailash Kher, Indian composer and singer; in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
• Died:
  • Veronica Lake (stage name for Constance Ockelmann), 50, American film actress, died of kidney failure brought on by hepatitis.^[27]
  • Seán Mac Eoin, 79, Irish Minister for Justice 1948–1951, Minister for Defence 1954–1957

July 8, 1973 (Sunday)

• Takieddin el-Solh was appointed as the new prime minister of Lebanon by President Suleiman Frangieh.^[28]
• Three racing motorcyclists, Renzo Colombini (aged 30), Renato Galtrucco (aged 36) and Carlo Chionio (aged 26), were killed in Italy the Campionato Italiano Juniores at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza.
• Born: Daniel Lipšic, Slovak politician, in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
• Died:
  • Arthur Calwell, 76, Australian politician and Leader of the Opposition, 1960–1967, as Chairman of the Australian Labour Party
  • Gene L. Coon, 49, American TV producer known of Star Trek, died of lung cancer.
  • Wilfred Rhodes, 95, English cricketer^[29]

July 9, 1973 (Monday)

• The Ještěd Tower, designed by architect Karel Hubáček as a hyperboloid-shaped hotel with a tall TV transmission antenna, opened outside of the city of Liberec in Czechoslovakia.^[30]
• The United States and Czechoslovakia agreed to establish direct diplomatic relations for the first time since the Communist Party had taken control of the Eastern European nation. U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister Bohuslav Chnoupek signed the agreement to open consulates in each other's nations during the visit by Rogers to Prague.^[31]
• British serial killer Patrick Mackay committed the first of 13 murders to which he would later confess, stabbing a woman on a train as it passed near Catford in Greater London.
• Born: Maxine Linehan, Northern Irish-born stage actress and singer; in Newry

July 10, 1973 (Tuesday)

• The Bahamas was granted independence by the United Kingdom, becoming a nation with Sir Lynden Pindling its first Prime Minister, and colonial governor Sir John W. Paul as its first Governor-General. The Caribbean archipelago nation remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.^{[32] [33]}
• Treasure hunter Mel Fisher announced at a press conference that he and his team of explorers had located the remains of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha, which had sunk in a hurricane in the Marquesa Keys on September 5, 1622, about west of Key West, Florida. The worth of the treasure at the time was estimated to be more than $600,000,000.^[34]
• John Paul Getty III, the rebellious 16-year-old grandson of the wealthiest man in the world, was kidnapped from the Piazza Farnese in Rome, and held for $17 million ransom.^[35] His grandfather, J. Paul Getty, refused to pay the ransom, arguing that giving money to terrorists would put his 13 other grandchildren at risk. A ransom of $3.2 million would be paid in December, but only after the teenager's ear had been cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a Rome newspaper. Young Getty would be freed on December 15.
• In the Czechoslovakian capital of Prague, Olga Hepnarová intentionally drove a rented truck into a crowd of people in Strossmayer Square, killing eight and injuring 12 others. Hepnarová would be convicted of murder and hanged in prison on March 12, 1975.
• In Iceland, efforts to protect the island of Heimaey from the eruption of the Eldfell volcano were completed after 148 days of pumping seawater to cool the lava into stone. An estimated 7.3 million cubic meters of water were pumped at a cost of US$1,447,742.^[36]
• Born: Oleksandr Yanukovych, Ukrainian multi-millionaire, son of former President of the Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych; in Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.
• Died: Wallace "Bud" Smith, 49, former world lightweight boxing champion 1955–1956 and 1948 Olympian, was shot to death after confronting a man who was beating up a woman.^[37]

July 11, 1973 (Wednesday)

• The crash of Varig Flight 820 near Paris killed 123 of the 135 people on board, after a fire broke out in a lavatory aboard the Boeing 707.^[38] As Brazilian flight from São Paulo was almost to its destination, smoke filled the cabin, and the plane crashed while attempting to make an emergency landing in an onion field short of its scheduled destination of Orly Airport. Among the dead were the president of the Senate of Brazil, Filinto Müller (73), the Olympic sailor Jörg Bruder (35),^[39] and Brazilian sports journalist Júlio Delamare (45).
• The most eagerly-anticipated tennis match of the year was set up as 1973 Wimbledon women's champion Billie Jean King accepted a challenge from 1939 Wimbledon men's champion Bobby Riggs to an unprecedented "winner-take-all" $100,000 prize.^[40] The value of the winner's share was equivalent to more than $670,000 fifty years later.^[41] Riggs, a self-described "male chauvinist" had said earlier it was fair that men in professional tennis were paid more in Grand Slam events than women and that he could defeat even the best woman player in the world.
• Died: Robert Ryan, 63, American film actor ^[42]

