Judit Polgár Explained

Judit Polgár
Country:	Hungary
Birth Date:	23 July 1976
Birth Place:	Budapest, Hungary
Grandmaster (1991)
Rating:	(inactive since September 2015)
Peakrating:	2735 (July 2005)
Fideid:	700070

Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster, widely regarded as the strongest female chess player of all time. In 1991, Polgár achieved the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years and 4 months, at the time the youngest to have done so, breaking the record previously held by former world champion Bobby Fischer. She was the youngest player ever to break into the FIDE top 100 players rating list, ranking No. 55 in the January 1989 rating list, at the age of 12.^[1]

Polgár is the only woman to have been a serious candidate for the World Chess Championship, in which she participated in 2005; she had previously participated in large, 100-player-plus knockout tournaments for the world championship. She is also the only woman to have surpassed 2700 Elo, reaching a peak world ranking of No. 8 in 2004 and peak rating of 2735 in 2005.^{[2] [3]} She is the only woman to be ranked in the top ten of all chess players, first reaching that ranking in 1996. She was the No. 1 rated woman in the world from January 1989 until her retirement on 13 August 2014.

She has won or shared first in the chess tournaments of Hastings 1993, Madrid 1994, León 1996, U.S. Open 1998, Hoogeveen 1999, Sigeman & Co 2000, Japfa 2000, and the Najdorf Memorial 2000.^[4] Polgár is the only woman to have won a game against a reigning world number one player, and has defeated eleven current or former world champions in either rapid or classical chess: Magnus Carlsen, Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov, Veselin Topalov, Viswanathan Anand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Alexander Khalifman, and Rustam Kasimdzhanov.^[5]

On 13 August 2014, she announced her retirement from competitive chess.^{[6] [7] [8]} In June 2015, Polgár was elected as the new captain and head coach of the Hungarian national men's team.^[9] On 20 August 2015, she received Hungary's highest decoration, the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.^[10] In 2021, Polgár was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame.^[11]

Early life

Polgár was born on 23 July 1976 in Budapest to a Hungarian-Jewish family.^[12] Polgár and her two older sisters, Grandmaster Susan and International Master Sofia, were part of an educational experiment carried out by their father, László Polgár, in an attempt to prove that children could make exceptional achievements if trained in a specialist subject from a very early age. "Geniuses are made, not born," was László's thesis. He and his wife Klára educated their three daughters at home, with chess as the specialist subject.^[13] László also taught his three daughters the international language Esperanto. They received resistance from Hungarian authorities as home-schooling was not a "socialist" approach. They also received criticism at the time from some Western commentators for depriving the sisters of a normal childhood.

Traditionally, chess had been a male-dominated activity, and women were often seen as weaker players, thus advancing the idea of a Women's World Champion.^[14] However, from the beginning, László was against the idea that his daughters had to participate in female-only events. "Women are able to achieve results similar, in fields of intellectual activities, to that of men," he wrote. "Chess is a form of intellectual activity, so this applies to chess. Accordingly, we reject any kind of discrimination in this respect."^[15] This put the Polgárs in conflict with the Hungarian Chess Federation of the day, whose policy was for women to play in women-only tournaments. Polgár's older sister, Susan, first fought the bureaucracy by playing in men's tournaments and refusing to play in women's tournaments. In 1985, when she was a 15-year-old International Master, Susan said that it was due to this conflict that she had not been awarded the Grandmaster title despite having made the norm eleven times.^[16]

Career

Polgár rarely played in women-specific tournaments or divisions and has never competed for the Women's World Championship: "I always say that women should have the self-confidence that they are as good as male players, but only if they are willing to work and take it seriously as much as male players."^[17] While László Polgár has been credited with being an excellent chess coach,^[18] the Polgárs had also employed professional chessplayers to train their daughters, including Hungarian champion IM Tibor Florian, GM Pal Benko, and Russian GM Alexander Chernin.^{[19] [20] [21]} Susan Polgár, the eldest of the sisters, 5½ years older than Sophia and 7 years older than Judit, was the first of the sisters to achieve prominence in chess by winning tournaments, and by 1986, she was the world's top-rated female chess player.^{[22] [23]} Initially, being the youngest, Judit was separated from her sisters while they were in training. However, this only served to increase Judit's curiosity. After she had learned the rules, they discovered Judit was able to find solutions to the problems they were studying, and she began to be invited into the group.^[24] One evening, Susan was studying an endgame with their trainer, a strong International Master. Unable to find the solution, they woke Judit, who was asleep in bed and carried her into the training room. Still half asleep, Judit showed them how to solve the problem, after which they put her back to bed.^[25] László Polgár's experiment would produce a family of one international master and two grandmasters and would strengthen the argument for nurture over nature, as well as prove women could be chess grandmasters.^[26]

Child prodigy

Trained in her early years by her sister Susan, who ultimately became Women's World Champion, Judit Polgár was a chess prodigy from an early age. At age 5, she defeated a family friend without looking at the board. After the game, the friend joked: "You are good at chess, but I'm a good cook." Judit replied: "Do you cook without looking at the stove?"^[27] However, according to Susan, Judit was not the sister with the most talent, explaining: "Judit was a slow starter, but very hard-working."^[28] Polgár described herself at that age as "obsessive" about chess.^[29] She first defeated an International Master, Dolfi Drimer, at age 10 and a grandmaster, Lev Gutman, at age 11.^{[30] [31]}

Judit started playing in tournaments at 6 years old, and by age 9 her rating with the Hungarian Chess Federation was 2080. She was a member of a chess club in Budapest, where she would get experience from master level players. In 1984 in Budapest, Sophia and Judit, at the time 9 and 7 years of age, respectively, played two games of blindfold chess against two masters, which they won. At one point the girls complained that one of their opponents was playing too slowly and suggested a clock should be used.

In April 1986, 9-year-old Judit played in her first rated tournament in the U.S., finishing first in the unrated section of the New York Open, winning US$1,000.^[32] All three Polgár sisters competed. Susan, 16, competed in the grandmaster section and had a victory against GM Walter Browne, and Sophia, 11, finished second in her section, but Judit gathered most of the attention in the tournament. Grandmasters would drop by to watch the serious, quiet child playing. She won her first seven games before drawing the final game. Although the unrated section had many of the weaker players in the Open, it also had players of expert strength who were foreign to the United States and had not been rated yet. Milorad Boskovic related a conversation with Judit's sixth-round opponent, a Yugoslav player he knew to be a strong expert: "He told me he took some chances in the game because he couldn't believe she was going to attack so well."^[33] Not able to speak English, her mother interpreted as she told a reporter her goal was to be a chess professional. When the reporter asked her if she would be world champion one day, Judit answered: "I will try."^[34]

In late 1986, 10-year-old Judit defeated 52-year-old Romanian IM Dolfi Drimer in the Adsteam Lidums International Tournament in Adelaide, Australia. Edmar Mednis said he played his best game of the tournament in beating Judit: "I was careful in that game... Grandmasters don't like to lose to 10-year-old girls, because then we make the front page of all the papers."^[35]

In April 1988, Polgár made her first International Master norm in the International B section of the New York Open.^[36] In August 1988, she won the under-12 "Boys" section of the World Youth Chess and Peace Festival in Timișoara, Romania.^{[37] [38]} In October 1988, she finished first in a 10-player round-robin tournament in London, scoring 7–2, for a half point lead over Israeli GM Yair Kraidman.^[39] With these three results, she completed the requirements for the International Master title; at the time, she was the youngest player ever to have achieved this distinction.^[40] Both Bobby Fischer and Garry Kasparov were 14 when they were awarded the title; Polgár was 12.^[41] It was during this time that former world champion Mikhail Tal said Polgár had the potential to win the World Championship.

Judit was asked about playing against boys instead of in the girls' section of tournaments: "These other girls are not serious about chess... I practice five or six hours a day, but they get distracted by cooking and work around the house."^[41]

In November 1988, Judit and her sisters, along with Ildikó Mádl, represented Hungary in the Women's section of the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki. The International Chess Federation would not permit the Polgárs to play against men in team competitions.^[42] Prior to the tournament, Eduard Gufeld, Soviet GM and team coach for the Soviet women's team, dismissed the Polgárs: "I believe that these girls are going to lose a good part of their quickly acquired image in the 28th Olympiad... Afterward we are going to know if the Hungarian sisters are geniuses or just women!"^[43] However, the Hungarian women's team won the championship, which marked the first time it was not won by the Soviet Union. Judit played board 2 and finished the tournament with the highest score of 12½–½ to win the individual gold medal.^[44] She also won the brilliancy prize for her game against Pavlina Angelova.^[45]

In the January 1989 Elo rating list, at the age of 12, she was rated 2555, which was number 55 in the world and 35 rating points ahead of the Women's World Champion Maia Chiburdanidze. In the six months since the previous list, she had gained a remarkable 190 rating points.^{[46] [47]} Judit's quiet and modest demeanour at the board contrasted with the intensity of her playing style. David Norwood, British GM, in recalling Judit beating him when he was an established player and she was just a child, described her as "this cute little auburn-haired monster who crushed you."^[48] British journalist Dominic Lawson wrote about 12-year-old Judit's "killer" eyes and how she would stare at her opponent: "The irises are so grey, so dark they are almost indistinguishable from the pupils. Set against her long red hair, the effect is striking."^[49]

