July 1914 Explained

The following events occurred in July 1914:
On the war see July Crisis and Causes of World War I.^[1]

July 1 1914 (Wednesday)

• July Crisis – Austria-Hungary received confirmation from Germany that they could expect full support from their ally should they choose to wage war against Serbia in response to Serbian nationalists assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.^[2] With some diplomatic reports alleging Dragutin Dimitrijević, Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence, and others in the Serbian government being involved in the assassination plot, Russian Ambassador Nicholas Hartwig met with officials in Belgrade to advise on the best maneuvers for Serbia to take during the crisis.^[3]
• Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean officially became a territory under Australia.^[4]
• The Naval Wing of the British Royal Flying Corps was separated from the Royal Air Force and established as a separate service, the Royal Naval Air Service, under the control of the Royal Navy.^[5]
• The United States Navy established its first air department, the Office of Naval Aeronautics, Division of Operations, predecessor to the Bureau of Aeronautics.^[6]
• Canadian Arctic Expedition – Survivors of the Karluk shipwreck raised the Canadian flag on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea in honour of Dominion Day. There were now 14 survivors of the original 25 people that survived the sinking in January. Fortunately, Karluk captain Robert Bartlett had reached Alaska and was now arranging rescue ships.^[7]
• The National Party was founded in Bloemfontein, South Africa with a focus on Afrikaner nationalism.^[8]
• The precursor to the Hanawa railroad opened in the Akita Prefecture, Japan, with stations Ōgita and Ōdate serving the line.^[9]
• Furka Oberalp Railway opened stations Fiesch, Gletsch and Oberwald in Switzerland.^[10]
• While re-shooting scenes for the western Across the Border in Colorado, actress Grace McHugh fell into the Arkansas River while being filmed crossing the water on horseback. Owen Carter, the production's cinematographer, dived in to save McHugh, but both drowned. Their deaths resulted in a push to develop professional stunt actors to handle dangerous action sequences in movie production.^[11]
• The municipalities of Sandstad and Stemshaug, Norway were established.^[12]
• The city of Lynn Haven, Florida was established.^[13]
• Born: Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Iraqi state leader, fourth President of Iraq, in Tikrit (d. 1982); Stephen Juba, Canadian politician, 37th Mayor of Winnipeg, first Ukrainian Canadian to hold political high office, in Winnipeg (d. 1993); Sara Seegar, American actress, best known for the role of "Mrs Wilson" in the 1960s TV series Dennis the Menace, in Greentown, Indiana (d. 1990)
• Born: Christl Cranz, German alpine skier, gold medal winner at the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Brussels (d. 2004); Orli Wald, French-German resistance fighter, member of the German Resistance during World War II, known as the "Angel of Auschwitz" which she escaped in 1945, in Bourell, France (d. 1962)
• Died: Edmund Payne, British actor, major comedic lead in many of the 1800s Edwardian musical comedies (b. 1865)

July 2 1914 (Thursday)

• July Crisis – Kaiser Wilhelm received recommendation from the German military for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia as quickly as possible, since Germany was more prepared to mobilize than either Russia or France.^[14]
• After delays, the first issue of the Vorticism art magazine Blast was distributed.^[15]
• Born: Frederick Fennell, American conductor, best known for his recordings with the Eastman Wind Ensemble, in Cleveland (d. 2004); Hannes Bok, American artist, best known for cover art for pulp and science fiction magazines including Weird Tales and Other Worlds, in Kansas City, Missouri (d. 1964); Erich Topp, German naval officer, commander of U-boat U-552 that sank, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Hanover (d. 2005)
• Died: Joseph Chamberlain, British politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1895 to 1903 (b. 1836)

July 3 1914 (Friday)

• The Simla Convention was sealed by Great Britain and Tibet despite objections from China, which rejected the Accord entirely. British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries attached a note denying China any privileges under the Accord and sealed it as a bilateral agreement. The Accord redefined borders between Tibet and British India. It also divided Tibet into two political regions, with the "outer" territory under Tibetan rule from the capital of Lhasa while the "inner" region fell under Chinese control.^{[16] [17]}
• A state funeral was held for Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Vienna, with Emperor Franz Joseph and other members of the imperial family in attendance.^[18]
• The borough of Paxtang, Pennsylvania was established.^[19]
• Born: Pat Pattle, South African air force officer, commander of Royal Air Force squadrons No. 33 and No. 80 during World War II, in Butterworth, Eastern Cape, South Africa (d. 1941, killed at the Battle of Athens); Buddy Rosar, American baseball player, catcher for the New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Athletics, and Boston Red Sox from 1939 to 1951, 1941 World Series champion, in Buffalo, New York (d. 1994)
• Died: Henry Willard Denison, American diplomat, U.S. ambassador to Japan during the Meiji era (b. 1846)

July 4 1914 (Saturday)

• July Crisis – On the same day Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg were interred at Artstetten Castle,^[20] Kaiser Wilhelm declared that he was entirely for “settling accounts with Serbia”.^[21]
• Zaian War  - A tribal force of 500 Zayanes attacked a French convoy south of Khenifra, Morocco. French soldiers repulsed the attack at a loss of 11 killed and 30 wounded.
• Lexington Avenue explosion – Arthur Caron, a member of Industrial Workers of the World, and three other people were killed in New York City when a bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller exploded prematurely in an apartment used as a base for the assassination plot.^[22]
• The 38th staging of the Wimbledon Championships was held in England, but would not be staged for another four years due to World War I.
  • Australian tennis player Norman Brookes defeated New Zealander Anthony Wilding with scores 6–4, 6–4, and 7–5 in the men's singles finals.
  • The two contenders in the men's singles finals teamed up on men's doubles finals and defeated Great Britain's Herbert Roper Barrett and Charles P. Dixon with scores of 6–1, 6–1, 5–7, and 8–6.
  • British tennis player Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers defeated compatriot Ethel Thomson Larcombe in the women's singles finals with scores of 7–5 and 6–4.
  • Larcombe also fared poorly with partner Edith Hannam in the women's doubles finals, with both getting beaten by American tennis player Elizabeth Ryan and British partner Agnes Morton with scores of 6–1 and 6–3.
  • Larcombe did walk away with a championship title in the mixed doubles finals with James Parke, with the two defeating Wilding and French partner Marguerite Broquedis with scores of 4–6, 6–4, and 6–2.^[23]
• The Smith Tower opened in Seattle, the oldest skyscraper still standing in the city. At 35 stories and for a total height of 143m (469feet), it was the tallest building west of the Mississippi. Over 4,000 people rode the elevator to the top floor for the view on opening day. Its height was beaten in 1931 when the Kansas City Power and Light Building was completed, but it remained the tallest building on the west coast until the opening of the Space Needle in 1962.^[24]
• The Shiawassee District Library opened on the Fourth of July in Owosso, Michigan using funds from the Carnegie Foundation.^[25]
• The Paris Yiddish-language labour movement journal The Jewish Worker published its last issue, after its pacifist stance led to a break away from the rest of the French labour movement. Its counterpart for the General Jewish Labour Bund in Vilna, Lithuania folded the same month.^[26]
• Died: Michele Catti, Italian artist, member of the Belle Époque movement (b. 1855)

July 5 1914 (Sunday)

• July Crisis – A council was held at Potsdam, where leaders from Austria-Hungary and Germany met to discuss possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia, and France, concluding it had become necessary "to eliminate Serbia" in spite of expected resistance from her allies.^[27] Their option to go to war was further reinforced by letters from Helmuth von Moltke, Chief of the German General Staff, and Emperor Franz Joseph that both stated war was necessary to preserve the monarchy.^[28]
  • Based on further police interrogations, Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina Oskar Potiorek telegraphed Vienna to report Serbian Major Voja Tankosić had given instruction to the Serbian nationalists involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.^[29]
  • A revised letter from Austria-Hungary was sent to Germany proposing an alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire against Russia, with the addition of action against Serbia. Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph added his own letter to Kaiser Wilhelm where he advocated ending Serbia as a political power.^[30]
• The last species of laughing owl was found in New Zealand, after which the species was categorized as extinct.^[31]
• Born: Jean Tabaud, French artist, known for portraits of many famous families including the Fords and the Duponts, in Saujon, France (d. 1996); John Thomas Dunlop, American public servant, 14th United States Secretary of Labor, in Placerville, California, (d. 2003)

July 6 1914 (Monday)

• Komagata Maru incident – The British Columbia Court of Appeal gave a unanimous judgement that under new orders-in-council, it had no authority to interfere with the decisions of the Department of Immigration and Colonization, allowing the Canadian government legal standing to order Vancouver harbor's tug Sea Lion to push the Japanese vessel out to sea with more than 300 Sikhs and other British Indian subjects on board.^[32]
• July Crisis – British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey received warning from German ambassador Karl Max of likely war in the Balkans, but Grey was optimistic “that a peaceful solution would be reached” through Anglo-German co-operation.^[33] Meanwhile, Kaiser Wilhelm went on his annual cruise of the North Sea at the insistence of his courtiers, even though he wished to remain in Berlin until the crisis was resolved.^[34]
• The 6th French Grand Prix, organised by the Automobile Club of France (ACF), was run at Lyon over 752.58 km (37.629 km x 20 laps). The winner was Christian Lautenschlager of Germany driving a Mercedes 18/100 in 7:08:18.4. The race was retrospectively referred to as the XIV Grand Prix de l´ACF.^[35]
• Celebrated Uruguayan poet Delmira Agustini was murdered in her Montevideo home by her ex-husband Enrique Job Reyes, a month after the couple had divorced. Reyes shot her twice before turning the gun on himself. They had married in 1913 but Agustini left Reyes a month later. On the centennial of her death, the city of Montevideo unveiled a statue of her by artist Martín Sastre in memory of the poet and other victims of gender-based violence.^{[36] [37]}
• A French fishing vessel in the English Channel off Boulogne, France found a body floating in the water. Although they did not retrieve the corpse, the crew described the body's clothing as belonging to a pilot and recovered from it a road map of southern England. The evidence suggested the body was of Gustav Hamel, who disappeared while flying on 23 May.^[38]
• Born: Viola Desmond, Canadian activist, known for her court case that challenged racial segregation in Nova Scotia, in Halifax (d. 1965); Vincent J. McMahon, America professional wrestling promoter, manager of the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (now WWE), father of Vince McMahon, in New York City (d. 1984)

July 7 1914 (Tuesday)

• July Crisis – Austria-Hungary convened a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasted from 11.30 a.m. to 6.15 p.m.^[39]
• Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić contradicted previous statements by his diplomats saying Serbia had warned Austria-Hungary about plots to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand, saying to the Hungarian daily newspaper Az Est that his foreign affairs office made no such warnings (and repeating it again to the Paris Edition of the New York Herald on July 20).^[40]
• The Canadian Pacific Railway, owner of the ocean liner Empress of Ireland which sank in May, took possession of SS Storstad, the vessel that collided with the "Empress", and then sold it for $175,000 as part of its $2,000,000 lawsuit for damages against the Swedish ship's owners A. F. Klaveness & Co.^{[41] [42]}
• French Navy destroyer Mousqueton sank after it collided with a fellow submarine in the Mediterranean Sea, with all 26 crew rescued.^[43]
• American passenger ship Great Northern was launched by William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia to serve the Pacific Northwest seaway.^[44]
• Regular scheduled service began on the Portland–Lewiston Interurban in Maine.^[45]
• Two counties were established in Georgia: Bacon County with its county seat in Alma,^[46] and Barrow County with its county seat in Winder.^[47]
• Freddie Welsh defeated Willie Ritchie in over 20 rounds to win the World Lightweight Championship in London. Welsh held the title until 1917.^[48]
• Born: Harry Strom, Canadian politician, 9th Premier of Alberta, in Burdett, Alberta (d. 1984); Anil Biswas, Indian film composer, known for scores in Kismet and Journey Beyond Three Seas, in Barisal, British India (d. 2003)

July 8 1914 (Wednesday)

• July Crisis – The Council of Ministers for Austria-Hungary sent two recommended options to Emperor Franz Joseph on how to handle its crisis with Serbia. The first option was a surprise attack against the Balkan country and the second option was to place demands on Serbia before mobilization to provide a proper "juridical basis for a declaration of war".^[49]
• Mexican Revolution – Mexican forces with revolutionary leader Álvaro Obregón defeated 6,000 federal troops sent out from Guadalajara to halt his progress.^{[50] [51]}
• While exiled in Tokyo, Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang party under the new name Chinese Revolutionary Party after Yuan Shikai, self-proclaimed emperor of China, outlawed the political party.^[52]
• John D. Rockefeller celebrated his 75th birthday playing golf in a foursome with Frank C. Folger, president of Standard Oil, Elias Johnson of New York and A.L. Gifford of Tarrytown. Rockfeller won the game, remarking "It takes us young boys to win."^[53]
• Born: Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal, in Calcutta, British India (d. 2010); Billy Eckstine, jazz musician and singer, known for hits "I Apologize" and "My Foolish Heart", in Pittsburgh (d. 1993)

July 9 1914 (Thursday)

• Mexican Revolution – Rebel soldiers under command of Álvaro Obregón captured Guadalajara. The revolutionaries routed 12,000 federal soldiers, killing 8,000 and capturing 5,000 more along with much of the federal army's artillery. The battle effectively ended the Victoriano Huerta regime.^{[54] [55]}
• July Crisis – Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph was advised the council was working on an ultimatum containing demands that were designed to be rejected, thus ensuring a war without the “odium of attacking Serbia without warning, put her in the wrong.”^[56]
• Charlie Chaplin starred as a hapless dental assistant in Laughing Gas.^[57]
• Born: Willi Stoph, German politician, Prime Minister of East Germany from 1964 to 1973, and 1976 to 1989, in Berlin (d. 1999); Paul Vario, American gangster, member of the Lucchese crime family, famously inspired the "Paul Cicero" character in the movie Goodfellas, in New York City (d. 1988)
• Died: Henry Emmerson, Canadian politician, 9th Premier of New Brunswick (b. 1853)

July 10 1914 (Friday)

• The Provisional Government of Ulster met for the first time in the Ulster Hall, where it vowed to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution.^[58]
• July Crisis – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, died suddenly while visiting Austrian minister Baron Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.^[59]
• Rodmond Roblin and his Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba won the majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba during the Canadian province's general election.^[60]
• German Reinhold Böhm flew his Albatros-biplane nonstop for 24 hours and 12 minutes without refueling. His one-man-flight record lasted until 1927.^{[61] [62]}
• The renowned Herald Square Theatre on Broadway was demolished to make room for expansion of the Garment District in New York City.^[63]
• Weekly newspaper The Avon Gazette and York Times began publication in York, Western Australia, Australia.^[64]
• The city of Fillmore, California was incorporated.^[65]
• Born: Joe Shuster, Canadian-American comic book artist, co-created Superman with Jerry Siegel, in Toronto (d. 1992); Thein Pe Myint, Burmese journalist, author of Wartime Traveller and Over the Ashes, in Budalin, British Burma (d. 1978)

July 11 1914 (Saturday)

• July Crisis – The German foreign office sent a telegram on behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm congratulating King Peter of Serbia on his birthday. Wilhelm ordered the goodwill telegram to be sent even though the German government knew of Austria-Hungary's intention to provoke war with Serbia: “As Vienna has so far inaugurated no action of any sort against Belgrade, the omission of the customary telegram would be too noticeable and might be the cause of premature uneasiness.... It should be sent.”^[66]
• , the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, was launched, in sponsorship by Miss Eleanor Anne Seibert, niece of Nevada Governor Tasker Oddie and a descendant of the first Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddert. The launch was attended by several prominent members of the government, including Governor Oddie, Governor David I. Walsh of Massachusetts, Senator Key Pittman of Nevada, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, who would later become the 32nd President of the United States. Nevada . 27 September 2011. ^[67]
• Over 5,000 attended a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4 Lexington Avenue explosion.^[68]
• Baseball legend Babe Ruth made his major league debut with the Boston Red Sox.^[69]
• American aviator Walter L. Brock won the London-Paris return air race.^[70]
• Publisher William P. Beard, an ally to South Carolina politician Coleman Livingston Blease, ran the first edition of the weekly newspaper Abbeville Scimitar in Abbeville, South Carolina. The paper became notorious for racist editorials, including the endorsement of lynching. The paper was closed in 1917 after Beard was convicted of sedition for opposing the United States entrance to World War I on racist grounds.^[71]
• The Karkamış to Ceylanpınar line of the Berlin–Baghdad railway opened in south-eastern Turkey.^[72]

July 12 1914 (Sunday)

