| Joseph Wenzel I | |
| Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf | |
| Succession: | Prince of Liechtenstein |
| Reign1: | 16 June 1712 – 12 March 1718 |
| Predecessor1: | Hans-Adam I |
| Successor1: | Anton Florian |
| Reign2: | 22 December 1748 – 10 February 1772 |
| Predecessor2: | Johann Nepomuk Karl |
| Successor2: | Franz Josef I |
| Birth Date: | 9 August 1696 |
| Birth Place: | Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia |
| Death Place: | Vienna, Archduchy of Austria |
| Burial Place: | Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, Brno |
| Full Name: | Josef Wenzel Lorenz[1] |
| House: | Liechtenstein |
| Religion: | Catholic |
Josef Wenzel I (Josef Wenzel Lorenz; 9 August 1696 – 10 February 1772), often referred to as just Wenzel, was the Prince of Liechtenstein between 1712 and 1718, and 1748 and 1772, as well as regent of Liechtenstein between 1732 and 1745. He first succeeded his distant cousin Hans-Adam I, even though he was not next in line. The actual heir was his uncle Anton Florian, who was not very popular among the family. Therefore Hans-Adam chose Josef Wenzel as his heir.[2] He later decided to hand over the Principality in exchange for his getting the Dominion of Rumburk in 1718. Thirty years later he inherited Liechtenstein again after his nephew Prince Johann Nepomuk Karl died without male issue.[3] As a military figure, Wenzel is known for his command of the Austrians at the Battle of Piacenza (War of the Austrian Succession).
Born in 1696 at Prague, Josef Wenzel was the eldest son of Prince Philipp Erasmus of Liechtenstein (11 September 1664 – 13 January 1704) and Countess Christina Theresa von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (12 October 1665 – 14 April 1730). He was a great-grandnephew of Karl, the first Prince of Liechtenstein. In 1712, he succeeded his distant cousin Hans-Adam I, as the Prince of Liechtenstein, even though he was not next in line. The actual heir was his uncle Anton Florian, who was not very popular among the family. Hans-Adam therefore chose Josef Wenzel as his heir, but in 1718 the latter negotiated with Anton Florian and swapped the County of Vaduz and the Lordship of Schellenberg in exchange for the Dominion of Rumburk. He also married Anton Florian's daughter Anna Maria Antonie, who was Wenzel's cousin. A year later the two dominions were united into the new Principality of Liechtenstein, headed by Anton Florian.
Joseph Wenzel then enjoyed a long life of military successes. He was primarily a general and was a very successful campaigner. His first venture was in 1717, when he fought against the Ottoman Turks in the Austro-Turkish War, alongside famed military commander Prince Eugene of Savoy. He also participated in the War of Polish succession, once again alongside Prince Eugene. In 1745, he was made Generalissimo in Italy and was victorious the following year at the Battle of Piacenza. In 1753 he was made General Chief Commander in Hungary. In one of the greatest achievements of his career, he reorganised the Habsburg artillery, partially financed out of his own pocket. He was the 698th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria. From 1735 to 1736, he was Imperial Envoy to Berlin and he was Imperial Ambassador to Paris between 1738 and 1741. In 1760, he escorted the future bride of Josef II to Vienna.
In 1732, Prince Josef Johann Adam, son and heir of the aforesaid Anton Florian, died and was succeeded by his son Johann Nepomuk Karl. However, the new Prince was only eight years old at the time, so Wenzel was established as his regent and guardian until he came of age in 1745. Johann Nepomuk did not live long however, dying only three years later in 1748. With no surviving male issue, the Principality passed back to Wenzel. He then went on to rule Liechtenstein until his death in 1772. With no surviving issue, Liechtenstein went to his nephew Franz Josef I.[4]
Though not one of the more well known Princes of Liechtenstein, Josef Wenzel I is still remembered for his military campaigns, as well as his patronage to the arts. When Hereditary Prince Alois's eldest son was born in 1995, Alois decided to name him Josef Wenzel after this Prince.
On 19 April 1718 Josef Wenzel married his cousin, Princess Anna Maria Antonie of Liechtenstein (1699–1753), daughter of Anton Florian and Eleonore Barbara von Thun und Hohenstein, in 1718. They had five children, all of whom died in early childhood: