Judith Heumann Explained

Judy Heumann
Office:Special Advisor for International Disability Rights
President:Barack Obama
Term Start:June 7, 2010
Term End:January 20, 2017
Predecessor:Position established
Successor:Sara Minkara (2021)
Office1:Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
President1:Bill Clinton
Term Start1:June 1993
Term End1:January 20, 2001
Predecessor1:Robert Davila
Successor1:Robert Pasternack
Birth Date:18 December 1947
Birth Place:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Death Place:Washington, D.C., U.S.[1]
Party:Democratic

Judith Ellen "Judy" Heumann (;[2] December 18, 1947March 4, 2023) was an American disability rights activist, known as the "Mother of the Disability Rights Movement". She was recognized internationally as a leader in the disability community. Heumann was a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities.[3] Her work with governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), nonprofits, and various other disability interest groups significantly contributed to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the World Bank and the State Department, Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the independent living movement.[4]

Early life and education

Heumann was born in Philadelphia, to Werner and Ilse Heumann, who were German Jewish immigrants. She was the oldest of three children and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. Her mother came to the U.S. from Germany in 1935 and her father in 1934. Heumann's grandparents, great-grandparents, and many other family members were killed in the Holocaust.[5] Her brother Joseph Heumann is a film professor and author.[6]

Heumann contracted polio at the age of 18 months, and used a wheelchair most of her life.[7] She rejected cliches about disability as a tragic experience, saying, "Disability only becomes a tragedy for me when society fails to provide the things we need to lead our lives––job opportunities or barrier-free buildings, for example. It is not a tragedy to me that I'm living in a wheelchair."

Heumann and her parents had to fight repeatedly for her to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard due to her inability to walk.[8] Instead, for three years she was given home instruction twice a week, for about an hour each visit. Heumann's mother, Ilsa Heumann, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision. Heumann was then allowed to go to a special school in the fourth grade for disabled children. Per city policy, Heumann was to return to home instruction for high school. Heumann's mother rallied against this policy with other parents who put enough pressure on the school to reverse the policy. Heumann entered high school in 1961.[9]

Heumann attended Camp Jened, a camp for children with disabilities, in Hunter, New York, every summer from ages 9 to 18. Her experiences at camp brought her a greater awareness of the shared disabled experience: "We had the same joy together, the same anger over the way we were treated and the same frustrations at opportunities we didn't have."[10] At Camp Jened, Heumann met Bobbi Linn and Freida Tankus, both of whom she later worked with as disability rights activists.[11] The 2020 Oscar-nominated documentary Crip Camp features Camp Jened campers, including Heumann.[12] [13]

Heumann graduated from Long Island University in 1969.[14] She earned a Master of Science degree in public health at the University of California, Berkeley in 1975.[15]

Heumann began making major moves toward rights for people with disabilities while attending Long Island University. She organized rallies and protests with other students with and without disabilities, demanding access to her classrooms by ramps and the right to live in a dorm. Heumann studied speech therapy.[16]

Heumann v. Board of Education of the City of New York

In 1970, Heumann was denied her New York teaching license because the Board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire. She sued the Board of Education for discrimination.[17] A local newspaper ran the headline "You Can Be President, Not Teacher, with Polio". The case settled without a trial and Heumann became the first wheelchair user to teach in New York City,[18] [19] [20] teaching elementary school there for three years.[21]

Policy work and advocacy

Disabled in Action

Heumann received much mail from disabled people around the country due to press coverage of her suit against the Board of Education. Many wrote about their experiences with discrimination because of their disabilities. Based on the outpouring of support and letters, in 1970, Heumann and several friends founded Disabled in Action (DIA), an organization focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws through political protest.[22] [23] It was originally called Handicapped in Action, but Heumann disliked that name and lobbied to change it. Early versions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 were vetoed by President Richard Nixon in October 1972 and March 1973.[24] In 1972, DIA demonstrated in New York City with a sit-in protesting one of the vetoes. Led by Heumann, 80 activists staged this sit-in on Madison Avenue, stopping traffic.[25]

Center for Independent Living

Ed Roberts asked Heumann to move to California to work for the Center for Independent Living, where she served as deputy director from 1975 to 1982. She was an early proponent of the Independent Living Movement. Heumann was responsible for the implementation of federal legislation for programs in special education, disability research, vocational rehabilitation, and independent living, serving more than 8 million youth and adults with disabilities.[26]

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare in 1974, Heumann helped develop legislation that became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.[27]

504 Sit-in

See main article: 504 Sit-in.

In 1977, U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Joseph Califano refused to sign meaningful regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.[28] To force out protesters, he issued orders that no meals or medication be allowed in the HEW federal building.[29] The protesters then contacted Delancey Street Foundation and The Salvation Army, which agreed to bring them food for the next day. Fellow protester Kitty Cone developed a way to keep medication cool by taping a box over the air conditioner unit to store the medication of the disabled protesters. The protesters were also assisted by the Black Panther Party after it received a call from Brad Lomax, a disabled protester with multiple sclerosis and member of the party. Lomax called the Black Panthers to support the protesters with meals, and the Black Panthers brought them hot meals and snacks for the duration of the sit-in. After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the 504 Sit-in at the San Francisco office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Heumann and organized by Cone, lasted 28 days, until May 4, 1977, with about 125 to 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building, .[30] Califano signed both the Education of All Handicapped Children regulations and the Section 504 regulations on April 28, 1977.[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

World Institute on Disability

Heumann co-founded the World Institute on Disability with Ed Roberts and Joan Leon in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993.[38]

Department on Disability Services

Washington, D.C. mayor Adrian Fenty appointed Heumann as the city's first Director for the Department on Disability Services, where she was responsible for the Developmental Disability Administration and the Rehabilitation Services Administration.[39]

Clinton Administration

Heumann served in the Clinton Administration as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the United States Department of Education from 1993 to 2001.[40]

World Bank

From 2002 to 2006, Heumann served as the World Bank Group's first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank's knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities. She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development.[41]

Special Advisor

In 2010, Heumann became the Special Advisor on International Disability Rights for the U.S. State Department appointed by President Barack Obama.[42] She was the first person to hold this role, and served from 2010 to 2017. During her tenure, she tried unsuccessfully to persuade the Senate to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, an international treaty modeled on the Americans with Disabilities Act.[43]

On January 20, 2017, Heumann left her post at the State Department with the arrival of a new administration. United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson disestablished the Special Advisor role in 2017.[44] The Biden administration It reestablished it.[45]

Ford Foundation

From September 2017 to April 2019, Heumann was a Senior Fellow at the Ford Foundation.[46] There, she worked to help advance the inclusion of disability in the foundation's work. She also promoted the intentional inclusion of disability in philanthropy work. Heumann, Katherine Salinas, and Michellie Hess co-wrote a paper, "Roadmap for Inclusion: Changing the Face of Disability in Media", that explores the lack of representation of disabled people in front of and behind the camera, as well as prominent stereotypes of disabled characters in the media, and concludes with a call to action to increase disabled representation in media.[47]

Author

Heumann's book, Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist, was published in 2020.

Podcast

In March 2021, Heumann began producing a biweekly podcast, The Heumann Perspective, where she spoke with disabled change-makers and their allies. The podcast featured opening music by Lachi, and featured guests such as filmmaker James LeBrecht, activists Lydia X. Z. Brown and Leroy F. Moore Jr., model Jillian Mercado, creator Spencer West and many others.[48]

Personal life and death

Heumann married Jorge Pineda in 1992.[49] They lived in Washington, D.C. She died there on March 4, 2023, at age 75.[50]

Media

Awards and recognition

Heumann was awarded seven honorary doctorates, including doctorates from Brooklyn College and New York University.[66]