• July Crisis – In response to pressure from the German government on Austria-Hungary's Council of Ministers to resolve their indecision about whether to choose war or peace, Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold presented the German foreign office with a draft of the ultimatum which would be presented to Serbia after the summit between French President Raymond Poincaré and Tsar Nicholas.^[73]
• July Crisis – Muhamed Mehmedbašić was the last of the group of assassins to be apprehended for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He escaped to Montenegro during unrest following the death of the Archduke but was arrested and imprisoned in Nikšić. After admitting his involvement in the assassination plot, Mehmedbašić escaped two days later to Serbia and eluded capture throughout the entire war.^[74]
• Rebel forces captured Berat in southern Albania.^[75]
• Striking miners at a coal mine in Hartford, Arkansas rioted after shots were fired at their homes. The violence resulted in two deaths.^[76]
• A Chinese naval gunboat exploded in Shanghai harbor, killing 35 naval cadets.^[77]
• Casale beat Lazio with an aggregate score of 9–1 to win the Italian Football Championship.^[78]
• An Ilya Muromet airplane designed by Igor Sikorsky completed a round-trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev, completing the 1200 km route in a record time of 14 hours and 38 minutes to Kiev and back in less than 13 hours. For achieving a world record in flight, Sikorsky was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir.^[79]
• The Russian Empire national football team played their last international game, tying Norway 1–1 in Oslo. The outbreak of World War I halted plans to expand a football league in the Russian Empire.^[80]
• Died: Horace Harmon Lurton, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1909 to 1914 (b. 1844)

July 13 1914 (Monday)

• July Crisis – The Austrian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand reported to Vienna there was little evidence to support the Serbian government in general was accessory to the plot.^[81]
• Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain Robert Bartlett of HMCS Karluk departed from Alaska on the Bear for Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea after obtaining permission from the United States government. Unknown to him, there were now only 14 survivors from the shipwreck still on the island.^[82]
• Born: Franz von Werra, Swiss-German Luftwaffe pilot, only German prisoner of war to successfully escape from an Allied prison camp and return to Germany, recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, in Leuk, Switzerland (d. 1941, killed in plane crash)
• Died: Joan Röell, Dutch state leader, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1894 to 1897 (b. 1844)

July 14 1914 (Tuesday)

• The Government of Ireland Bill completed its passage through the House of Lords of the United Kingdom. It allowed Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin.^[83]
• July Crisis – Hungarian Prime Minister István Tisza broke after holding out for days for a peaceful solution with Serbia and agreed with the rest of the Council of Ministers to support war, since he feared a policy of peace would lead to Germany renouncing the alliance with Austria-Hungary.^[84]
• The Government Polytechnic of Nagpur was established in Maharashtra, India.^[85]
• Education leader Dorothy de la Hey founded Queen Mary's College in Madras, India, the third women's college in the country.^[86]
• Born: George Putnam, American news reporter and news anchor, anchored for all four independent news stations in Los Angeles, in Breckenridge, Minnesota (d. 2008); Wim Hora Adema, Dutch author, co-founder of the feminist magazine Opzij, in Leeuwarderadeel, Netherlands (d. 1998); Kenneth Clark, American psychologist, co-founder with wife Mamie Clark of Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited and first African-American president of the American Psychological Association, in Panama (d. 2005)
• Died: Maria Zambaco, Greek artist and model for the Pre-Raphaelites (b. 1843)

July 15 1914 (Wednesday)

• Mexican Revolution – Victoriano Huerta resigned as president of Mexico and left for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.^[87] Francisco S. Carvajal succeeded him as the 36th President of Mexico, holding the office for a month while power was transitioned to Venustiano Carranza.^[88]
• Doctors in Tyumen, Russia declared Grigori Rasputin out of medical danger as the monk and spiritual adviser to the Romanov royal family recovered from an assassination attempt in Siberia. Rasputin was attacked and stabbed in the abdomen by a peasant woman who believed he was spreading temptation among the innocent. The Tsar sent his own royal physician to Tyumen to treat Rasputin.^[89]
• Bowring Park was officially opened by Prince Arthur in St. John's, Newfoundland.^[90]
• Born: Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist, pioneer of micro-crediting in developing countries, in Agra, British India (d. 1999); Gavin Maxwell, Scottish naturalist and leader researcher in otters, author of Ring of Bright Water, Elrig, Scotland (d. 1969); Frank Headlam, Australian air force officer, commander of the Royal Australian Air Force Air Command and Support Command during the 1960s, commander of the No. 2 Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Order of the Bath and Order of the British Empire, in Launceston, Tasmania, Australia (d. 1976)

July 16 1914 (Thursday)

• July Crisis – The Russian ambassador to Austria-Hungary warned Saint Petersburg that "the Austro-Hungarian government at the conclusion of the inquiry intends to make certain demands on Belgrade" and would be deemed "unacceptable” by Russia.^[91]
• The Congressional Research Service was established as the main public policy research arm for the United States Congress.^[92]
• Maurice Guillaux left Melbourne to fly to Sydney in a Blériot monoplane in the first delivery of airmail. He arrived in Sydney on July 18 after nine and a half hours of flying time.^[93]
• The Sopwith Type 807 made its maiden flight as a landplane before it was outfitted with a floatplane undercarriage.^[94]
• The Ural State Mining University was established in Yekaterinburg, Russia.^[95]
• The first Japanese philatelic magazine Yuraku was published as the organ of The Yurakukai (Philatelic Society of Japan).^[96]
• Died: Montgomery Schuyler, American arts journalist, columnist for The New York Times and managing editor for Harper's Weekly from 1885 to 1887 (b. 1843)

July 17 1914 (Friday)

• July Crisis – The quartermaster general of the Imperial German Army wrote to Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow to confirm, “I can move at a moment’s notice. We in the General Staff are ready: there is nothing more for us to do at this juncture.”^[97]
• The National Hydrocarbon Company was established in Des Plaines, Illinois, evolving into the energy company UOP LLC.^[98]
• The Vickers F.B.5 aircraft was first flown and became the primary military aircraft for the No. 6 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps during the first months of World War I.^[99]
• After a valiant attempt rebelling against press censorship by the Russian government, Yiddish journalists in Saint Petersburg were forced to shut down the bi-weekly Undzer Tsayt (Our Times) again, not long after their original paper, Di Tsayt (The Time), was muzzled in June.^[100]
• Born: Eleanor Steber, American opera singer, known for her collaboration with the Metropolitan Opera, in Wheeling, West Virginia (d. 1990); Paul Brand, British-American physician, lead researcher in treating leprosy, in Tamil Nadu, British India (d. 2003);
• Born: James Purdy, American writer, author of Cabot Wright Begins, Eustace Chisholm & the Works, in Hicksville, Ohio (d. 2009); Paul Lomami-Tshibamba, Congolese writer, noted contributor to Voice of the Congoles, in Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa (d. 1985)
• Died: Luis Uribe, Chilean naval officer, Vice-Admiral of the Chilean Navy and a hero of the War of the Pacific (b. 1847)

July 18 1914 (Saturday)

• July Crisis – In response to rumors about an Austrian ultimatum, Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić stated that he would not accept any measures that compromised Serbian sovereignty.^[101]
• United States Congress created an Aviation Section in the United States Army Signal Corps to replace its aeronautical division, giving definitive status to its air service for the first time.^[102]
• British monarch King George inspected the British fleet at Spithead, Hampshire, England which included 260 Royal Navy ships and 17 seaplanes.^[103]
• Spectator seats for the trial of Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, for the murder of newspaper editor Gaston Calmette were reported to be going for as high as $US 200.^[104]
• Labor activist Joe Hill was sentenced to death by a Utah state jury for the alleged murders of Salt Lake City store owner John G. Morrison and his son in January despite tenuous evidence.^[105]
• Mahatma Gandhi left South Africa for Great Britain en route to India.^[106]
• Born: Gino Bartali, Italian road cyclist, three-time winner of the Giro d'Italia and two-time champion of the Tour de France, in Florence, Italy (d. 2000); Jo Cals, Dutch state leader, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1965 to 1966, in Roermond, Netherlands (d. 1971); Mack Robinson, American athlete, silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics, older brother to Jackie Robinson, in Cairo, Georgia (d. 2000)

July 19 1914 (Sunday)

• Komagata Maru incident – The tugboat Sea Lion, with 35 armed immigration officers and 125 Vancouver police officers on board, attempted to force the Japanese vessel from Vancouver harbour. Passengers on the ship resisted, pelting the officers with coal and bricks while another with an ax chopped at a line the tug boat used to tie to the ship. When a gunman on board the Komagata Maru opened fire, the Sea Lion backed off.^{[107] [108]}
• July Crisis – The Council of Ministers in Vienna finalized the wording of the ultimatum to be presented to Serbia.^{[109] [110]}
• British monarch King George summoned a conference to discuss the issues from the Irish Home Rule movement. The meetings lasted from July 21 to 24 without reaching consensus.^[111]
• Born: Marius Russo, American baseball player, pitcher for the New York Yankees from 1939 to 1946, in New York City (d. 2005); Horace Smithy, American surgeon, performed the first heart valve operation, in Norfolk, Virginia (d. 1948)
• Died: Johann Puch, Slovene mechanical engineer, founder of auto manufacturer Puch AG (b. 1862)

July 20 1914 (Monday)

• July Crisis – Germany began making preparations for war by mobilizing the Imperial German Navy and informing shipping companies to start withdrawing their ships from foreign waters back to German ports.^{[112] [113]}
• The trial of Henriette Caillaux began in Paris, with the accused murderer reportedly being kept in the same cell that held Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution between court appearances.^[114]
• U.S. Navy destroyer was launched from the William Cramp & Sons shipyard in Philadelphia.^[115]
• The Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad Company dissolved after terminating its 1908 agreement with Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad.^[116]
• The Echigo railoroad was extended in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, with stations Aōzu serving the line.^[117]
• The final issue of The Worker's Life was published as part of a symbolic decision in the face of the outbreak of World War I.^[118]
• The village of Highland, Alberta was incorporated before it was renamed Delia a year later.^[119]
• Born: Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist, collected an estimated 80,000 Bulgarian lev (40,000 euros) for charitable causes at the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky in Sofia, Bulgaria from 2000 to 2018 (d. 2018); Charilaos Florakis, Greek politician, leader of the Communist Party of Greece from 1972 to 1989, in Paliozoglopi, Greece (d. 2005); Richard J. Collins, American film and TV producer and director, known for TV programs Bonanza and Matlock, in New York City (d. 2013)

July 21 1914 (Tuesday)

• Buckingham Palace Conference – Both Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists met at the Royal Palace in London for a three-day peace conference. Those who attended were the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, David Lloyd George, the Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond, and his deputy John Dillon. The Unionists included Edward Carson, leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance, with Bonar Law, James Craig and Lord Henry Lansdowne. The Speaker of the House of Commons presided.^[120]
• Komagata Maru incident – The Canadian government mobilized, a former Royal Navy ship, with troops from the British Columbia Regiment and The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, to force the Japanese vessel to return to India.^{[121] [122]}
• The Ban'etsu East railroad was extended in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, with stations Mōgi and Miharu serving the line.^[123] As well, the Fukuen railroad was extended in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, with stations Yudamura serving the line.^[124]
• Astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson first observed Sinope, one of the moons of the planet Jupiter at the Lick Observatory, although the satellite would not receive a name until 1975 when it was named after one of the daughters of the god Asopus.^[125]
• The sports club Palermo was established in Buenos Aires in close affiliation to the Argentine Football Association.^{[126] [127]}
• Born: Philippe Ariès, French historian, author of Centuries of Childhood, in Blois, France (d. 1984)
• Died: Kai Ho, Chinese lawyer and activist, mentor to Sun Yat-sen, the first president of the Republic of China (b. 1859); Jurji Zaydan, Lebanese writer and activist, promoter of Arab nationalism (b. 1861)

July 22 1914 (Wednesday)