July 12, 1973 (Thursday)

• A major fire broke out that destroyed the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center in the St. Louis suburb of Overland, Missouri. The blaze destroyed almost all (80 percent) of Veterans Administration service records for U.S. Army personnel who served between 1912 and 1960 (including those in World War I, World War II or the Korean War), and 75% of the U.S. Air Force service records stored on the sixth floor. None of the destroyed records had been microfilmed or had duplicate copies, and no index had been made.^[43]
• University of Maryland basketball coach Lefty Driesell and two other men saved the lives of 10 children from a fire in several beachfront townhouses in Bethany Beach, Delaware. Coach Driesell's involvement went unnoticed ^[44] until the Washington Star-News reported it on July 20. Paul Williamson, athletic director for the high schools in Durham, North Carolina, was one of the other heroes, and Driesell said he didn't know the name of the other man.^[45]
• U.S. President Nixon was admitted to the Bethesda Naval Hospital after being diagnosed with viral pneumonia.^[46] Nixon remained in the hospital for a full week before being released on July 20. He said upon his return that he would not resign or slow down for health reasons, commenting "The health of a man is not nearly as important as the health of a nation and the health of the world."^[47]
• Born: Yuan Li, Chinese film actress; in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province
• Died: Lon Chaney Jr. (stage name for Creighton Chaney), 67, American film actor who was the son of Lon Chaney and followed a career of starring in horror films from 1941 to 1963, as well as other dramatic roles

July 13, 1973 (Friday)

• Héctor José Cámpora resigned as President of Argentina along with Vice President Vicente Solano Lima to allow Juan Perón to return to power.^[48] Raúl Lastiri, the President of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, stepped in as interim president until presidential elections could be held on September 23, and would be succeeded by election winner Juan Perón on October 11.
• Alexander Butterfield, head of the Federal Aviation Administration, and the chief assistant to White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, revealed that almost all of President Nixon's conversations in the Oval Office of the White House had been tape recorded, the first indication to investigators of the Watergate scandal of a previously unknown source of evidence. While John Dean had voiced an opinion that he suspected that conversations were taped, no witness had confirmed the belief until Butterfield was interviewed before his public testimony by Donald Sanders, one of the committee's attorneys. When Sanders asked whether there was any validity to Dean's suspicions, Butterfield told him "I was wondering if someone would ask that. There is tape in the Oval Office."^[49] Butterfield's dramatic testimony came on the following Monday.
• The self-titled debut studio album by the British rock band Queen was released simultaneously by EMI Records in the UK and by Elektra Records in the U.S.
• Died: Willy Fritsch, 72, German actor

July 14, 1973 (Saturday)

• Peter Revson won the 1973 British Grand Prix. On the first lap, a pileup caused by the crash of Jody Scheckter's car forced him and 11 other drivers to retire. The race was stopped at the end of the second lap and restarted over the original distance.^[50]
• Born: Andri Snær Magnason, Icelandic novelist and playwright, who finished in third place in the 2016 Icelandic presidential election; in Reykjavík

July 15, 1973 (Sunday)

• The Soviet city of Alma-Ata in the Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) was saved from destruction by a landslide when a massive torrent of mud was blocked by the Medeu Dam that had been constructed the year before.^[51] Persons above the Medeo Dam were killed when the mudslide, from the Tuiuk-Su glacier, sent 225,000 cubic meters of water into the valley below, shattering three other dams and killing about 50 vacationers and seven employees who had come to a tourist resort at the Gorelnik mountain.^{[52] [53]}
• The nation of Bangladesh amended its constitution for the first time so that it could pursue prosecution of war crimes arising from its fight for independence. Article 47 was changed to reflect prosecution or punishment of war crimes could not be declared unconstitutional. The change cleared the way for the government to begin prosecution of war criminals, whose attorneys had argued that they were protected by the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in Article III.^[54]
• Born: Hassani Shapi, Kenyan-born film actor; in Mombasa
• Died: Clarence White, 29, American bluegrass music guitarist for The Byrds and pioneer of country rock, was killed in Palmdale, California when he was struck by a drunk driver while loading equipment into his car after performing a concert.^[55]

July 16, 1973 (Monday)

• FAA Administrator and former White House aide Alexander Butterfield revealed to the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.^{[56] [57]} Republican counsel Fred Thompson, later a U.S. Senator for Tennessee, posed the question, "Mr. Butterfield, are you aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the President?" and the surprise witness replied, "I was aware of listening devices. Yes, sir."^[58]
• Canadian TV personality Alex Trebek made his U.S. television debut for as host of a short-lived game show on the NBC television network, The Wizard of Odds. Trebek had previously hosted the CBC game show Strategy for six months in 1969. Trebek would host several more game shows for NBC before becoming most famous for hosting a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! starting on September 10, 1984.

July 17, 1973 (Tuesday)

• King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan was deposed by his cousin, General Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing eye surgery. Daoud Khan declared the establishment of a republic with himself as president, and an end to the Afghan monarchy.^[59]
• Voting was held in Guyana for the 53-seat National Assembly. The People's National Congress party, led by Prime Minister Forbes Burnham, increased its majority with 37, or almost 70%, of the seats.^[60]

July 18, 1973 (Wednesday)

• The Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 received royal assent and went into effect in the United Kingdom. The act abolished the suspended Parliament of Northern Ireland and the post of Governor of Northern Ireland and made provision for a devolved administration consisting of an Executive chosen by the new Northern Ireland Assembly devised under the Sunningdale Agreement.
• The White House tape recording system was turned off permanently, two days after its existence had been publicly revealed in the U.S. Senate Watergate hearings.^[61]
• A bus crash killed 43 people in France when the vehicle missed a sharp turn on the steep Rampe de Laffrey road in the Isère département near Notre-Dame-de-Mésage, and fell into the Romanche river.^[62] The victims were from the town of Braine-le-Comte in Belgium and were returning from a pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of La Salette.
• Died: Jack Hawkins, 62, British actor, died of throat cancer. Hawkins made 18 films after losing his voice following cancer surgery, but was so popular with fans that filmmakers used another actor, Charles Gray, to dub his voice as he mimed the lines.^[63]

July 19, 1973 (Thursday)

• Two of the 12 crew of the Panamanian supply vessel Nordic Service died after the ship collided with the Finnish ship Finn Trader and sank off Great Yarmouth in the United Kingdom.^{[64] [65]}

July 20, 1973 (Friday)

• Japan Air Lines Flight 404 was hijacked by five terrorists as a member of the Japanese Red Army and four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine combined to seize the a Boeing 747 with 140 other people on board, shortly after it took off from Amsterdam in the Netherlands for a flight to Anchorage, Alaska in the U.S.^[66] One of the PFLP members was killed when her hand grenade exploded during the hijacking. The surviving hijackers forced the plane to fly to multiple destinations before landing in Libya at Benghazi, released the passengers and crew 89 hours after the hijacking began; and then blew up the airliner.^[67]
• Muammar Gaddafi announced his resignation as leader of Libya after his plans for uniting the north African nation with Egypt were rejected. He would reverse his decision three days later after his Cabinet announced that it would quit as well.^[68]
• Born:
  • Crown Prince Haakon of Norway

in Oslo

• • Michael Ezra, Ugandan billionaire and philanthropist, founder of SunSpace International; in Kampala
• Died:
  • Bruce Lee (Lee Jun-fan), 32, U.S.-born Hong Kong martial artist and actor, less than a month before the August 19 U.S. release of his blockbuster film Enter the Dragon. Although speculation abounded that he had been killed by va move called "the vibrating palm", Lee's death was probably from an allergic reaction to the meprobamate, the active ingredient in the painkiller Equagesic.
  • Robert Smithson, 35, American sculptor and photographer, was killed along with a pilot in the crash of a small plane near Amarillo, Texas
  • Mikhail Isakovsky, 73, Soviet Russian poet and songwriter

July 21, 1973 (Saturday)

• In a case of mistaken identity, Israeli Mossad agents assassinated a Moroccan waiter, Ahmed Bouchiki, in Lillehammer in Norway. The agents had confused Bouchiki with Ali Hassan Salameh, a leader of Black September's Munich Olympics massacre in 1972, who had been given shelter in Norway. Six Mossad agents were arrested by the Norwegian authorities and the incident, soon to be known as the "Lillehammer affair", forced Israel's Prime Minister Golda Meir to suspend Operation Wrath of God. While the Israeli government never accepted responsibility for the murder of Bouchiki, it would pay an unspecified amount of money to his family 23 years later, in 1996.^[69]
• France resumed atmospheric nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll, over the protests of Australia and New Zealand, with the explosion of an atomic bomb at 9:00 in the morning local time (1900 UTC).:^{[70] [71]}
• The Mars 4 planetary orbiter was launched from the Soviet Union, with a goal of orbiting Mars in February 1974. On July 30, two of its onboard navigational computers failed while attempting to perform a course correction, and Mars 4 would only be able to perform a fly-by mission for six minutes.^[72]