Further reading

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: The World Mourns the Passing of Judy Heumann, Disability Rights Activist . Judy Heumann . March 5, 2023.
  2. Web site: A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 . YouTube . November 19, 2022 . March 7, 2023.
  3. Web site: Commons Librarian . 2023-04-14 . All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist . 2023-07-05 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
  4. Web site: World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post. February 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20101020042852/http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml. October 20, 2010. dead.
  5. Web site: Judy Heumann, Jewish American disability advocate who spurred a movement, dies at 75 The Times of Israel . 2023-03-08 . www.timesofisrael.com.
  6. Web site: Joseph Heumann . May 20, 2022 . JumpCut: A Review of Contemporary Media.
  7. News: Traub . Alex . March 5, 2023 . Judy Heumann, Who Led the Fight for Disability Rights, Dies at 75 . en-US . The New York Times . March 6, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  8. News: August 8, 2020. Judy Heumann . May 20, 2022 . ABILITY Magazine. en-US. April 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210406064637/https://abilitymagazine.com/judy-heumann/. live.
  9. Web site: January 1, 2011 . New Mobility's Person of the Year: Judith Heumann . March 5, 2023 . New Mobility . en-US.
  10. Book: Shapiro, Joseph. No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging New Civil Rights Movement. Three Rivers Press. 1994. 20.
  11. Patterson. Linda. Points of Access: Rehabilitation Centers, Summer Camps, and Student Life in the Making of Disability Activism, 1960–1973. Journal of Social History. December 1, 2012. 2. 46. 473–499. 10.1093/jsh/shs099. 145371584.
  12. News: Taylor . David A. . She's considered the mother of disability rights — and she's a 'badass' . May 26, 2021 . The Washington Post . May 25, 2021 . May 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210525232435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/judy-heuman-crip-camp-film-rights-pioneer/2021/05/21/d3ab3fa6-b278-11eb-a980-a60af976ed44_story.html . live .
  13. News: The Activist Star of 'Crip Camp' Looks Back at a Life on the Barricades. Leiderman, Deborah. The New York Times. March 25, 2020. March 25, 2020. March 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325160006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/movies/crip-camp-judy-heumann.html. live.
  14. Web site: University . Long Island . BBC Profiles World-Renowned Disability Rights Activist . December 18, 2020 . March 5, 2023 . en-US.
  15. Web site: Biography: Judith Heumann . March 5, 2023 . National Women's History Museum . en.
  16. Book: Shapiro, Joseph . No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement . Three Rivers Press . 1993 . 0-8129-2412-6 . New York . 56.
  17. Web site: Heumann v. Board of Education of the City of New York: 320 F.Supp. 623 (1970) . Leagle.com . June 27, 2019. June 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190627180040/https://www.leagle.com/decision/1970943320fsupp6231818. live.
  18. News: Malcolm. Andrew H.. May 27, 1970. Woman in Wheel Chair Sues to Become Teacher. en-US. The New York Times. November 7, 2021. 0362-4331.
  19. Web site: Change Needed in Attitude Toward People with Disabilities . Strohm . J. Elizabeth . n.d. . ADAWatch.org . May 20, 2022 . August 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070808090920/http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm . dead .
  20. Web site: Disability Social History Project. www.disabilityhistory.org. February 21, 2018. February 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180227074113/http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann. live.
  21. Web site: Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader in Disabled in Action, New York; Center for Independent Living, Berkeley; World Institute on Disability; and the US Department of Education, 1960s–2000. November 7, 2021. oac.cdlib.org.
  22. Web site: Judith Heumann. www.ilusa.com. February 21, 2018. April 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404230949/http://www.ilusa.com/articles/0223021judith_heumann.htm. dead.
  23. Web site: Disabled In Action: Photos (Judy Heumann). www.disabledinaction.org. January 2000 . February 21, 2018. March 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105642/http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html. live.
  24. Web site: The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Independence Bound | ACL Administration for Community Living. acl.gov. March 27, 2020. March 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200327023200/https://acl.gov/news-and-events/acl-blog/rehabilitation-act-1973-independence-bound. live.
  25. Web site: Disability History Timeline . 2002 . Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management . . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm . December 20, 2013 . dead .
  26. Web site: Judith Heumann, USA Independent Living Institute . March 5, 2023 . www.independentliving.org.
  27. Web site: Litvinov . Amanda . NEA Honors Disability Rights Activist Judith Heumann NEA . March 5, 2023 . www.nea.org . en.
  28. Web site: Short History of the 504 Sit in. dredf.org. April 4, 2013. February 4, 2015. February 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150205005210/http://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/. live.
  29. Book: Heumann, Judith. Being Heumann. Beacon Press. 2020. 978-0-8070-1929-0. Boston. 113–114. English.
  30. News: Lu. Wendy. March 26, 2021. Overlooked No More: Kitty Cone, Trailblazer of the Disability Rights Movement. en-US. The New York Times. March 27, 2021. March 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210326233649/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/obituaries/kitty-cone-overlooked.html. live.
  31. Book: Shapiro, Joseph. No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement. Three Rivers Press. 1994. New York. 69–70.
  32. Web site: Disability History Timeline. 2002. Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm. December 20, 2013. dead.