• Enver Pasha, Minister of War for the Ottoman Empire, proposed an Ottoman–German alliance to Baron Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, the German ambassador in Constantinople, but had it turned down on the grounds the Empire had nothing of value to offer Germany. Grand Vizir Said Halim Pasha also made similar propositions to Austria-Hungary.^[128]
• Railway workers in Saint John, New Brunswick went on strike, resulting in riots the following day.^[129]
• The Austro-Hungarian Navy battleships Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Radetzky, and SMS Zrínyi each transported one flying boat from Pola to the Gulf of Cattaro. The following day they carried out a reconnaissance of the border with Montenegro. These were the first operational flights in Europe by naval aircraft.^[130]
• The last issue of French anarchist journal L'Anarchie was published. It would be re-launched in 1926 by Louis Louvet.^[131]
• Born: Robert G. Emmens, American air force officer, member of the Doolittle Raid in 1942, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, in Medford, Oregon (d. 1992)

July 23 1914 (Thursday)

• July Crisis – Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum, which among its provisions included Serbia to formally and publicly condemn the "dangerous propaganda" against Austria-Hungary and to "suppress by every means this criminal and terrorist propaganda".^[132]
  • In an attempt to stem the tide of emerging war, British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey offered to Russia and Germany to mediate a discussion with their respective allies that would influence Austria-Hungary to back off on Serbia while allowing each nation to save face. Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov agreed to the offer for conference,^[133] but Kaiser Wilhelm instructed his British ambassador to reject Grey's "condescending orders".^[134]
• Komagata Maru incident – After earlier resistance to police, passengers on the Komagata Maru complied and allowed the ship's crew to charter the Japanese vessel out of Canadian waters. Only 20 of the 376 Sikh and Hindu passengers were allowed into Canada as they already had residential papers.^[135]
• Striking railway workers in Saint John, New Brunswick clashed with police and militia brought in to control the crowds, leading to a shutdown of the city.