July 22, 1973 (Sunday)

• Pan Am Flight 816 crashed into the Pacific Ocean after takeoff from Tahiti, killing 78 of the 79 people on board.^{[73] [74]}
• Born:
  • Rufus Wainwright, American-Canadian singer-songwriter; in Rhinebeck, New York^[75]
  • Jaime Camil, Mexican comedian and actor; in Mexico City

July 23, 1973 (Monday)

• Ozark Air Lines Flight 809 crashed near Normandy, Missouri after encountering windshear in a thunderstorm while on approach to St. Louis International Airport in St. Louis, Missouri, killing 38 of the 44 people on board.^{[76] [77]}
• U.S. President Richard Nixon refused to turn over the presidential tape recordings to the Senate Watergate committee or the special prosecutor.^[78] In a letter to the committee chairman, Senator Sam Ervin, Nixon wrote "I have considered your request that I permit your committee to have access to tapes of my private conversations with a number of my closest aides. I have concluded that the principles stated in my letter to you of July 6th preclude me from complying with that request, and I shall not do so."^[79]
• Born:
  • Nomar Garciaparra, American baseball player; in Whittier, California
    • • Fran Healey, Scottish singer and musician (Travis); in Stafford, Staffordshire Himesh Reshammiya, Indian actor, producer and singer; in Mumbai, Maharashtra state
• Died: Eddie Rickenbacker, 82, U.S. Army flying ace who later built Eastern Airlines into a major company.^[80]

July 24, 1973 (Tuesday)

• The 1973 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Kansas City, Missouri, and ended in a 7–1 victory for the all-stars of the National League.^{[81] [82]}
• Darrell Cain, a policeman in Dallas, Texas, shot and killed a 12-year-old boy, Santos Rodriguez, after the boy was handcuffed and sitting in a police car.^[83] Cain, a white officer, was indicted for murder of the Rodriguez, a Hispanic American child. Outrage in Dallas led days later to a peaceful demonstration that turned into a riot.^[84] Cain would be convicted of murder and serve 30 months of a five-year sentence.^[85]

July 25, 1973 (Wednesday)

• The Soviet Mars 5 space probe was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. It would reach the planet Mars on February 12, 1974.^[86]
• Died:
  • Louis St. Laurent, 91, the 12th Prime Minister of Canada, from 1948 to 1957 ^[87]
  • Amy Jacques Garvey, 77, Jamaican-born African American journalist and publisher
  • Karanbahadur Rana, 74, Nepalese soldier in the service of the British Empire during World War I, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry who served as a Gurkha soldier in World War I.

July 26, 1973 (Thursday)

• The paramilitary group Patria y Libertad, commissioned by the navy of Chile to carry out sabotage operations against President Salvador Allende, assassinated Allende's Navy adviser, Arturo Araya Peeters. Captain Araya had stepped onto the balcony of his home in the Santiago suburb of Providencia when he was shot by a sniper from building across the street.
• The United States used its veto power in the United Nations Security Council after the UNSC members voted, 13 to 2 for a resolution that would have censured Israel for its failure to withdraw from the West Bank, the Sinai peninsula and the Golan Heights, territory gained in the 1967 Six-Day War. The veto was only the fifth ever for the U.S., but the fourth in the less than a year.^[88]
• Candidates of the United Kingdom's Liberal Party defeated challengers from the much larger Conservative and Labour parties to win both of the by-elections scheduled to fill vacancies in the House of Commons, winning the constituencies of Ripon and the Isle of Ely. The victories increased its presence in Commons from six seats to eight.
• In soccer, the Bangladesh national team played its first match ever, a 2 - 2 draw against Thailand at the Merdeka Cup tournament in Malaysia.^[89]
• Born: Kate Beckinsale, English film actress and model in London, as Kathrin Romany Beckinsale^[90]
• Died: Hans Albert Einstein, 69, Swiss-born American hydraulic engineering expert for whom the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) established an annual award, as well as being the oldest son of Albert Einstein^[91]

July 27, 1973 (Friday)