Before age 13, she had broken into the top 100 players in the world and the British Chess Magazine declared: "Judit Polgár's recent results make the performances of Fischer and Kasparov at a similar age pale by comparison."^[27] British GM Nigel Short called Judit "one of the three or four greatest chess prodigies in history". However, Kasparov expressed early doubts: "She has fantastic chess talent, but she is, after all, a woman. It all comes down to the imperfections of the feminine psyche. No woman can sustain a prolonged battle."^[50] Later in life, however, after he had lost a rapid game against Polgár himself in 2002, Kasparov revised his opinion: "The Polgárs showed that there are no inherent limitations to their aptitude—an idea that many male players refused to accept until they had unceremoniously been crushed by a twelve-year-old with a ponytail."^[51]

In 1989, Polgár tied with Boris Gelfand for third in the OHRA Open in Amsterdam, earning her first Grandmaster norm.^{[52] [53]}

By now, numerous books and articles had been written about the Polgár sisters, making them famous even outside of the world of chess. In 1989, American President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara met with the Polgárs during their visit to Hungary.^[54] Although not released until 1996, in 1990 a documentary about children playing chess, Chess Kids, featuring Polgár, was filmed. The documentary did not include an interview with Polgár as her father required payment.^{[55] [56]}

In 1990, Judit won the Boys section of the under-14 in the World Youth Chess Festival in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.^[57] Also in 1990, Judit and her sisters represented Hungary in the Women's Olympiad, winning the gold medal. It was the last women-only tournament in which Judit would ever participate.^[58]

In October 1991, Judit finished with 5½–3½, tied for third for fifth position with Zoltán Ribli and John Nunn, at a tournament in Vienna.^{[59] [60]}

Grandmaster

In December 1991, Polgár achieved the grandmaster title by winning the Hungarian National Championship, at the time the youngest ever at 15 years, 4 months to have achieved the title. This beat Fischer's record by a month.^{[61] [62] [63] [64]} This made her both the first woman to be the youngest-ever grandmaster and the fourth woman to become a grandmaster (after Nona Gaprindashvili, Maia Chiburdanidze and Polgar's sister Susan).^[61] With this, Polgar also beat her sister Susan's record for youngest-ever female grandmaster, obtained earlier in January 1991, by over 7 years. Hungary, one of the strongest chess-playing countries, had all but one of their strongest players participate in that year's championship, as only Zoltán Ribli was missing. Going into the last round, Polgár needed only a draw to achieve the GM title, but she won her game against GM Tibor Tolnai to finish first, with six points in nine games.^[65]

In 1992, Polgár tied for second, behind Anatoly Karpov at the Madrid International in Linares. She and Russian GM Vladimir Epishin finished with 5½–3½.^[66] In July 1992, she placed second in the Reshevsky Memorial in Manhattan finishing with four wins, five draws and no losses.^[67] In September 1992, Polgár participated in a tournament held in Aruba in which a team of senior men's players competed against a team of top women players. The men's team consisted of Lev Polugaevsky, Wolfgang Uhlmann, Oscar Panno, Efim Geller, Borislav Ivkov and Vasily Smyslov. The women's team consisted of Judit and Zsuzsa Polgár, Pia Cramling, Chiburdanidze, Ketevan Arakhamia and Alisa Galliamova. The men won the tournament 39–33. The overall high scorer was Polugaevsky, 57 years old with Polgár, 16, finishing second with 7½–4½.^[68]

Polgár then tied for first in the Hastings tournament held over New Year's, 1992–93. Russian GM Evgeny Bareev, at the time ranked eighth in the world, led going into tournament's last round, but was defeated by Polgár in their second individual game, allowing her to share first.^[69] Immediately following the Hastings tournament, Polgár played an exhibition match in February against former World Champion, Boris Spassky. She won the match 5½–4½ and won $110,000, the largest prize money to that point in her career.^[70] Polgár also participated in the Melody Amber tournament in Monaco which featured a blindfold tournament of 12 grandmasters. Anand and Karpov finished first, Ljubojević third, while Polgár finished in clear fourth with 6½ points from 11 rounds, ahead of other strong GMs such as Ivanchuk, Short, Korchnoi and her sister Susan.^{[71] [72]}

In 1993, Polgár became the first woman to ever qualify for an Interzonal tournament. In March, she finished in a four-way tie for second place in the Budapest Zonal and won the tiebreaking tournament.^{[73] [74] [75]} She then confirmed her status as one of the world's leading players, narrowly failing to qualify for the Candidates Tournaments at the rival FIDE and PCA Interzonal tournaments.^{[76] [77]}

In the summer of 1993, Bobby Fischer stayed for a time in the Polgár household. He had been living in seclusion in Yugoslavia due to an arrest warrant issued by the United States for violating the U.N. blockade of Yugoslavia with his 1992 match against Spassky. Susan Polgár met Bobby with her family and persuaded him to come out of hiding "in a cramped hotel room in a small Yugoslavian village". During his stay, he played many games of Fischer random chess and helped the sisters analyse their games. Susan said, while he was friendly on a personal level and recalled mostly pleasant moments as their guest, there were conflicts due to his political views. On the suggestion of a friend of Fischer, a match of blitz chess between Fischer and Polgár was arranged and announced to the press. However, problems ensued between Fischer and László Polgár and Fischer cancelled the match, telling a friend who asked if the match would take place, "No, they're Jewish."^{[78] [79] [80]}

In the summer of 1994, Polgár had the greatest success of her career to that point, when she won the Madrid International in Spain. Against a field which included Gata Kamsky, Evgeny Bareev, Valery Salov and Ivan Sokolov, she finished 7–2 and 1½ points ahead of second place.^{[81] [82]} Her performance rating for the tournament was 2778 against an opposition rated at 2672.^[83]

In October 1994, she played in a tournament in Buenos Aires which was a tribute to an ailing Polugaevsky. Eight grandmasters participated, all considered contenders for the world championship: Karpov, Anand, Salov, Ivanchuk, Kamsky, Shirov, Ljubojević and Polgár. The tournament was unusual as Black in each game was required to play a Sicilian Defence, since Polugaevsky was considered the all-time authority on the opening.^[84] This was to Polgár's advantage as it was her favourite. Against the elite competition she finished tied for third with Ivanchuk.^{[85] [86]}

In September 1995, Polgár finished third with a score of 7–4 in the Donner Memorial in Amsterdam, behind Jan Timman and Julio Granda, who tied for first, and ahead of Yasser Seirawan, Alexander Huzman, Alexei Shirov, Alexander Khalifman, Alexander Morozevich and Valery Salov.^[87] She secured a clear third place with a 21-move win over Shirov in her last game.^{[88] [89]} In the Antillean island of Aruba in November 1995, she played in a friendly match against Jeroen Piket of the Netherlands, at the time one of the top players in Europe. Despite being closely matched in ratings, Polgár won the match 6–2.^[90]

In 1995, the Isle of Lewis chess club in Scotland attempted to arrange a game between Polgár and Nigel Short in which the famous Lewis chessmen would be used. The Lewis chessmen is a chess set carved in the 12th century. However, the British Museum refused to release the set despite assurances that the players would wear gloves. Scottish member of parliament Calum MacDonald pointed out that the set would be safe, especially as chess was not a contact sport.^[91] In the end, the Museum allowed the chess set to be displayed at the Isle of Lewis festival tournament, but they were not used in any games. Polgár won the double round-robin tournament of four GMs, scoring five points in the six games and winning both her games against Short.^{[92] [93]}

Kasparov touch-move controversy

At Linares 1994, Polgár lost a controversial game to the World Champion Garry Kasparov. The tournament marked the first time the 17-year-old Polgár was invited to compete with the world's strongest players. After four games she had two points.^[94] During her game with Kasparov in the fifth round, Kasparov gradually outplayed her and had a clear advantage after 35 moves.^[95] On his 36th move, the World Champion reportedly changed his mind about the move of a knight, and moved the piece to a different square.^{[96] [97]} According to chess rules, once a player has released a piece, the move must stand, so if Kasparov did remove his hand, he should have been required to play his original move. Polgár did not challenge Kasparov in the moment, because, she stated, "I was playing the World Champion and didn't want to cause unpleasantness during my first invitation to such an important event. I was also afraid that if my complaint was overruled I would be penalized on the clock when we were in time pressure." She did, however, look questioningly at the arbiter, Carlos Falcon, who witnessed the incident and took no action.

The incident was caught on tape by a crew from the Spanish television company PVS, and the videotape showed that Kasparov's fingers had left the knight.^{[98] [99]} Tournament director Carlos Falcon did not forfeit Kasparov when this evidence was made available to him.^[100] As U.S. chess journalist Shelby Lyman pointed out, in the majority of sports "instant replays" do not overrule a referee's original decision and chess is no exception.^[101] At the time the video had not been publicly released, at the request of tournament sponsor Luis Rentero, but it is now available on Youtube . At one point Polgár reportedly confronted Kasparov in the hotel bar, asking him, "How could you do this to me?" Following this incident, Kasparov bluntly told an interviewer "... she just publicly said I was cheating. ... I think a girl of her age should be taught some good manners before making such statements."^[102] Subsequently, Kasparov refused to speak to her for three years. Kasparov told reporters that his conscience was clear, as he was not aware of his hand leaving the piece.^[103] Although Polgár recovered by the end of the tournament, she went into a slump over the next six rounds, gaining only half a point.^[94] The incident may also have had an effect on Kasparov, who turned out a subpar performance in the tournament.