Notes and References

1. Jack Beatty, The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began (1912) excerpt; looks at six major nations and argues the war was not inevitable.
2. Albertini. Luigi. Origins of the War of 1914 II.. 1953. 131–32. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 168712.
3. Albertini, 1953, pp. 67, 271
4. News: Proclamation: Norfolk Island Act 1913 . pdf . . 35 . June 17, 1914 . June 8, 2018 . 1043 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142334/https://www.legislation.gov.au/file/1914GN35 . June 12, 2018 . live .
5. Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,, p. 10.
6. Book: Layman. R.D.. Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922. 1989. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland. 0-87021-210-9. 112.
7. Book: Niven. Jennifer. The Ice Master. 2001. Pan Books. London. 0-330-39123-2. 305.
8. Web site: The End of Apartheid. https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233840/http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/98678.htm. dead. 2009-02-05. Archive: Information released online prior to January 20, 2009. United States Department of State. 2009. February 5, 2009.
9. Book: ja: 停車場変遷大辞典 国鉄・JR編. Station Transition Directory - JNR/JR. JTB . Ishino. Tetsu. 1998 . Japan . ja . I. 109. 4-533-02980-9.
10. Book: Moser . Beat . Börret . Ralph . Küstner . Thomas . Glacier Express: Von St. Moritz nach Zermatt . Eisenbahn-Journal (Verlagsgruppe Bahn GmbH) . 2005 . Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany . 3-89610-057-2. de.
11. Web site: Movie Actress And Camera Man Drown. Fulton History. September 17, 2015.
12. Web site: Dag. Jukvam. Statistisk sentralbyrå. Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen. 1999. no.
13. Web site: History of Lynn Haven . City of Lynn Haven . 26 April 2019 . April 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426030720/http://www.cityoflynnhaven.com/photo/history-lynn-haven . dead .
14. Book: Fromkin. David. Europe's Last Summer: Why the World Went to War in 1914. 2004. William Heinemann Ltd. 978-0-434-00858-2. 156.
15. Encyclopedia: Vorticism . Msn Encarta . October 17, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070522043958/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761580283 . May 22, 2007 .
16. ("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center . Retrieved March 20, 2009).
17. Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)
18. News: Austria Mourns At Royal Funeral. The New York Times. July 4, 1914. July 3, 1914.
19. Web site: About Paxtang . Paxtang.org . February 19, 2019.
20. News: Archduke And Wife Buried . The New York Times . July 5, 1914 . July 4, 1914.
21. Book: Fischer, Fritz . Fritz Fischer (historian) . Germany's Aims in the First World War . registration . 1967 . . . 978-0-393-09798-6 . 52.
22. News: Exploded in Apartment Occupied by Tarrytown Disturbers. Only One Escaped Alive . July 5, 1914 . The New York Times . A large quantity of dynamite, which the police and certain friends of the leaders of the I. W. W. believe was being made into a bomb to be used in blowing up John D. Rockefeller's Tarrytown home, exploded prematurely at 9:16 o'clock in the upper story or on the roof of the new seven-story model tenement house at 1,626 Lexington Avenue. . December 30, 2007 .
23. Book: Barrett, John . Wimbledon : The Official History of the Championships . 2001 . . London . 0007117078 . 280.
24. Web site: Smith, L.C., Tower, Pioneer Square, Seattle, WA . . March 21, 2012.
25. Web site: Owosso History . Sdl.lib.mi.us . 2015-04-01 . March 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200303064239/http://www.sdl.lib.mi.us/owosso_history.html . dead .
26. Book: Hofmeester, Karin . Jewish Workers and the Labour Movement: A Comparative Study of Amsterdam, London and Paris (1870–1914) . Burlington, VT [u.a.] . . 2004 . 264–266. 9780754609070 .
27. Fischer, 1967, pp. 53–54
28. Fromkin, 2004 page 156-57
29. Albertini, 1953, p. 44
30. Albertini, 1953, pp 133–34
31. Worthy, Trevor H. (1997): A survey of historical Laughing Owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) specimens in museum collections. Notornis 44(4): 241–252. PDF fulltext
32. Re Munshi Singh (1914), 20 B.C.R. 243 (B.C.C.A.)
33. Fromkin, 2004 page 183
34. News: Kaiser Starts for Norway. The New York Times. July 8, 1914. July 6, 1914.
35. Web site: 1914 Grands Prix.. May 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010755/http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1914/1914.html#acf. April 21, 2008. dead. dmy-all.
36. Web site: Delmira Agustini Biography. Poetry Soup. September 17, 2015.
37. Web site: La poetisa Delmira Agustini cuenta ahora con un memorial en la calle Andes 1206, lugar donde vivió y fue asesinada. . montevideo.com.uy . September 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061807/http://www.montevideo.com.uy/auc.aspx?228883,1,1149 . March 4, 2016 . dead .
38. News: Body Surely Hamel's; Corpse found and abandoned by fishermen that of airman . The New York Times. July 9, 1914. June 26, 2011.
39. Web site: Vienna takes the first step to war: 7 July 1914. The July Crisis: 100 Years On, 1914–2014. July 7, 2014. July 17, 2014.
40. Albertini, 1953, p 99
41. Web site: Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Search. January 2001.
42. "Storstad Bought at Montreal Sale." Toronto Sunday World July 8, 1914, 34th ed.: 6. Print.
43. French submarine sunk . 8 July 1914 . 8 . 40570 . C .
44. International Marine Engineering . 1914. S.S. Great Northern and Northern Pacific . XIX . December 1914 . 535. Aldrich Publishing Company . 6 November 2014 . .
45. Web site: Portland-Lewiston Interurban: a history of the finest electric interurban railway to run in the State of Maine . Cummings . Osmond Richard . Bangor Public Library . September 5, 2014 .
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47. Web site: Find a County . June 7, 2011 . National Association of Counties . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx . May 31, 2011 .
48. Book: Gallimore. Andrew. Occupation: Prizefighter The Freddie Welsh Story. 2006. Seren. Bridgend. 978-1-85411-395-5. 215–217.
49. Albertini, 1953, p. 168
50. News: Defeats 6,000 Federals. June 11, 2016. The New York Times. July 9, 1914. July 8, 1914.
51. Book: Krauze. Enrique. Mexico: Biography of Power. registration. 1997. HarperCollins. New York. 380.
52. Book: Janet . Lloyd . Bergere . Marie-Claire . Sun Yat-sen . 2000 . Stanford University Press . Stanford, California . 978-0-8047-4011-1 .
53. News: John D. Rockefeller Is 75. The New York Times. July 9, 1914. July 8, 1914.
54. News: Guadalajara In Rebel Hands. The New York Times. July 10, 1914. July 9, 1914.
55. Krauze 1997, p. 380
56. Fischer, p 56"
57. Web site: Laughing Gas (1914). IMDb. September 28, 2015.
58. News: Sir E. Carson In Belfast. The Times. London. July 11, 1914. 8. 40573.
59. Albertini, 1953, pp. 276–77
60. Web site: Clark. W. Leland. My Dear Campbell. The Manitoba Historical Society. History Department, Brandon University. September 25, 2015.
61. http://www.skytamer.com/4.1.1910.htm Skytamer
62. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE0DB143AE633A25750C1A9619C946596D6CF The New York Times
63. (July 10, 1914). The Real Estate Field, The New York Times ("The property, on which is the Herald Square Theatre, has a Broadway frontage of 211.5 feet, 207 feet on Thirty-fifth Street and eight-one feet on Thirty-sixth Street.")
64. Web site: The Avon Gazette and Kellerberrin News (WA : 1914 - 1916) - 10 Jul 1914 - p2. Trove. 2016-07-18.
65. Web site: California Cities by Incorporation Date . Word . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . August 25, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc . November 3, 2014 .
66. Fromkin, 2004, p. 166