• Operation End Sweep, the U.S. clearing of sea mines from the harbors of North Vietnam, came to an official end after having started on February 6. The minesweepers of U.S. Navy Task Force 78 departed North Vietnamese waters the next day to sail back to the Philippines.
• Died: Mimi Wong, 34, and her husband Sim Wor Kum, 40, Singaporean convicted murderers were both executed for the 1970 murder of Ayako Watanabe.^{[92] [93]}

July 28, 1973 (Saturday)

• The Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive rock festival featuring the Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers Band and The Band, took place at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Raceway in New York, United States, attracting over 600,000 music fans, a record audience for the time.^{[94] [95]}

• Skylab 3, with astronauts Alan Bean, Owen Garriott and Jack Lousma, was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in the United States, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments aboard Skylab.^{[96] [97]}
• Voters in the Philippines endorsed the continuation of martial law after two days of a national referendum.^[98]
• A jet airplane landed on the continent of Antarctica for the first time, as the Patagonia, a Fokker F28, touched down at the Marambio Air Station on the Antarctic Peninsula, under the jurisdiction of Argentina.^[99]

July 29, 1973 (Sunday)

• Voters in Greece abolished the monarchy in a nationwide vote taking place four weeks after Giorgios Papadopoulos declared himself as president and overthrew King Constantine II.^[100] The vote was more than 78% in favor of creating the Hellenic Republic.
• In the U.S., the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis went through an elaborate early-morning procedure to transport its assets two and one-half blocks from its old location at 510 Marquette Avenue to its new headquarters at 250 Marquette Avenue in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The move of five billion dollars ($5,000,000,000) in currency, coins and securities took place between 2 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. after city police sealed off the 12-block area around both buildings and 76 policemen, U.S. Secret Service agents and U.S. Federal Reserve Bank security guards patrolled the area.^[101]

• The 1973 Dutch Grand Prix was won by Jackie Stewart. British driver Roger Williamson was killed during the race, in an accident witnessed live on European television. His fellow driver David Purley was later awarded the George Medal for his unsuccessful attempts to save Williamson.^[102]
• Died: Henri Charrière, 66, French escaped convict and writer, died of throat cancer.

July 30, 1973 (Monday)

• Compensation of 20 million pounds sterling was paid to victims of Thalidomide following an 11-year court case.^[103]
• Eighteen coal miners were killed at the coal mine near Staveley, Derbyshire, UK, when the brake mechanism on their elevator cage failed as they were descending underground.
• The strangled body of 20-year-old Ronnie Wiebe was discarded beside an entrance ramp to the 405 Freeway, two days after the young man had disappeared. Welt marks on Wiebe's wrists and ankles suggest that he had been bound and suspended from a device before his murder.^[104] Wiebe would later be identified as one of the victims of serial killer Randy Steven Kraft, the so-called "Freeway Killer".
• Born:
  • Markus Näslund, Swedish professional ice hockey left wing for the Sweden national team, as well as in the Svenska Hockeyligan and North America's National Hockey League; in Örnsköldsvik
  • Sonu Nigam, Indian singer and film artist; in Faridabad, Haryana state

July 31, 1973 (Tuesday)

• Delta Air Lines Flight 723, with 83 passengers and six crew, crashed while attempting to land at Boston's Logan Airport runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about to the right of the runway centerline and about short.^[105] All but one of the people on board died instantly. The survivor was seriously injured and died several months after the accident.
• Militant Unionist protesters led by Ian Paisley disrupted the first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly.^[106]
• London's famous Tower Bridge was shut down by police after a stockbroker's clerk flew an airplane twice between its towers, below a pedestrian walkway and above traffic, then turned toward the "buzzing" motor vehicles on the main roadway and by high rise buildings. Peter Martin, out on bail after being arrested for fraud for dealings on the London Stock Exchange, and had told his wife that he intended to commit suicide. He took off from the Blackbushe airport in Camberley, Surrey, and threatened to fly the Beagle Pup plane into a building. After two hours, Martin flew toward the plane toward the Lake District National Park, and was killed when he dived his plane into a forest near Keswick, Cumbria.^[107]
• Born: Scott Moe, Canadian politician, Premier of Saskatchewan, in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan^[108]