Strongest female player ever

Polgár is generally considered the strongest female chess player of all time.^[104] In January 1996, she became the only woman ever to be ranked in the top ten of all chess players.^[105] In August 1996, she participated in a very strong 10-player tournament in Vienna. There was a three-way tie for first between Karpov, Topalov and Boris Gelfand and a three-way tie for fourth between Kramnik, Polgár and Lékó.^{[106] [107]} In December 1996, Polgár played a match in São Paulo against Brazil's champion Gilbert Milos. The four games were played at 30 moves an hour with 30 minutes for the remainder of the game. Polgár won two, drew one and lost one and won $12,000 in prize money.^[108]

In February 1997, she played in the Linares "supertournament" which Kasparov won by edging out Kramnik. Polgár finished in clear fifth position in the 12-GM tournament, ahead of Anand, Ivanchuk, Gelfand and Shirov.^{[109] [110]} Her result was considered exceptional considering the strength of the tournament, average 2701, and she was praised for her tactical skills in her game against Ivanchuk.^[111] In April 1997, she played in the Dos Hermanas Chess tournament, a single-round robin category XIX event of 10 of the world's best players. She finished in sixth place with an even score of 4½–4½.^{[112] [113]} In June 1997, she finished with an even score, 4½–4½, in the Madrid 10-player GM tournament won by Topalov.^[114] In July 1997, Polgár competed in the elite Dortmund International Tournament. She finished in fifth in the strong field of ten, ahead of players such as Anatoly Karpov.^[115] In the tournament, she won playing with the black pieces against Veselin Topalov, at the time ranked fourth in the world. Topalov had the advantage until Polgár executed a deep positional sacrifice.^[116] In October 1997, she tied for second in a double round-robin tournament of four grandmasters in the VAM International Tournament in Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.^[117]

"There has long been a lively debate about who is the strongest player of all", wrote GM Robert Byrne in his New York Times column of 26 August 1997. "Prominent candidates are Bobby Fischer, Garry Kasparov, Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine or Emanuel Lasker. But there is no argument about the greatest female player: she is 21-year-old Judit Polgár."^[115]

In January 1998, she played in the category XVII event, the Hoogovens in Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands, in which 14 of the world's top grandmasters participated. She finished in the middle of the pack, tied for sixth–tenth position with Karpov, Topalov and Jeroen Piket and an even score of 6½ points in thirteen games. Polgár handed co-winner Viswanathan Anand his only loss of the tournament.^{[118] [119]} In June 1998 in Budapest, Polgár played an eight-game match of "action" chess, which is 30 minutes for the entire game, against Anatoly Karpov. She won the match 5–3 by winning two games with the remaining ending in draws. At the time Karpov was the FIDE World Champion.^[120] In August 1998, Polgár became the first woman to ever win the U.S. Open, which was held at the Kona Surf Resort in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. She shared the tournament victory with GM Boris Gulko as each scored 8–1. Typical of her aggressive style was her victory against GM Georgi Kacheishvili in which she sacrificed her queen for the attack.^[121] In October 1998, Polgár won the VAM four-grandmaster tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands by 1½ points over Jan Timman.^{[122] [123]} In November 1998, Polgár played in the Wydra Memorial Rapid chess tournament in Israel. She tied for first with Viswanathan Anand as both scored 11½ out of the 14 games. Anand won the tournament in a tie-break game over Polgár.^[124]

In the two years since Polgár became the first woman to ever break into the top 10, her rating had dropped. Although she was in the top 20, this had the effect of her being invited less frequently to the strongest tournaments.^[122]

In October 1999, Polgár participated in the four-player GM section of the VAM Chess tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands. Jan Timman led early in the tournament, but Polgár staged a comeback scoring 3 points in the last 4 games to share first place. Anatoly Karpov finished in third and Darmen Sadvakasov fourth.^[125]

In January 2000, Polgár had, for her, a disappointing result in a tournament in Pamplona, Spain, which was won by Nigel Short. She finished with only 4 points from 9 games, tied for 6–7 place with Jan Timman, who had also played below his rating.^[126] Polgár had another disappointing result later in the month in the category XVIII tournament in Corus Wijk aan Zee which was won by Kasparov. She did not win a game until the 11th round and finished with 5 points in 13 games, tied with Victor Korchnoi for 11–12 position among the fourteen GMs.^[127] However, in the European Teams Championship in Batumi, Georgia, also in January, she won the gold medal playing Board 2, scoring 6½–2½.^[128]

In April and May 2000, Polgár won one of the strongest tournaments ever held in Asia. The Japfa Classic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, was a category XVI event of 10 players which included Alexander Khalifman–at the time FIDE world champion– and Anatoly Karpov–his predecessor.^[129] Going into the last round four players, Polgár, Khalifman, Karpov and Gilberto Milos were tied, but Polgár won her game over Brazilian GM Milos while Khalifman and Karpov played against each other in a draw. Polgár finished clear first with 6½–2½, winning the $20,000 first place prize money.^{[130] [131] [132]} At the end of May, she won the Sigeman & Company International Tournament in Malmö, Sweden. She finished the four-player double round-robin tournament scoring 4 points, with Jan Timman at 3½ with Ulf Andersson and Tiger Hillarp-Persson finishing in that order.^[133] In June 2000, she played in the GM Tournament Mérida, State of Yucatán, finishing in second place a half point behind Alexei Shirov. In September 2000, she shared first place in the Najdorf Chess Festival with Viktor Bologan, ahead of Nigel Short and Anatoly Karpov.^[134] In October and November, she represented Hungary playing board 3 in the 34th Chess Olympiad. While the Hungarian team narrowly missed winning the bronze medal, Polgár finished 10/13 for the second highest points total of any player in the Olympiad^[135] and a rated performance level of 2772.^[136]

In late February and early March 2001, Polgár played in the elite Linares double round-robin invitational of six of the world's strongest players. The tournament was Kasparov's triumph as he scored 7½ points in 10 games. The other five participants, Polgár, Karpov, Shirov, Grischuk and Lékó all finished with 4½ for second and last position. However, Polgár drew both her games with Kasparov, the first time in her career she had done this under tournament time controls.^{[137] [138] [139] [140]} In March 2001, she reached the semifinals of the World Cup rapid play tournament in Cannes. She made it to the final four from the 16 grandmasters in the tournament. She lost the semifinal match to Evgeny Bareev, who in turn lost to Kasparov. In a quarterfinal playoff blitz game, she forced Joël Lautier, France's strongest player, to resign in 12 moves when she won his queen which resulted in the audience of several hundred bursting into applause. In June 2001, Polgár finished fourth in the European Championship in Ohrid, Macedonia, a 13-round Swiss-system tournament of 143 Grandmasters and 38 IMs.^[141] In October 2001, she tied for first with GM Loek van Wely in the Essent Tourney in Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.^[142]

Making history

In September 2002, in the Russia versus the Rest of the World Match, Polgár finally defeated Garry Kasparov in a game. The tournament was played under rapid rules with 25 minutes per game and a 10-second bonus increment per move. She won the game with exceptional positional play. Kasparov with black chose the Berlin Defence instead of his usual Sicilian, and Polgár proceeded with a line which Kasparov had used himself. Polgár was able to attack Kasparov's king (which was still in the centre of the board) with her rooks, and when he was two pawns down, Kasparov resigned.^[143] The game helped the World team win the match 52–48.^[144] Upon resigning, Kasparov immediately left by a passageway barred to journalists and photographers. Kasparov had once described Polgár as a "circus puppet" and asserted that women chess players should stick to having children. Polgár called the game "one of the most remarkable moments of [her] career".^[145] The game was historic as it was the first time in chess history that a female player beat the world's No. 1 player in competitive play.^[146] An interview with Polgár including video of the match was included in the BBC Witness radio program in 2016.^[147]

In October and November 2002, Polgár played on second board (with Péter Lékó on first) for Hungary in the 35th Chess Olympiad. While not having the stunning performance as she had in the 2000 Olympiad, she helped Hungary attain the silver medal for the event. While the Hungarians had the best win–loss record of the tournament as a team and lost only a single game of the 56 they played, they had won most of their matches by 2½–1½ scores, while the Russian team won gold as they piled up the points. However, Hungary gave the gold-winning Russian team its only defeat. Polgár's fourth-round game against Azerbaijan's Shakhriyar Mamedyarov included a brilliant 12.Nxf7, drawing his king into the center of the board.^{[148] [149]}