  33. Web site: The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley. October 6, 2014. December 25, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111225060906/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/resources/timeline.html. live.
  34. Web site: Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities. October 6, 2014. October 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009092308/http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann. live.
  35. Web site: EDGE – Curriculum – Biology. disabilityhistory.org. February 4, 2015. January 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052011/http://www.disabilityhistory.org/dwa/edge/curriculum/gov_contenta7.htm. live.
  36. Web site: Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s–1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977. cdlib.org. February 4, 2015. January 28, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132657/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt1w1001mt&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text. live.
  37. Encyclopedia: Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from Encyclopedia of American Disability History. Encyclopedia of American Disability History. February 4, 2015. January 28, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132019/http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=EADH0161&DataType=AmericanHistory&WinType=Free. live.
  38. Web site: November 2, 2015. WID's Founders. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010004506/https://wid.org/resources/wids-founders/. dead. October 10, 2017. November 7, 2021. World Institute on Disability. en-US.
  39. Web site: Judy Heumann Advocate For Rights Of Disabled People judithheumann. November 7, 2021. Judy Heumann. en-US.
  40. Web site: Heumann, Judith E.. November 7, 2021. U.S. Department of State.
  41. Web site: Judith E. Heumann . U.S. Department of State.
  42. Web site: Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography. February 21, 2018. September 13, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100913005735/http://dds.dc.gov/dds/cwp/view,A,3,Q,496289.asp. dead.
  43. News: Seldin . Jeff . January 10, 2014 . UN Disability Accord Faces Battle in US Senate . Voice of America News . March 7, 2023.
  44. Web site: Call to Action – Office of International Disability Rights . United States International Council on Disabilities . March 14, 2021 . January 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116075252/https://usicd.org/call-to-action-2/ . live .
  45. Web site: House . The White . December 2, 2021 . A Proclamation on International Day Of Persons With Disabilities, 2021 . March 5, 2023 . The White House . en-US.
  46. Web site: Ford Foundation names Judy Heumann senior fellow . Ford Foundation . September 14, 2017 . November 7, 2021.
  47. Web site: Changing the face of disability in media . Ford Foundation . April 2019 . November 7, 2021.
  48. Web site: Judith Heumann on NYU Commencement and Disability Activism . NYU News . May 17, 2022 . May 17, 2022.
  49. News: Shapiro . Joseph . March 4, 2023 . Activist Judy Heumann led a reimagining of what it means to be disabled . NPR . March 4, 2023.
  50. Web site: March 5, 2023 . Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died . March 5, 2023 . HuffPost . en.
  51. Web site: TED talk: Our fight for disability rights – and we're not done yet. July 12, 2019. February 16, 2020. February 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200216043859/https://commonslibrary.org/ted-talk-our-fight-for-disability-rights/. live.
  52. Web site: Kohn . Eric . January 23, 2020 . 'Crip Camp' Review: A Stirring Look at the Roots of the Disability Rights Movement in a Hippy Summer Camp – IndieWire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200216042958/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/crip-camp-review-netflix-sundance-1202205370/amp/ . February 16, 2020 . February 16, 2020 . Indiewire.com.
  53. Grace Meng (NY). "Women's Entrepreneurship Day 2021". Congressional Record. 177th Congress. Vol. 167. No. 201. (November 18, 2021). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2021-11-18/pdf/CREC-2021-11-18-pt1-PgE1257-4.pdf#page=1
  54. Web site: BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? . December 10, 2022 . BBC News . en-GB.
  55. News: Judith Heumann, Jewish disability advocate who spurred a movement, dies at 75. David A. M.. Wilensky. J . March 7, 2023.
  56. Web site: 2020 Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards . The Viscardi Center . January 28, 2021 . February 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210207021607/https://www.viscardicenter.org/about/hvaa/ . live .
  57. Web site: Fifth Annual Critics Choice Documentary Award Winners Revealed. Fisher. Jack. November 18, 2020. EURweb. November 19, 2020. October 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211003214339/https://eurweb.com/2020/11/17/fifth-annual-critics-choice-documentary-award-winners-revealed/. live.
  58. Web site: President's Award. August 29, 2016. Society for Disability Studies. en-US. June 26, 2019. June 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203024/http://disstudies.org/index.php/awards/presidents-award/. live.
  59. Web site: Events – United States International Council on Disabilities . March 5, 2023 . en-US.
  60. Web site: InterAction Honors Judy Heuman with Lifetime Achievement award . February 5, 2023 . MIUSA . en-US.
  61. Web site: Berkeley disability activists receive peace award in emotional ceremony. July 21, 2014. February 21, 2018. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080919/http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_26190156/berkeley-disability-activists-receive-peace-award-emotional-ceremony. live.
  62. Web site: Personal Assistance Services Toolkit . February 5, 2023 . Vermont Center for Independent Living . en-US.
  63. Book: American Rehabilitation: AR. . 1990 . U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, [Rehabilitation Services Administration] . en.
  64. Web site: Judith Heumann Disability Rights Advocacy Award . March 5, 2023 . diversity.ku.edu . en.
  65. Web site: Judy Heumann . March 5, 2023 . American Civil Liberties Union . en-US.
  66. Web site: Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died . March 5, 2023 . news.yahoo.com . March 5, 2023 . en-US.

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