Notes and References

1. News: Richard L. . Madden . Sweeping cutoff of funds for war is voted in Senate. June 15, 1973. The New York Times.
2. Book: British Library. British Library News. 1976. British Library.. 978-0-902914-19-3. 31.
3. "Israeli envoy shot to death in Maryland", Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1973, p. 1
4. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-the-creation-of-lo/144929919/ "Loyola, Marymount to Merge Next Summer"
5. "Gene Rayburn 'debuts' Monday, Cincinnati Enquirer, "TV Magazine", June 24, 1973, p. 6
6. "Brezhnev gone and Watergate's back", Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, June 25, 1973, p. C-18
7. "Betty Grable dies of cancer", Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1973, p. 1
8. Book: Onofrio, Jan. Missouri Biographical Dictionary. 1 January 2001. Somerset Publishers, Inc.. 978-0-403-09598-8. 274.
9. "Savage dies of injuries in Indy race", Chicago Tribune, July 2, 1973, p. 3-1
10. "Charges against 7 POWs dropped by Army, Navy", by Fred Farrar, Chicago Tribune, July 4, 1973, p. 1
11. Book: Kerry. Thomas. Janet. Chan. Handbook of Research on Creativity. 29 November 2013. Edward Elgar Publishing. 978-0-85793-981-4. 426. Google Books.
12. Book: Warren, Richard S.. Foreword by Sir Andrew Davis. Begins with the Oboe: A History of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. 1 January 2002. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-3588-2. 107. 19 September 2022. Google Books.
13. https://www.newspapers.com/image/829661770/?article=523d3df7-b0a6-4e1d-9dea-e0f778892a28 "Weddings: Major A. H. Parker Bowles and Miss C. R. Shand"
14. Web site: 年齢不詳のGackt、遂に実年齢をカミングアウト｢来年37歳!｣. November 5, 2009. Oricon. November 6, 2009. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071500/http://career.oricon.co.jp/news/70378/full/. July 26, 2011. live.
15. News: 1973-07-06 . Military Coup in Rwanda Follows Tribal Dissension . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-10-01 . 0362-4331.
16. http://kingmanhistoricdistrict.com/points-of-interest/firefighters-memorial-park/the-disaster-story.htm "The Disaster Story"
17. "Tank car fire sets off butane plant blast; 3 killed, 75 hurt", Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1973, p. 1A-1
18. "Guerrillas seized 292 in Rhodesia, battle troops", Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1973, p.1-2
19. Web site: Mi6.co.uk. www.mi6.co.uk . https://web.archive.org/web/20081116043137/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/lald.php3 . 16 November 2008.
20. "Otto Klemperer, 88, conductor, is dead", Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1973, p.3-18
21. "Nixon won't testify at Watergate probe", by Aldo Beckman, Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1973, p.1-1
22. "Nixon OKs talks with Ervin on Watergate probe", Chicago Tribune, July 13, 1973, p.1-1
23. "Uganda holds 112 Americans", Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1973, p.1-1
24. "111 Peace Corps volunteers freed by Uganda chief", Chicago Tribune, July 10, 1973, p.1A-9
25. Cowen, Michael, and Liisa Laakso. Multi-Party Elections in Africa. New York: Palgrave, 2001. pp. 62-63
26. "King, Kode win Wimbledon titles", Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1973, p. 3-2
27. "1940s film queen Veronica Lake dies", Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1973, p.1-1
28. "Lebanon", in Heads of States and Governments Since 1945, by Harris M. Lentz (Taylor & Francis, 2014)
29. Book: David Kynaston. WG's Birthday Party. 18 April 2011. A&C Black. 978-1-4088-1749-0. 163.
30. Rostislav Švácha and Lukáš Beran, SIAL (Arbor vitae, 2010) pp. 50–61
31. "U.S.-Czech pact means consul here", Chicago Tribune, July 10, 1973, p.1-7
32. News: 1973: Bahamas' sun sets on British Empire . BBC News. 11 February 2008. 9 July 1973. https://web.archive.org/web/20080201022831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/9/newsid_2498000/2498835.stm. 1 February 2008 . live.
33. "Bahamas independent", Chicago Tribune, July 10, 1973, p.1A-1
34. "2 treasure ships found, divers say", Chicago Tribune, July 11, 1973, p.1-1
35. "J. Paul Getty III kidnaped, mother tells Rome police", Chicago Tribune, July 13, 1973, p.1-1
36. "Lava Cooling on Heimaey--Methods and Procedures", U.S. Geological Survey
37. "Ex-Ring Champ is Shot to Death", Philadelphia Inquirer, July 11, 1973, p. 25
38. "Jet crashes near Paris; 122 killed", Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1973, p.1-2
39. Web site: Jörg Bruder . . OlyMADMen . 13 August 2022.
40. "Riggs vs. King in $100,000 Tennis Match", The Miami News, July 10, 1973, p. 1E