By early 2003, Polgár had worked her way back into the top 10 rated players in the world.^{[150] [151]} In 2003, Polgár scored one of her best results: an undefeated clear second place in the Category XIX Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands, just a half-point behind future world champion Viswanathan Anand and a full point ahead of then-world champion Vladimir Kramnik. One of the highlight games of the tournament was Polgár's fourth round crushing victory over Anatoly Karpov. She played a novelty in the opening which she devised over the board. The game lasted 33 moves with Karpov down two pawns and his king exposed. Polgár admitted to "enjoying herself" by the end of the game.^[152] In April 2003, Polgár finished second in The Hunguest Hotels Super Tournament in Budapest behind Nigel Short. She appeared headed for a first-place victory in the tournament, but lost her game against compatriot Péter Lékó.^{[153] [154] [155]} In June 2003, Polgár finished tied for third with Boris Gelfand, in the Enghien-les-Bains International Tournament in France, scoring 5½–3½, behind Evgeny Bareev who won the tournament and GM Michael Adams.^[156] In August 2003, Polgár played an eight-game rapid chess match in Mainz, Germany against Viswanathan Anand, billed as the "Battle of the Sexes". After six games each player had won three games. Anand won the final two games to win the match.^{[157] [158]} In October 2003, Polgár won the 4–grandmaster Essent tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands. In one of her games against Karpov, he blundered, allowing Polgár to utilize a famous double bishop sacrifice first employed by Emanuel Lasker against Bauer in 1889.^{[159] [160] [161] [162]}

In 2004, Polgár took some time off from chess to give birth to her son, Olivér. She was consequently considered inactive and not listed on the January 2005 FIDE rating list. Her sister Susan reactivated her playing status during this period and temporarily became the world's No. 1 ranked female player again.^[163]

Polgár returned to chess at the prestigious Corus chess tournament on 15 January 2005. The tournament, which was now considered by some as the most important in Europe, was won by fellow Hungarian Péter Lékó while Polgár scored 7/13 to tie for fourth with Alexander Grischuk, Michael Adams and Kramnik.^[164] She was therefore relisted in the April 2005 FIDE rating list, gaining a few rating points for her better-than-par performance at Corus. In May she also had a better-than-par performance at a strong tournament in Sofia, Bulgaria, finishing third.^[165] This brought her to her highest ever rating, 2735, in the July 2005 FIDE list and enabled her to retain her spot as the eighth ranked player in the world.^{[166] [167]}

In September 2005, Polgár once again made history as she became the first woman to play in the final stages of the World Chess Championship qualification; she had previously participated in large, 100+ player knockout tournaments for the world championship, but this was a small 8-player invitational. However, she performed poorly, coming last of the eight competitors.^[168] However, in her game against Veselin Topalov, Polgár pushed the eventual tournament winner and world champion to a seven-hour marathon before succumbing.^[169]

She did not play at the 2006 Linares tournament because she was pregnant again. On 6 July 2006, she gave birth to a girl, Hanna.

Polgár participated in the FIDE world blitz championship on 5–7 September 2006 in Rishon Le Zion, Israel. Blitz chess is played with each player having only 5 minutes for all moves. The round-robin tournament of 16 of some of the strongest players in the world, concluded with Alexander Grischuk finally edging out Peter Svidler in a tie-break to win the tournament. Polgár finished tied for fifth/sixth place, winning $5,625 for the three-day tournament.^{[170] [171]} Polgár tied with Boris Gelfand with 9½ points and won her individual game against Viswanathan Anand, at the time the world's No. 2 player.^[172] In October 2006, Polgár scored another excellent result: tied for first place in the Essent Chess Tournament, Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.^[173] She scored 4½ out of 6 in a double round-robin tournament that included two wins against the world's top-rated player, Veselin Topalov. In December 2006, Polgár played a six-game match of blindfold rapid chess against former FIDE world champion Veselin Topalov. Topalov won the match 3½–2½ with two wins to Polgár's one.^[174] Nearly 1,000 spectators attended the event.^[175]

In May–June 2007 she played in the Candidates Tournament for the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007. She was eliminated in the first round, losing 3½–2½ to Evgeny Bareev. Some chess pundits said she was "poorly prepared" for the tournament; she had played less chess in the last three years as she gave birth to her two children. However, she was still credited with the most beautiful attack of the tournament in her fifth game victory.^[176] In July 2007, Polgár played in the Biel Chess Festival which was won by 16-year-old Magnus Carlsen. Polgár finished the 9 round tournament at 5–4 in a four-way tie for third to sixth place.^{[177] [178]} A highlight game for her was actually a draw. Polgár was playing an endgame of knight against knight and two connected passed pawns of Alexander Grischuk, but she was able to eliminate both pawns.^{[179] [180]} In October 2007, Polgár played in the Blindfold World Cup in Bilbao, Spain. Polgár finished in fourth place of the six players with three wins, four losses, and three draws. The tournament was won by Bu Xiangzhi of China, whose only loss was to Polgár.^{[181] [182] [183]} In November 2007, she took part in Chess Champions League – Playing for a Better World in Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain a tournament to raise funds for equipment for a Hospital in Mbuji-Mayi, DR Congo. Polgár finished tied for third in the strong six-player tournament and handed tournament winner Veselin Topalov his only loss.^{[184] [185]}

In January 2008 she competed in the strong Corus Wijk aan Zee tournament, scoring a respectable 6/13 and tied 9–11 in the 14 player tournament.^[186] In November 2008, Polgár had a terrible result in The World Chess Blitz Championship in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, finished last of the 16 players with only 2½ points.^[187] In November 2008, Polgár played the number 2 board for the Hungarian open ("men's") team in the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden, finishing 3½/8.

In November 2009, Polgár participated in the FIDE World Cup at Khanty Mansiysk in Siberia. Polgár made it to the third round of the knockout tournament until she was eliminated by tournament winner Boris Gelfand. She handed Gelfand his only loss of the tournament.^[188]

Return to competition

In 2010, Polgár began her return to competitive chess and would play more than she had in recent years. In March 2010, Polgár played a four-game match against GM Gregory Kaidanov at Hilton Head, South Carolina. It was required that each game begin with the Sicilian Defense. The match was drawn with each player winning two games.^{[189] [190]} In April 2010, Polgár played an eight-game rapid chess match against Czech GM David Navara which was part of the ČEZ Chess Trophy 2010 festival of the Prague Chess Society. Despite slightly higher ranking, 2708 to Polgár's 2682, Navara lost the match 6–2.^[191] Polgár participated in the rapid chess tournament of the Presidential Chess Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan from 29 April to 1 May 2010. She finished with one win, two losses and four draws, tied for fifth position in the eight-player round robin. The tournament finished with a three-way tie for first with the winner, Kramnik, being decided by Elo over Mamedyarov and Kamsky.^[192] In June 2010, it was reported Polgár was assisting GM Zoltán Almási in training for the Olympiad.^[193]

In September and October 2010, Polgár played 3rd board for the Hungarian Men's team in the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. The team finished in fourth place, losing the Bronze medal to Israel on tie-break. Playing more in 2010 than in recent years, Polgár finished fourth overall among Board three players with a 6/10 score.^[194] The highlight for the Hungarian Men's team was a fifth-round victory over Russia I.^[195] In November 2010, Polgár won the four-player rapid tournament which was held to celebrate the National University of Mexico's 100th anniversary. Polgár won a close opening match against Vassily Ivanchuk. She then crushed Veselin Topalov, a former world champion and ranked No. 1 in the world in 2009, 3½–½ to win the tournament.^{[196] [197] [198]}

On 2 April 2011, Polgár finished in a four-way tie for first in the European Individual Chess Championship in Aix-les-Bains, France.^[199] The tournament, featuring 393 players of which 167 were Grandmasters, was won by Russian Vladimir Potkin on tie-break; GM Radosław Wojtaszek won the silver, while Polgár placed third, winning the bronze.^[200] Polgár was praised for her creative attacks and endgame technique.^[201] Polgár became the first woman ever to finish in the top three of the male championship.^[202] Continuing Polgár's return to competitive chess, in July 2011 she participated in the 39th Greek Team National Championship, scoring 3½ out of 4 games. Also in July 2011, Polgár played Board 3 for Hungary in the World Team Championships. Hungary finished in fifth place of the ten teams and individually Polgár finished sixteenth of the fifty players.^[203]

In September 2011, Polgár competed in the Chess World Cup, a 128-player tournament with a large prize fund and qualification to the top three for the World Championship cycle. Polgár made it to the final 8 players before she was eliminated by Peter Svidler. A highlight for Polgár was her elimination of the tournament's No. 1 seed and world's fifth highest rated player, Sergey Karjakin.^{[204] [205] [206]} In October 2011, Polgár took part in the Unive 2011 competition. She finished last in the elite four-player Crown group, losing games to Vladimir Kramnik and Anish Giri.^[207]

In September 2011, Polgár finally returned to "Super GM" status with a FIDE rating of 2701 and by November she had raised it to 2710 and ranked 35 in the world.^{[208] [209]}

To begin 2012, in January Polgár competed in the Tradewise Gibraltar tournament, finishing with 7 points in 10 games. For the first time in 22 years since she lost to Nona Gaprindashvili in the 1990 Chess Olympiad, Polgár lost a classical game to a female player^[210] as Women's World champion Hou Yifan won their individual game and tied for first before losing the playoff to Nigel Short.^{[211] [212]} In 2013, Polgár received the FIDE Caïssa Award, as Polgár was considered the best female player of 2012. This award, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, was presented on 2 October 2013 during the 84th FIDE Congress in Tallinn.

On 5 October 2013,^[213] Polgár played Nigel Short in the eighteenth edition of Chess.com's Death Match. The final score was 17½-10½ in Polgár's favour. They played 28 games in total, separated into three stages of increasingly faster time controls, the first being 5+1, the second 3+1 and finally 1+1. Polgár later remarked on her Facebook page that "it was great fun to play against Nigel..."^[214] Nigel in turn tweeted in jest, "Such bad chess. I should go and hang myself..."^[215]

In 2014, in the World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championship, she came 26th in the Blitz championship and 56th in the Rapid championship.

On 13 August 2014, she announced in the London newspaper The Times her retirement from chess at the highest level.^[216]

Playing style

While having a strong understanding of positional play, Polgár excels in tactics and is known for an aggressive playing style, striving to maximize the initiative and actively pursuing complications.^[217] The former world champion Garry Kasparov wrote that, based upon her games, "if to 'play like a girl' meant anything in chess, it would mean relentless aggression."^[218] In her youth, she was especially popular with chess fans due to her willingness to employ wild gambits and attacks.^[219] As a teenager, Polgár has been credited with contributing to the popularity of the opening variation King's Bishop's Gambit.^[220] Polgár prefers aggressive openings, playing 1.e4 as White and the Sicilian or King's Indian Defence with black, but she has also said her opening choices will also depend upon her trainer.^{[21] [217] [221]} Jennifer Shahade, writer and two-time U.S. women's chess champion, suggested that the influence of Polgár as a role model may be one of the reasons women play more aggressive chess than men.^[222] Describing an individual encounter with Polgár, former U.S. Champion Joel Benjamin said, "It was all-out war for five hours. I was totally exhausted. She is a tiger at the chessboard. She absolutely has a killer instinct. You make one mistake and she goes right for the throat."^[223]

Polgár is especially adept at faster time controls. When she was still young, Der Spiegel wrote of her, "her tactical thunderstorms during blitz games have confounded many opponents, who are rated higher."^[224]

Polgár has spoken of appreciating the psychological aspect of chess. She has stated preferring to learn an opponent's style so she can play intentionally against that player rather than playing "objective" chess.^[225] In her 2002 victory (at 25 minutes time control) over Kasparov, she deliberately chose a line Kasparov had used against Vladimir Kramnik, employing the strategy of forcing the opponent to "play against himself". Kasparov's response was inadequate and he soon found himself in an inferior position.^[143] In an interview regarding playing against computers she said, "Chess is 30 to 40% psychology. You don't have this when you play a computer. I can't confuse it."^[226]

Chess professional

"You have to be very selfish sometimes", said Polgár in speaking of the life of a professional chess player. "If you are in a tournament, you have to think of yourself—you can't think of your wife or children—only about yourself." When asked in 2002 if she still desired to win the world championship she said, "Chess is my profession and of course I hope to improve. But I'm not going to give up everything to become world champion; I have my life."^[48]

Polgár said she did not have a permanent coach, although she had help from GM Lev Psakhis or GM Mihail Marin.^{[24] [227]} She said she rarely used a second and when she traveled to tournaments, it was usually her husband who accompanied her.^{[228] [229]} Polgár said she changed how she prepared for tournaments. "I make more use of my experience now and try to work more efficiently so that my efforts aren't wasted", she said in 2008.^[230]

Concentrating on her two children left Polgár with little time to train and play competitively and her ranking dropped from eighth in 2005 to the mid 50s in 2009. She played in the 2009 Maccabiah Games in Israel and was named the Outstanding Female Athlete of the Games.^{[231] [232]} Polgár remained the only woman in the top 100 until Hou Yifan reached rank 86 in August 2014, just before Polgár played her last rated game in September 2014 and dropped off the top 100 list due to inactivity a year later. Polgár is still the only woman to have ever made the top 50.^{[233] [234]} Comparing motherhood to playing chess, Polgár has said that a chess tournament now "feels like a vacation".^[24] When asked why she came back to chess after taking time off to care for her children, she said, "I cannot live without chess! It is an integral part of my life. I enjoy the game!"^[227]

Despite being the highest-rated woman for twenty-five years, Polgár never competed for the women's world championship. In a 2011 interview she was asked about this possibility. Polgár said that in the past she has never been interested in competing for it, but in recent years "the mentality of a couple of the women players has changed". Polgár said that for her to consider competing it would have to be a challenge and "if I get an extremely nice offer just to play for the title".^{[228] [229]}

Polgár authored a series of children's books on chess, Chess Playground. Her sister Sofia provided illustrations.^[235]

In March 2013 she was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of The Hungarian Order of Merit, one of Hungary's highest awards, "for her worldwide acknowledged life achievement as an athlete, for promoting the game of chess and for her efforts to promote the educational benefits of chess".^{[236] [237]} In August 2015, she received The Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen, the highest state Order of Hungary.^[238]

Personal life

In August 2000, Polgár married Hungarian veterinary surgeon Gusztáv Font.^{[239] [240]} They have two children, a boy named Olivér (born 2004) and a girl named Hanna (born 2006).^{[241] [242]} While Judit remained in Hungary, her sisters and parents eventually emigrated: Sofia to Israel, Susan to the United States, and her parents to Israel and the United States.^[48]

Several members of Polgár's family were murdered in the Holocaust; her grandmother was a survivor of Auschwitz concentration camp.^[243]

Notable games

• J. Polgár vs. V. Anand, Dos Hermanas 1999 Sicilian Defense: Scheveningen Variation. Delayed Keres Attack Perenyi Gambit (B90) · 1–0 Former trainer for the Polgárs, IM Tibor Károlyi, called this the most beautiful game ever played by a woman.^{[244] [245]}
• Judit Polgár vs. Ferenc Berkes, Hunguest Hotels Super Chess Tournament 2003 · French Defense: Classical. Burn Variation Main Line (C11) · 1–0 Polgár's opponent falls for a clever, expecting her to play 14.Bxa8 and he would reply with 14...g4, but she springs 14.g4^[246]
• Alexey Shirov vs. Judit Polgar, Buenos Aires ARG 1994 · Sicilian Defense: Paulsen. Normal Variation (B45) · 0–1 Polgár uses a to break up Shirov's pawn front. She used only 48 minutes to win this game.
• Judit Polgár vs. Nigel Short, 1994 New York PCA/Intel-GP Rapid knockout tournament. 1–0. In the Steinitz variation of the French Defense, Short seemingly has a crushing attack in the opening, sending Polgár’s king on a walk. However, Short’s attack runs out of steam, and Polgár recovers quickly, leaving Short’s pieces constricted and his own king exposed.
• Polgár vs. Garry Kasparov, Russia vs. The Rest of the World match, Moscow 2002 Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. l'Hermet Variation (C67) · 1–0 Polgár makes history when, for the first time ever, a woman defeats the world's No. 1 chess player in a game.

The Judit Polgar Chess Foundation

The Judit Polgar Chess Foundation^[247] developed two educational programs. One is Chess Palace for primary school children (grades 1–4) and the other one is Chess Playground for pre-school children. The aim is to improve various skills (problem solving, strategical thinking, etc.) with the help of chess.^[248] The systematic rules of chess are used to process the knowledge of general subjects as well (math, language, etc.). The program is very successful in Hungary and it is part of the Hungarian National Curriculum. At the 2015 Frankfurt Book Fair the Chess Palace book series received the special prize of the Best European Learning Materials Awards (BELMA).^[249]

Books

• Judit Polgar: How I Beat Fischer's Record (in English, German, French, Hungarian)
• Judit Polgar: From GM to Top Ten (in English, German, French, Hungarian)
• Judit Polgar: A Game of Queens (in English, German, French, Hungarian)

Educational chess exercise books for pre-school children and methodological resources for teachers (in Hungarian):

• Kalandozások a sakktáblán (Adventures on the Chessboard)
• Sakklépések (Chess Moves)
• Sakk és matt (Check and Mate)

Educational chess books, and exercise books for elementary school children and methodological resources for teachers (in Hungarian):

• Sakkpalota (Chess Palace), series 1–4.

Awards

• Hungarian Chess Player of the Year (in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1998–2003, 2005–2012, and 2014)
• 8-time Chess Oscar winner - for annual performance: in 1988, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, and 2002 - Female Chess Player of the Century: 2001
• FIDE Caissa Award (the newly established "Chess Oscar"): 2012 ^[250]
• The Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (Budapest, 2003) ^[251]
• The Commander's Cross with Star of the Hungarian Order of Merit (Budapest, 2013)
• Prima Primissima (Budapest, 2014)
• a Member of the Association of Immortal Hungarian Athletes (Budapest, 2014)
• The Hungarian Order of St. Stephen (Budapest, 2015) ^[252]
• Best European Learning Materials Award – for the Chess Palace Program (Frankfurt, 2015)
• Honorary Citizen of Budapest (Budapest, 2016) ^[253]
• James Joyce Award from the UCD Literary & Historical Society (Dublin 2017) ^[254]
• ECU European Golden Pawn, "European Chess Legend" (Monte Carlo, 2019) ^[255]
• Honorary Doctor of the University of Physical Education (Budapest, 2020) ^[256]
• Inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame (2021)^[257]
• FIDE ICON Award (2022) ^[258]

See also

• List of Jewish chess players

Literature

• • • • • • Book: Matt a férfiaknak (Checkmate to Men) English translation due 2009. 2008. Polgár. Judit. Kepes. András. András Kepes.

External links

• • • • • • • 2012 KC-Conference with Judit Polgar for CrestBook

Notes and References

1. http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo198901e.html FIDE Rating List :: January 1989
2. Web site: Smerdon. David. What's behind the gender imbalance in top-level chess?. 15 June 2021. The Conversation. 13 December 2020. en. 29 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211029225404/https://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-gender-imbalance-in-top-level-chess-150637. live.
3. Web site: Judit Polgar Top Chess Players. 15 June 2021. Chess.com. en-US. 20 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211120222735/https://www.chess.com/players/judit-polgar. live.
4. Web site: Super-Tournament – Participants. Avrukh. Boris. Boris Avrukh. 25 June 2009. Boris Avrukh. 22 April 2010. 18 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718085950/http://avrukhboris.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/presentation-of-the-players-and-additional-information-for-the-18th-maccabiah/. live.
5. Web site: Judit Polgár. Judit Polgár. 10 February 2014. 25 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130325100116/http://www.polgarjudit.com/. live.
6. News: Queen who exposed the arrogance of kings. The Times. Moody. Oliver. 13 August 2014. 5 September 2015. 3 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151003081834/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/puzzles/chess/article4174361.ece. dead.
7. Web site: Friedel . Frederic . Judit Polgar to retire from competitive chess . 13 August 2014 . ChessBase . 16 August 2014 . 16 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151016001024/http://en.chessbase.com/post/judit-polgar-to-retire-from-competitive-chess . live .
8. Web site: Her official statement on her retirement. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318125736/http://juditpolgar.com/en/node/230. dead. 18 March 2015.
9. Web site: Judit Polgar new captain of the Hungarian National Men's Chess Team. Chessdom. 12 June 2015. 5 September 2015. 1 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160101120155/http://www.chessdom.com/judit-polgar-new-captain-of-the-hungarian-national-mens-chess-team/. live.
10. Web site: ORDER OF SAINT STEPHEN: PRESIDENT ÁDER HANDS OVER HUNGARY'S HIGHEST STATE DECORATION. Hungary Today. 24 August 2015. 5 September 2015. 24 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151224114910/http://hungarytoday.hu/news/order-saint-stephen-president-ader-hands-hungarys-highest-state-decoration-94241. dead.
11. Web site: Judit Polgar. World Chess Hall of Fame. 11 May 2021. 30 July 2022. 25 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211225050324/https://worldchesshof.org/hof-inductee/judit-polgar. live.
12. Breaking Through: How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess, (Everyman Chess 2005), Susan Polgar, page 14
13. Web site: All the right moves . https://web.archive.org/web/20071122004124/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=210390&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=210390 . 22 November 2007 . . Shvidler . Eli . 22 November 2007 .
14. Book: Carlisle, Rodney P. . Encyclopedia of play in today's society . Sage Publications, Inc. . 2009 . 978-1-4129-6670-2 . 129 . limited . 29 September 2023 . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005135711/https://books.google.com/books?id=jLqXM3U_pzEC&pg=PA129 . live .
15. News: The Mohave Daily Miner. 9 November 1986. Kingman, Arizona. Sisters test male domination of chess. Koza. Patricia (UPI). B2.
16. News: The New York Times . 30 March 1985 . Harold C. Schonberg . Top-rated at 15, Girl Challenges Chess World . 16 July 2011 . 15 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140115082016/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/30/nyregion/top-rated-at-15-girl-challenges-chess-world.html . live .
17. News: A Gender Divide In The Ultimate Sport Of The Mind . Sean . Phillips . NPR . 15 August 2010 . 21 August 2010 . 17 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100817142847/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129214019 . live .
18. Book: Pandolfini , Bruce . Treasure Chess: Trivia, Quotes, Puzzles, and Lore from the World's Oldest Game . Bruce Pandolfini . 84 . Random House . 2007 . 978-0-375-72204-2. Pandolfini, chess author and coach, writes: "Judit Polgár is simply the strongest female chess player in history."
19. News: Top-Rated Female Chess Player Is Just One of Three Stars at Home. 18 March 1989. Harold C. Schonberg. The New York Times. 5 April 2011.
20. News: Chess Moves Are Planned. Birthdays Happen.. Bruce Weber. 5 August 1992. The New York Times. 6 April 2011.
21. Book: King , Daniel . How Good is Your Chess . 118 . 1993 . Dover . 0-486-42780-3.
22. Web site: Biography of Susan Polgar. Susan Polgar. 22 March 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110414141819/http://www.susanpolgar.com/susan-polgar-biography.html. 14 April 2011.
23. Web site: 20 Questions with Susan Polgar. Chessville. 22 March 2011. 10 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110510051242/http://www.chessville.com/Editorials/Interviews/20Questions/PolgarS.htm. dead.
24. Web site: Judit Polgár in Rocca di Papa. 7 January 2011. Chessbase. 16 January 2011. 10 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110110112542/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6928. live.
25. Book: Shenk , David . The Immortal Game: Or How 32 carved pieces on a board illuminated our understanding of war, art, science, and the human brain . 2006 . Anchor Canada/Random House . 132 . 978-0-385-66227-7.
26. Book: What Makes a Genius . Scientific American . 2008 . 102 . 978-1-4042-1401-9. Note: From article The Expert Mind by Philip E. Ross Aug 2006 issue. The Ross article uses the wording "proves" nurture over nature.
27. News: The Sunday Telegraph . Nashua, New Hampshire . 8 January 1989. F-2 . Lyman . Shelby . Talented chess players are all in the Polgar family.
28. Book: Dweck , Carol S. . Mindset: the new psychology of success . 2006 . The Random House Publishing Group . 80 . 978-0-345-47232-8.
29. Book: Desjarlais, Robert R.. Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard. limited. 140. 2011. University of California Press. 978-0-520-26739-8 .
30. Web site: Judit Polgár vs Dolfi Drimer . . 15 May 2010 . 5 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100305010425/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1110730 . live .
31. Web site: Judit Polgár vs Lev Gutman . . 15 May 2010 . 4 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100304235620/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1110739 . live .
32. News: The Pittsburgh Press . A2 . 7 April 1986. Young masters . 102 . 284.
33. News: Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . 10 April 1986. Hungarian, 9, Wins Tourney Sisters Share Chess Ability . 3 . XCII . 165.
34. News: St. Petersburg Times . Schonberg . Harold C. . 19A . The Polgar sisters: Hungary's triple threat at chess . 102 . 259 . St. Petersburg, Florida.
35. News: The Sunday Telegraph . 8 February 1987. Younger sisters are also proficient . Lyman . Shelby . Nashua and Southern New Hampshire . 1 . 45.
36. News: The Sunday Telegraph . Nashua, New Hampshire . 24 April 1988. F-2 . Lyman . Shelby . Tournaments attract 1,060 players.
37. News: The Globe and Mail . Berry . Jonathan . Toronto . 1 October 1988. C16 . Youth tourneys are growing trend.
38. Web site: C.to Mondiale U12 . torneionline.com . Italian Chess Federation . 27 February 2015 . 7 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141007205345/http://www.torneionline.com/loto_tornei_d.php?codice=1988ROU03&tipo=1 . live .
39. News: The Toronto Star . Challenge meet largest ever . M21 . 4 February 1989. Day . Lawrence. note: Day incorrectly gives Judit's age as 10. Score of Polgár–Hennigen game is provided with brief analysis.
40. News: The Sunday Telegraph . Nashua, New Hampshire . 30 October 1988. F-2 . Lyman . Shelby . Hungarian girl may be next world champion.
41. News: The Spokesman-Review . Girl stuns chess world . Spokane, Wash . 2 November 1988. Associated Press . A1.
42. News: The Toronto Star . Reuters . D18 . 26 December 1988. 3 sisters moving up in male world of chess.
43. News: Robert Byne. Chess. 21 March 1989. The New York Times. 5 April 2011.
44. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . Soviet Union captures World team championship . 17 December 1988. M21.
45. News: Chess . Byrne . Robert . The New York Times . 10 January 1989. 20 April 2010.
46. News: The Sun-Herald . 22 January 1989. Koshnitsky . Garry . Polgar highest rated woman . 156 . Sydney, Australia.
47. Web site: FIDE Rating List :: January 1989 . Olimpbase.org . 27 February 2015 . 4 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170104050052/http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo198901e.html . live .
48. News: Queen takes all . Serena . Allott . 16 January 2002 . Telegraph Media Group Limited . 25 April 2010 . London . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171125/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/3294892/Queen-takes-all.html . live .
49. News: The Age . Lawson . Dominic (Spectator) . Mastering the world of chess . 15 November 1988. 11 . Melbourne, Australia . 41,642.
50. Kid With A Killer Game . 12 February 1990 . Lidz . Franz . Sports Illustrated . 30 May 2019 . 30 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530163647/https://www.si.com/vault/1990/02/12/121504/kid-with-a-killer-game . live .
51. Book: Kasparov , Garry . How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from the Board to the Boardroom . 2007 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 9781596913875.
52. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . M17 . 13 January 1990. Gelfand takes first for U.S.S.R..
53. Web site: De sterkste schaakspeelster ooit . The strongest chess player ever . Max Euwe Centre . nl . 25 January 2022 . 24 April 2020 . 25 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220125165555/https://maxeuwe.nl/en/de-sterkste-schaakspeelster-ooit-2/ . live .
54. Book: Blindford chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games . Hearst . Eliot . Knott . John . 2009 . McFarland & Company, Ltd. . 978-0-7864-3444-2 . 136–137.
55. Web site: Chess in the Movies. Bill Wall. chessville.com. 1 July 2011. 10 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110810142938/http://www.chessville.com/billwall/ChessInMovies.htm. live.
56. News: 'Chess Kids' Documentary a Weak Move. Saylor. Mark. 5 September 1997. Los Angeles Times. 1 July 2011. 7 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121107114250/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/sep/05/entertainment/ca-28962. live.
57. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Jonathan . Soviet dark horses dominating U.S. play . 25 August 1990. F10.
58. Web site: Judit Polgár Biography . Judit Polgár . 19 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100923164906/http://www.polgarjudit.com/biography_en.html . 23 September 2010 .
59. News: Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . J11 . Defending champion loses her 13-year title . 4 January 1992. Note: Day writes that with this tournament Polgár "collected her third and final Grandmaster norm". This implies this was sufficient to earn the GM title, but most accounts indicate she won the title with the Hungarian championship in December.