67. News: 12 July 1914 . C5 . Launch New Dreadnought; Named the Nevada – Plans announced for Two Still Greater Ships . .
68. News: Plan Big Meeting For Dead Bomb Men: Demonstration in Union Square by Anti-Militarist League Announced for Tomorrow. PDF. The New York Times. 1. July 10, 1914. July 13, 2008.
69. Book: Montville. Leigh. The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth. 2006. Broadway Books. New York. 978-0-7679-1971-5. 41–44.
70. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/10962839/Daily-Telegraph-July-13-1914.html The Daily Telegraph (London) 13 July 1914.
71. Web site: Library of Congress . Library of Congress . About this Newspaper: The scimitar. . Chronicling America . . March 23, 2010.
72. Web site: Baghdad Railway. December 1, 2004. July 7, 2005.
73. Fischer, 1967, p. 58
74. Book: Treadway, John D.. The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914. 1983. Purdue University Press. 1-55753-146-3. 185–186.
75. Web site: Albania under prince Wied . Robert . Elsie . Robert Elsie . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html . July 17, 2011 . dead . January 25, 2011 .
76. Web site: Lancaster. Guy. Sebastian County Union War of 1914. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. May 1, 2017.
77. News: Gunboat Explodeds; 35 Die. The New York Times. July 13, 1914. July 12, 1914.
78. Edizioni. Panini. La Storia 1898–2004. Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio. September 2005. Modena. it.
79. Sikorsky, Igor. Story of the Winged-S: An Autobiography by Igor Sikorsky. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1938, pp. 102-117
80. http://www.rusartnet.com/russia/sport/football/history-of-russian-football History of Russian Football
81. Fromkin 2004, p. 169
82. Niven, 2001, pp. 302–303
83. Web site: Government of Ireland Act 1914. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 14 July 1914. September 24, 2015.
84. Fischer p. 56
85. Web site: About the Institute . GP Nagour . February 12, 2019.
86. News: Trail-blazer in women's education . April 16, 2003 . . May 25, 2018.
87. News: Huerta's Final Message to the Mexican Congress . The Independent . July 27, 1914 . July 24, 2012.
88. Book: Carvajal, Francisco. 1996. Enciclopedia de México. Mexico City. 1-56409-016-7.
89. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/07/16/100098012.pdf The Tsar Sends His Own Physician to Attend the Court Favorite
90. Book: Smallwood, Joseph R.. Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador Vol. 1. 1981. Newfoundland Book Publishers Ltd.. St. John's. 0-920508-14-6. 235. 1. ed., 3. print..
91. Fromkin 2004, p. 175
92. Web site: The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process. Brudnick . Ida A. . 2008. Congressional Research Service. 2009-07-25. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090718113918/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33471.pdf. 2009-07-18.
93. Eustis, H N, Fifty Years of Australian Airmails, first published July 16, 1964, limited reprint 2013 by Aviation Historical Society of Australia,, pages 5–15
94. Mason. Tim. Tom Sopwith...And His Aeroplanes 1912–1914. Air Enthusiast. December 1982. 20. 74–80.
95. Web site: History of the University . URSMU.ru . URSMU . 7 June 2019 . ru . March 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327140705/http://about.ursmu.ru/istoriya-universiteta.html . dead .
96. http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/asia/yuraku-the-first-philatelic-journal-of-japan-1914/ Yuraku: The First Philatelic Journal of Japan (1914)
97. Fischer, 1967, p. 54
98. Web site: Founding Years - UOP History . Honeywell UOP . 27 April 2019 . April 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418141552/https://www.uop.com/about-us/uop-history/founding-years-2/ . dead .
99. Andrews, C.F. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1988., pp. 45-49
100. Marten-Finnis, Susanne. Vilna As a Centre of the Modern Jewish Press, 1840–1928: Aspirations, Challenges, and Progress. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2004. p. 120
101. Fromkin p. 175
102. Book: Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. 1961. reprint. 1983. Office of Air Force History. Washington, DC. 0-912799-02-1. 61060979. 2.
103. News: Naval Spectacle At Spithead. The Times. London. July 20, 1914. 9. 40580.
104. News: Caillaux Trial Seats Expensive. The New York Times. July 19, 1914. July 18, 1914.
105. Web site: Singing Wobbly Joe Hill sentenced to death. History Channel. A+E Networks. January 2, 2016.
106. Web site: Chronology of Events – Events in years 1912–1932. Mahatma Gandhi. Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal and Gandhi Research Foundation. October 4, 2015. November 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151117215134/http://www.mkgandhi.org/chrono/under2.htm. dead.
107. Web site: Davis. Chuck. Komagata Maru. History of Vancouver. September 18, 2015.
108. News: Mackie. John. A century ago, the Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver and challenged racist policies. September 18, 2015. The Vancouver Sun. May 23, 2014.
109. Fischer, 1967, p. 61
110. Fromkin, 2004, p. 178
111. Book: Jackson. Alvin. HOME RULE, an Irish History 1800–2000. 2003. 0-7538-1767-5. 361–63.
112. Fischer, 1967, p. 64
113. Kautsky, 1924 No 82, p. 137
114. News: Caillaux Trial Today. The New York Times. July 20, 1914.
115. . O'Brien (DD-51) ii . first . January 18, 2015 .
116. Book: Strouse. L.K.. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Reports and Decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States, Volume 119. 1927. United States. Interstate Commerce Commission. May 7, 2018.
117. Web site: The Japanese Experience with Railway Constructing. nakamara. Fumitoshi. January 2004 . nber.org . University of Chicago press.
118. Chambelland. Colette. 1987. La Vie ouvrière (1909–1914). Cahiers Georges Sorel. fr. 5. 93. 10.3406/mcm.1987.946.
119. Web site: Location and History Profile: Village of Delia . . June 14, 2013 . June 19, 2013.
120. Collins, M.E., Movements for reform 1870–1914, pp.142–3, Edco Publishing (2004)
121. Scott. W. D.. Reid. Malcolm R. J.. Rainbow securing landing on Komagata Maru. July 21, 1914. 536.
122. News: Rainbow will escort Komagata to sea. Vancouver World. July 22, 1914. July 22, 1914.
123. Book: 郡山駅・会津若松駅・三春駅ほか (Koriyama Station, Aizu-Wakamatsu Station, Miharu Station, etc). 週刊 JR全駅・全車両基地. 50. 2013-08-04. Asahi Newspaper Publishing. ja. B00DNBCZL0. 27.
124. [:ja:湯田村駅]
125. Nicholson . S. B. . Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 26 . 1 . 1914 . 197–198 . 10.1086/122336 . 16586574 . 1914PASP...26..197N. 1090718 .
126. http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_53/ "Nuevos clubes afiliados", Memoria y Balance 1919–21, page 16 – Argentine Football Association Library
127. http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_2/ "Clubes afiliados", Memoria y Balance 1922, page 6
128. Book: Finkel. Caroline. Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. 2007. Basic Books.. 527.
129. Babcock . Robert H. . January 1982 . The Saint John Street Railwaymen's Strike and Riot, 1914 . . . 11 . 2 . 0044-5851 . May 13, 2016.
130. Book: Halpern. Paul G. A Naval History of World War I. 1995. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis. 978-1-55750-352-7. 58.
131. Book: M. Keith Booker. Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: S-Z. June 13, 2015. January 1, 2005. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-33568-6. 649.
132. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/austrianultimatum.htm Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia, 23 July 1914
133. Fromkin, 2004, p. 197
134. Fischer 1967, p. 65
135. News: Hindus are certain to leave the inlet early this morning. The Vancouver Sun. July 23, 1914. July 23, 1914.