| Joseph William Woodrough | |
| Office: | Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |
| Term Start: | January 3, 1961 |
| Term End: | October 2, 1977 |
| Office1: | Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |
| Term Start1: | April 12, 1933 |
| Term End1: | January 3, 1961 |
| Appointer1: | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Successor1: | Pat Mehaffy |
| Office2: | Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska |
| Term Start2: | April 3, 1916 |
| Term End2: | April 12, 1933 |
| Appointer2: | Woodrow Wilson |
| Predecessor2: | William Henry Munger |
| Successor2: | James A. Donohoe |
| Birth Name: | Joseph William Woodrough |
| Birth Date: | 29 August 1873 |
| Birth Place: | Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Education: | Heidelberg University |
Joseph William Woodrough (August 29, 1873 – October 2, 1977) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska. He is the longest-serving federal judge in history, with a total service tenure of 61 years.
Born on August 29, 1873, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Woodrough studied at Heidelberg University in the German Empire and then read law in 1893. He was a Judge of the Ward County Court in Texas from 1894 to 1896. He was the County Attorney of Ward County in 1897. He was in private practice in Omaha, Nebraska, from 1898 to 1916.
Woodrough was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on March 13, 1916, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska vacated by Judge William Henry Munger. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 31, 1916, and received his commission on April 3, 1916. His service terminated on April 12, 1933, due to his elevation to the Eighth Circuit.
Woodrough was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 3, 1933, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit vacated by Judge Arba Seymour Van Valkenburg. He was confirmed by the Senate on April 12, 1933, and received his commission on April 12, 1933. He assumed senior status on January 3, 1961. He heard no cases in this capacity. He died on October 2, 1977, at the age of 104.