60. Web site: Vienna 1991 . 365Chess.com . 8 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170613/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Vienna_1991 . live .
61. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Hungarian teen-ager achieves rank of chess grandmaster . New York Times Service . 5 February 1992. A9.
62. News: The News . 5 February 1992 . 3A . Boca Raton, Florida . Hungarian chess whiz is youngest grandmaster ever.
63. Web site: Judit Polgar: How I beat Fischer's record . . 5 February 2013 . 7 September 2023 . 7 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230907062259/https://en.chessbase.com/post/judit-polgar-how-i-beat-fischer-s-record/2 . live .
64. 1110989 . Tibor Tolnai vs Judit Polgar . 7 September 2023.
65. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Girl, 15, youngest Grandmaster ever . Berry . Jonathan . 8 February 1992. A13.
66. News: CHESS; For Karpov, Defeat Only Serves as a Spur . Robert . Byrne . 28 June 1992 . The New York Times . 20 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328105826/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/28/style/chess-for-karpov-defeat-only-serves-as-a-spur.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
67. News: Chess; Peruvian Wins Reshevsky Memorial . Byrne . Robert . The New York Times . 9 August 1992 . 21 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328095757/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/09/style/chess-peruvian-wins-reshevsky-memorial.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
68. News: CHESS; Senior Grandmasters Defeat Women, 39 to 33 . Robert . Byrne . 11 October 1992 . The New York Times . 21 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328111212/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/11/style/chess-senior-grandmasters-defeat-women-39-to-33.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
69. News: CHESS; A Polgar Triumph Before Her Triumph . Robert . Byrne . 21 February 1993 . The New York Times . 21 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100357/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/21/style/chess-a-polgar-triumph-before-her-triumph.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
70. News: Lundstrom . Harold . Kasparov primes for defense by breezing through 100 foes . W8 . 26 February 1993. The Deseret News . Salt Lake City, Utah.
71. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Jonathan . More than meets the eyes . 29 May 1993. A13.
72. Web site: Amber-blind 2nd Monte Carlo 1993 . 365Chess.com . 13 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170702/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Amber-blind_2nd_1993 . live .
73. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Jonathan . Polgar moves up to Interzonal . 15 May 1993. E9.
74. Web site: Budapest zt-A Budapest 1993 . 365Chess.com . 13 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170652/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Budapest_zt-A_1993 . live .
75. Web site: Budapest zt playoff Budapest 1993 . 365Chess.com . 13 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170658/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Budapest_zt_playoff_1993 . live .
76. Web site: 1993 Biel FIDE Interzonal Tournament . Mark Weeks . 24 January 2009 . 9 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110709155338/http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/9496fiix.htm . live .
77. Web site: 1993 Groningen PCA Qualifying Tournament . Mark Weeks . 24 January 2009 . 13 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180313033545/http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/9496piix.htm . live .
78. Web site: Polgar . Susan . Lubbock Avalanche-Journal/Lubbock online . 18 January 2009 . Polgar: Remembering a chess champion, the late Bobby Fischer . 2 May 2010 . 14 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714000631/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/011809/col_378558316.shtml . live .
79. Web site: Chun . Rene . Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame . theAtlantic.com . 2 May 2010 . December 2002 . 17 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100417072214/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2002/12/chun.htm . live .
80. News: Bangor Daily News . Fischer, teen-ager to match chess skills . Ingram . Judith . 7 August 1993. 7 . 105 . 44 . Bangor, Maine.
81. News: Chess . Robert . Byrne . 7 June 1994 . The New York Times . 21 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328110027/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/07/arts/chess-316350.html . live .
82. Web site: PGN File Events: 1994 . chessopolis.com . 21 April 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100415060436/http://www.chessopolis.com/chessfiles/pgn_events_1994.htm . 15 April 2010. dead .
83. Web site: Madrid 1994 . ChessMetrics.com . 21 April 2010 . 27 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120527055030/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/SingleEvent.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S102713000000111101298300000010100 . live .
84. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . Russian master first again . 4 February 1995. K14.
85. Web site: 9_Lev Polugajevky Tourn. Buenos Aires 1994 . . 21 April 2010 . 5 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100505154246/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1014008 . live .
86. News: Chess . The New York Times . Robert . Byrne . 21 April 2010 . 13 December 1994 . 2 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702003002/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/13/arts/chess-093106.html . live .
87. News: Los Angeles Times . 5 September 1995. Chess . Peters . Jack . A18.
88. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . Milicevic takes top spot . L14 . 23 September 1995.
89. Web site: Donner mem Amsterdam 1995 . 365Chess.com . 8 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170619/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Donner_mem_1995 . live .
90. News: Chess . Robert . Byrne . 12 December 1995 . 22 April 2010 . The New York Times . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102409/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/12/arts/chess-006769.html . live .
91. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . Oddest story of the year . L12 . 15 July 1995.
92. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . FIDE grinds to a halt . K14 . 14 October 1995.
93. Web site: Isle of Lewis 1995 . 365Chess.com . 8 May 2010 . 17 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120917180107/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Isle_of_Lewis_1995 . live .
94. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Jonathan . Victory boosts Karpov's rating . 19 March 1994 . A18 .
95. Book: [[Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam|ten Geuzendam]], Dirk Jan. Linares! Linares!: A Journey into the Heart of Chess. 2001. New In Chess. 978-9056910778. 72–80.
96. News: Peters . Jack . 5 January 1995 . Chess Highlights of 1994 . . print and online column . 27 . 28 April 2016 . What made 1994 a memorable year for chess? Certainly it had its share of controversial incidents, led by the touch-move dispute in which Garry Kasparov took back a move against Judit Polgar. . 11 September 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090911095551/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-01/news/mn-15295_1_chess-tournament-club . live .
97. News: Berry . Jonathan Berry . Jonathan Berry . 19 March 1994 . Victory boosts Karpov's rating . A18 . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . print column . 5 September 2022 . . Mr. Kasparov picked up his knight at d7 and placed it on c5. 'Touch move' requires a player to move a touched piece, but the move is not over until the hand leaves the piece. Seeing that 37.Bb7–c6 would be bad for Black, Mr. Kasparov instead put the knight on f8. However, the way Miss Polgár saw it, Mr. Kasparov's hand did leave the piece on c5. Accounts diverge from there. We do know that Spanish TV recorded the game and that there were several spectators, some of whom thought that Mr. Kasparov removed his hand from the knight at c5. . . 26 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230426154719/https://www.proquest.com/docview/385234867 . live .
98. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Web site: Linares Chess Tournament,part 2. . YouTube.
99. News: Barden. Leonard. 19 March 1994. CHESS. WEEKEND FT XXI. Financial Times, UK. 24 June 2020. Video film stills confirmed that Kasparov's hand had quit the knight for about a quarter of a second..
100. News: Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Jonathan . Kasparov caught on videotape . 26 March 1994 . E7 . During round 5 of the Linares tournament (March 1), World Champion Gary Kasparov started to move his knight from d7 to c5, but reconsidered and played the knight to f8..
101. Lyman, Shelby (1 May 1994). "Kasparov's Hand Quicker Than Eye", Spartanburg Herald-Journal.
102. Kasparov Interview, New In Chess, March 1994, reprinted in 'Book: [[Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam|ten Geuzendam]], Dirk Jan. Finding Bobby Fischer: Chess Interviews. 1994. New In Chess. 978-9071689864. 72–80. ' and 'Book: [[Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam|ten Geuzendam]], Dirk Jan. Finding Bobby Fischer: Chess Interviews. 2015. New In Chess. 978-9056915728. 72–80. '
103. News: Deseret News . 27 May 1994 . Lundstrom . Harold . Kasparov comes out on top in tourne . C6 . Salt Lake City, Utah .
104. Sources citing Polgár as by far the strongest female chess player of all time:
     • News: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . 6A . Anand wins chess "Battle of the Sexes" . Associated Press . 18 August 2003. note: The Associated Press story on Aug.17/18, 2003 on the Polgár–Anand match explicitly refers to Polgár with the words "by far the strongest woman chess player ever"
     • Web site: Polgar, Judit . Encyclopedia Britannica Online . 22 January 2015 . 22 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150122191130/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467279/Judit-Polgar . live . note: explicitly uses "by far": "By far the strongest female player of all time".
     • Web site: Super-GM tournament in Sofia starts . 12 May 2005 . Chessbase.com . 18 April 2010 . 9 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121109034117/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2375 . live .
     • Web site: Judit Polgár: 'I can work myself into the top ten again' . . 11 November 2007 . 4 February 2008 . 9 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121109125528/http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4244 . live .
     • News: Chess; The Secret of Playing Blindfold: Memory May Be the Least of It . McClain . Dylan Loeb . 24 December 2006 . 13 April 2010 . The New York Times . 10 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610073044/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00EED71131F937A15751C1A9609C8B63 . live .