41. https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1973?amount=100000 The Inflation Calculator
42. "Veteran actor Ryan, 63, dies", Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1973, p.3-14
43. https://www.archives.gov/files/st-louis/military-personnel/nprc-fire.pdf "The National Personnel Records Center Fire: A Study in Disaster"
44. "Flames Hit 4 Bethany Townhouses", Wilmington (DE) News Journal, July 13, 1973, p. 2
45. "Lefty Pulls Fast Break, Saves Kids", St. Petersburg (FL) Times, July 21, 1973, p.3-C
46. "Nixon ill, enters hospital— Ailment diagnosed as viral pneumonia", Chicago Tribune, July 13, 1973, p.1-1
47. "I won't resign, Nixon declares", Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1973, p.1-1
48. "Campora resigns to allow election of Peron as president", Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1973, p.1-1
49. https://books.google.com/books?id=eugCAAAAMBAJ&q=Buzhardt+Fred+Thompson+Watergate+document&pg=PA44 "'There is Tape in the Oval Office'"
50. 1973 British GP Race Report. Motor Sport. Magazine. Motor Sport. August 1973. 2 February 2021.
51. "The Formation and Behaviour of Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams", by Stephen G. Evans, et al., in Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams (Springer, 2011) p. 57
52. "Governing by Hazard: Controlling Mudslides and Promoting Tourism in the Mountains Above Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan) 1966–1977, by Marc Elie, in Governing Disasters: Beyond Risk Culture (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
53. https://informburo.kz/stati/rokovaya-data-15-iyulya-1973-goda-etot-den-alma-ata-mogla-ne-perezhit-chast-1.html Роковая дата 15 июля 1973 года: этот день Алма-Ата могла не пережить. Часть 1 ("The fateful date of July 15, 1973: Alma-Ata could not survive this day"), by Andrey Mikhailov, InformBuro July 15, 2017
54. "The tribunals in Bangladesh: Falling short of international standards", by Abdur Razzaq, in Trials for International Crimes in Asia, ed. by Kirsten Sellars (Cambridge University Press, 2015) p. 344
55. "Car kills Topanga musician", Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, July 16, 1973, p. 13 (A Topanga musician loading instruments aboard his van was struck and killed Sunday...")
56. "NIXON TALKS RECORDED, SENATORS TOLD", by Thomas W. Ottenad and Robert Adams, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 16, 1973, p. 1
57. "Nixon bugged own offices— Witness tells of recordings", Chicago Tribune, July 17, 1973, p.1-1
58. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeQXopJ5U-Q "Alexander P. Butterfield Testifies During the Watergate Hearings"
59. "Afghan King Overthrown; A Republic Is Proclaimed", The New York Times, July 18, 1973, p.1
60. "Burnham reelected in Guyana", Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1973, p.2-16
61. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1988/summer/haldeman.html "The Nixon White House Tapes: The Decision to Record Presidential Conversations"
62. "43 Killed, 6 Escape In French Bus Crash", Dayton (O.) Daily News, July 19, 1973, p. 1
63. "Veteran British star Jack Hawkins dies", Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1973, p.3-14
64. Search goes on for seamen . 19 July 1973 . 2 . 58838 . G .
65. Web site: Nordic Service (+1973) . Wrecksite . 3 June 2011.
66. "3 seize jet with 145 aboard, order it flown to Mideast", Chicago Tribune, July 21, 1973, p.1-2
67. "Release 137, blow up jet— Hijack tour ends in Libya", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1973, p.1-1
68. "Khadafy withdraws resignation", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1973, p.1A-5
69. Marc E. Vargo, The Mossad: Six Landmark Missions of the Israeli Intelligence Agency, 1960–1990 (McFarland, 2014) pp. 140-145
70. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19730723&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "France begins nuclear tests— Small device 'a trigger for H-bomb'"
71. "France explodes A-bomb", Chicago Tribune, July 22, 1973, p.1-1
72. Asif A. Siddiqi, Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration 1958–2016 (NASA History Program Office, 2016)
73. "Jet with 79 crashes; 1 rescued", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1973, p.1-2
74. Rapport final de la commission d'enquete sur l'accident du Boeing 707 N 417 PA. Journal officiel de la Republique française. May 12, 1977. February 11, 2021. fr.
75. Book: Katherine Williams. Justin A. Williams. The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter. 25 February 2016. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-06364-8. 232.
76. "Plane crash at St. Louis kills 36", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1973, p.1-1