     • Web site: Women Grandmasters in Chess . 13 April 2010 . MichaelBluejay . 17 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917050515/http://michaelbluejay.com/misc/womengrandmasters.html . live .
     • News: Pein . Malcolm . A crown for Kosteniuk . Telegraph Media Group Limited . 22 September 2009 . 18 April 2010 . London . 15 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/chess/malcolmpein/3561123/A-crown-for-Kosteniuk.html . live . Malcolm Pein, British IM and Executive Editor of CHESS magazine, when speaking of A. Kosteniuk's victory over Hou Yifan for the Women's World Championship, said "Currently Judit Polgár is in another league from any other female player."
     • News: Elite Players Of Chess To Compete . 17 May 2005 . The New York Times . 18 April 2010 . 9 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140809131001/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/17/arts/17chess.html . live .
     • Book: Human cloning . Humber . James M. . Almeder . Robert F. . 87 . Humana Press inc. . 0-89603-565-4. 7 August 1998.
     • News: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . 22 December 1996. 17A . Weber . Bruce . Next Move? Chess enthusiasts puzzle over game's gender imbalance.
     • Book: Wolff , Patrick . Complete Idiot's guide to chess . Penguin Group (USA) Inc. . 2002 . 277 . Patrick Wolff . 0-02-864182-5.
     • News: The Washington Post . Kavalek . Lubomir . Chess . 17 January 2005. C12 . Lubomir Kavalek. Kavalek, GM in the top 100 players for 26 years, called Polgár, "the all-time best female player"
     • Book: Pandolfini , Bruce . Treasure Chess: Trivia, Quotes, Puzzles, and Lore from the World's Oldest Game . Bruce Pandolfini . 84 . Random House . 2007 . 978-0-375-72204-2. Pandolfini, chess author and coach, writes "Judit Polgár is simply the strongest female chess player in history."
     • The January 1996 FIDE ratings list was a landmark as Polgár's 2675 rating made her the No. 10 ranked player in the world, the only woman ever to enter the world's Top Ten. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Kramnick, 20 Tops the rating list . Jonathan . A12 . 6 January 1996.
     • Web site: All Time Rankings:FIDE Top 10 1970–1997 . The University of Edinburgh . 15 May 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html . 26 November 2009 .
105. The January 1996 FIDE ratings list was a landmark as Polgár's 2675 rating made her the No. 10 ranked player in the world, the only woman ever to enter the world's Top Ten. Berry, Jonathan (6 January 1996). "Kramnick, 20 Tops the rating list". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A12.
106. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . A close finish in Vienna . 12 October 1996. K12.
107. Web site: Vienna Millenium 1996 . 365Chess.com . 8 May 2010 . 1 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101101051459/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Vienna_Millenium_1996 . live .
108. News: Chess . Robert . Byrne . 14 January 1997 . The New York Times . 23 April 2010 . 11 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210711085842/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/14/arts/chess-152625.html . live .
109. News: The Toronto Star . Day . Lawrence . Tournament was just super . K12 . 1 March 1997.
110. Web site: Linares 14th 1997 . 365chess.com . 10 May 2010 . 3 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110503055951/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Linares_14th_1997 . live .
111. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Kasparov humbles younger rivals . Jonathan . E10 . 1 March 1997.
112. Web site: Dos Hermanas 1997 . . 23 April 2010 . 5 May 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090505054117/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1006983 . live .
113. Web site: India Abroad . 25 April 1997 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104002934/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3871633.html . dead . 4 November 2012. 23 April 2010.
114. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Topalov's at the top in Madrid . Jonathan . E11 . 14 June 1997.
115. News: Chess . Robert . Byrne . 26 August 1997 . The New York Times . 23 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328094715/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/26/arts/chess-789860.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
116. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Polgar wins one in battle of sexes . Jonathan . E11 . 16 August 1997.
117. News: CHESS; Daring Judit Polgár to Attack Is an Invitation to Disaster . Byrne . Robert . 9 December 1997 . 23 April 2010 . The New York Times . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328095614/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/09/arts/chess-daring-judit-polgar-to-attack-is-an-invitation-to-disaster.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
118. Web site: Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1998 . . 24 April 2010 . 5 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100305003753/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1006971 . live .
119. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Kramnik, Anand tie in Hoogooven . Jonathan . E11 . 7 February 1998. Note: The Berry article used the spelling Hoogooven.
120. News: Chess; Faster and More Accurate, Polgar Outplays Karpov . Robert . Byrne . 7 July 1998 . 24 April 2010 . The New York Times . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328094802/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/07/arts/chess-faster-and-more-accurate-polgar-outplays-karpov.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
121. News: CHESS; Polgar Is First Woman to Win the Open . Robert . Byrne . 25 August 1998 . The New York Times . 24 April 2010 . 30 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210130224329/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/25/arts/chess-polgar-is-first-woman-to-win-the-open.html . live .
122. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Polgar sparkles again in the attack . Jonathan . E8 . 14 November 1998.
123. Web site: VAM Hoogeveen 2nd Hoogeveen 1998 . 365Chess.com . 15 May 2010 . 29 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120929170710/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/VAM_Hoogeveen_2nd_1998 . live .
124. Web site: THE WEEK IN CHESS 212 - 30 November 1998 . Mark . Crowther . This Week In Chess . 24 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042007/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic212.html . 5 February 2012 .
125. Web site: The Week In Chess 259 . 25 October 1999 . Mark . Crowther . The Week In Chess . 24 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110930231855/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic259.html . 30 September 2011 .
126. Web site: The Week In Chess 270 . 10 January 2000 . Mark . Crowther . The Week In Chess . 24 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232038/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html . 30 September 2011 .
127. Web site: The Week In Chess 273 . 31 January 2000 . Mark . Crowther . The Week In Chess . 24 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070650/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic273.html . 7 August 2011 .
128. News: CHESS; Polgar, Just One of the Boys, Hems In a Russian's Queen . Robert . Byrne . 16 January 2000 . The New York Times . 24 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328103616/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/16/nyregion/chess-polgar-just-one-of-the-boys-hems-in-a-russian-s-queen.html . live .
129. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Chess . Jonathan . R29 . 13 May 2000.
130. News: CHESS; Polgar Tops an Elite Field With a Last-Round Victory . Robert . Byrne . 11 June 2000 . The New York Times . 24 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328103838/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/nyregion/chess-polgar-tops-an-elite-field-with-a-last-round-victory.html . live .
131. Web site: Japfa Classic - Indonesia . Chess.GR . 24 April 2010. 14 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514195135/http://www.chess.gr/tourn/2000/japfa_classic_indonesia/ . dead .
132. News: The Washington Times . 6 May 2000. Polgar clearly first in strong Asian tourney.
133. News: CHESS; Polgar's Foe Misses a Move, And That's All She Needs . Robert . Byrne . 2 July 2000. The New York Times . 24 April 2010.
134. Web site: Some events in the year 2000 . This Week in Chess . 24 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318194112/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/even2000.html . 18 March 2012 .
135. Web site: 34th Chess Olympiad . 13 November 2000 . Mark . Crowther . This Week In Chess . 25 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318194956/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic314.html . 18 March 2012 .
136. Web site: 35th Chess Olympiad, 2002 . The Chess Drum . 25 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100416085711/http://www.thechessdrum.net/Olympiad2002/ . 16 April 2010 .
137. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Chess . Jonathan . R19 . 3 March 2001.
138. News: The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Berry . Chess . Jonathan . R17 . 10 March 2001.
139. News: The Ledger . D9 . Lakeland, Florida . 1 April 2001. Kasparov douses his old rival, Karpov, With a Bucket of Tactics . Byrne . Robert.
140. Web site: Linares 18th Linares 2001 . 365Chess.com . 6 May 2010 . 15 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075905/http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Linares_18th_2001 . live .
141. News: CHESS; Another War in Macedonia Yields an Israeli Victor, 23 . Robert . Byrne . 1 July 2001 . The New York Times . 25 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328110015/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/01/nyregion/chess-another-war-in-macedonia-yields-an-israeli-victor-23.html . live .
142. News: CHESS; Old-Style Barroom Brawl At the Hoogeveen Corral . Robert . Byrne . 11 November 2001 . The New York Times . 25 April 2010 . 18 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120718055208/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/11/nyregion/chess-old-style-barroom-brawl-at-the-hoogeveen-corral.html . live .
143. Web site: Russia vs. The Rest of the World Moscow 2002 . Pein . Malcolm . This Week In Chess . 7 May 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232038/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic270.html . 30 September 2011 .
144. News: CHESS; Finally, the Rest of the World Triumphs Over Russia, 52–48 . Robert . Byrne . 29 September 2002 . The New York Times . 25 April 2010 . 28 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328110556/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/nyregion/chess-finally-the-rest-of-the-world-triumphs-over-russia-52-48.html?pagewanted=1 . live .
145. News: Sweet revenge for Kasparov's opponent . Leonard . Barden . The Guardian . 11 September 2002 . Leonard Barden . 25 April 2010 . 1 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201095056/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/11/3 . live .
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