77. Web site: Kathy Sweeney Investigates: The Crash of Ozark Airlines – KFVS12 News & Weather Cape Girardeau, Carbondale, Poplar Bluff. 18 November 2010 . 6 February 2017.
78. "Nixon won't give tapes to Senators or Cox; Both respond by going to court to get them", by Michael Putzel, Associated Press, in Boston Evening Globe, July 23, 1973, p. 1
79. "Text of Nixon letter to Ervin", United Press International report in Boston Evening Globe, July 23, 1973, p. 1
80. "Eddie Rickenbacker dead at 82", Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1973, p. 1-3
81. Total Baseball, 5th ed., 1997, Viking Press, Thorn, John et al. ed, p. 253
82. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/asgbox/yr1973as.shtml 1973 All-Star Game, baseball-almanac.com; accessed 27 September 2008
83. "Officer Suspended, Charged: 11-Year-Old Burglary Suspect Killed During Questioning", by Robert Finklea, Dallas Morning News, July 25, 1973, p. 1
84. "Protest boy's death; melee ensues", Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1973, p. 1-10
85. https://flashbackdallas.com/2018/07/28/santos-rodriguez-the-march-of-justice-1973/ "Santos Rodriguez: The March of Justice — 1973"
86. Web site: Mars 5. US National Space Science Data Centre. 12 April 2013.
87. "Parliament leads nation in mourning St. Laurent", Montreal Gazette, July 26, 1973, p. 1
88. "U.S. vetoes U.N. Israel censure", Chicago Tribune, July 27, 1973, p. 1-3
89. News: https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2020/07/26/939253. bn:সেদিন লাল-সবুজ পতাকা উড়িয়েছিল ফুটবল | কালের কণ্ঠ. July 25, 2020. Kaler Kantho. bn. 30 August 2022. 30 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220830102857/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/sports/2020/07/26/939253. live.
90. Web site: Kate Beckinsale shares the name her father originally chose for her. 21 February 2022 . Yahoo! Entertainment. 22 February 2022. 22 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220222000044/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/kate-beckinsale-reveals-gypsy-164800930.html. live.
91. Web site: Short life history: Hans Albert Einstein. www.einstein-website.de. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126153747/http://www.einstein-website.de/biographies/einsteinhansalbert.html . 2019-07-07. 2021-01-26 .
92. "1st woman dies on Singapore gallows", Chicago Tribune, July 28, 1973, p. 1-7
93. News: Mimi Wong and husband hanged. New Nation. 27 July 1973. 1 June 2021.
94. "600,000 pack rock festival grounds; parachutist killed", Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1973, p. 1-3
95. News: 600,000 People See Grateful Dead, Allmans & The Band At Summer Jam At Watkins Glen In 1973. 2016-07-28. JamBase. 2016-12-09.
96. "Astronauts rendezvous with Skylab", Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1973, p. 1-1
97. Web site: Programs, Missions, and Payloads – Skylab 3 . February 9, 2009 . Souza . Kenneth . Hogan . Robert . Ballard . Rodney . Life into Space: Space Life Sciences Experiment . NASA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090321010411/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Skylab/Skylab_3/Skylab_3.html . March 21, 2009.
98. "Marcos wins big in referendum", Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1973, p. 1-10
99. https://web.archive.org/web/20140107115629/http://www.french-polar-team.fr/LU_Marambio_Station_Seymour_Island.php "Marambio Station / Seymour Island"
100. "Greek regime gets big vote", Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1973, p. 1-9
101. "A bit more than pocket change", Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1973, p. 1-4
102. http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-purdav.html grandprix.com David Purley Profile
103. News: 1973: Final deal for thalidomide victims. BBC News. 11 February 2008. 30 July 1973. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307122158/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/30/newsid_4582000/4582119.stm. 7 March 2008 . live.
104. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/kraft/4.html TruTV p. 4
105. "Boston jetliner crashes in heavy fog; 88 killed", Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1973, p.1-1
106. News: 1973: Chaotic meeting of Belfast Assembly. BBC News. 11 February 2008. 31 July 1973. https://web.archive.org/web/20080307122209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/31/newsid_2491000/2491885.stm. 7 March 2008. live.
107. "Suicide flight misses bridge", by Dennis Barker, The Guardian (Manchester), August 1, 1973, p. 1
108. Web site: QuickSketch: A look at Saskatchewan Party Leader Scott Moe .