Joseph L. Goldstein Explained

Birth Name:	Joseph Leonard Goldstein^[1]
Birth Date:	18 April 1940
Birth Place:	Kingstree, South Carolina
Field:	biochemistry
Work Institutions:	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Known For:	cholesterol

Joseph Leonard Goldstein ForMemRS (born April 18, 1940) is an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985, along with fellow University of Texas Southwestern researcher, Michael Brown, for their studies regarding cholesterol.^[2] They discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that remove cholesterol from the blood and that when LDL receptors are not present in sufficient numbers, individuals develop hypercholesterolemia and become at risk for cholesterol related diseases, notably coronary heart disease.^[3] Their studies led to the development of statin drugs.

Life and career

Goldstein was born in Kingstree, South Carolina, the son of Fannie (Alpert) and Isadore E. Goldstein, who owned a clothing store. His family is Jewish.^[4] Goldstein received his BSci from Washington and Lee University in 1962, and his MD from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in 1966. Upon completion of his residency, Goldstein moved to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, where he worked in biochemical genetics.^[5] In 1972, Goldstein relocated back to the Southwestern Medical Center, accepting a post as the head of the Division of Medical Genetics.

At the Southwestern Medical Center Goldstein collaborated extensively with Michael Brown, a fellow researcher at the center who had also worked at the NIH. From 1973 to 1985, Goldstein and Brown together published over one hundred major papers.^[6] They are both listed in Thomson Reuters’ index of highly cited authors.^[7] Frequently mentioned as a candidate for nationally prominent positions in scientific administration, Goldstein, like his colleague Michael Brown, chose to continue hands-on research.^{[8] [9]}

In 1993, their postdoctoral trainees, Wang Xiaodong and Michael Briggs, purified the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBPs), a family of membrane-bound transcription factors. Since 1993, Goldstein, Brown, and their colleagues have described the unexpectedly complex machinery that proteolytically releases the SREBPs from membranes, thus allowing their migration to the nucleus where they activate all the genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. The machinery for generating active SREBPs is tightly regulated by a negative feedback mechanism, which explains how cells maintain the necessary levels of fats and cholesterol in the face of varying environmental circumstances.^{[10] [11] [12]}

Goldstein is chair, Molecular Genetics at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Together, Goldstein and Brown lead a research team that typically includes a dozen doctoral and postdoctoral trainees. They have trained over 145 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, and six of their former postdoctoral fellows (Thomas C. Südhof, Wang Xiaodong, Helen H. Hobbs, David W. Russell, Monty Krieger, and Russell DeBose-Boyd) have been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.^[13] Former postdoctoral fellow Thomas C. Südhof received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology^[14] and Helen H. Hobbs received the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.^{[15] [16]}

In 1988 Goldstein received a National Medal of Science in the field of molecular genetics,^[17] and in 2003 Goldstein and Brown won the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research in recognition for their further work in understanding cholesterol and also the discovery of an insulin-sensitive regulator, which potentially could be used to develop treatments for diabetes mellitus.^[18] Goldstein is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences^[19] and the Institute of Medicine^[20] and he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1991.

Goldstein was appointed as chairman of the Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards jury in 1995,^[21] and was a recipient of the award ten years earlier.^[22] Since 2000, Goldstein has authored a series of essays on the deep relationship between art and science that appear in the annual Nature Medicine supplement that accompanies the Lasker Awards.^[23]

Among his professional activities, Goldstein is a member of the Board of Trustees of The Howard Hughes Medical Institute^[24] and of The Rockefeller University, where he was elected as a Life Trustee in 2015.^[25] He also serves as chairman of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the Broad Institute,^[26] and is a member of the Board of Directors of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.^[27] He previously served on The Board of Scientific Governors of the Scripps Research Institute, a nonprofit institute that conducts biomedical research.^[28]

Awards

Joseph L. Goldstein has been awarded the following:

• 2011 – Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology^[29]
• 2007 – Builders of Science Award, Research!America^[30]
• 2005 – Woodrow Wilson Awards for Public Service^[31]
• 2005 – Herbert Tabor Award, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology^[32]
• 2003 – Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research^[33]
• 2002 – Kober Medal, Association of American Physicians^[34]
• 1999 – Warren Alpert Foundation Prize, Harvard Medical School^[35]
• 1991 – Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)^[36]
• 1988 – U.S. National Medal of Science^[37]
• 1987 – Elected member of the American Philosophical Society^[38]
• 1986 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement^[39]
• 1985 – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine^[40]
• 1985 – Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research^[41]
• 1985 – William Allan Award, American Society of Human Genetics^[42]
• 1984 – Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, Columbia University^[43]
• 1981 – Gairdner Foundation International Award^[44]
• 1981 – Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• 1980 – Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences^[45]
• 1979 – Richard Lounsbery Award, U.S. National Academy of Sciences^[46]
• 1978 – Passano Award, Johns Hopkins University^[47]
• 1976 – Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, American Chemical Society^[48]

Research papers

• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Reflections – Scientific side trips: six excursions from the beaten path . J. Biol. Chem. . 287 . 27 . 22418–22435 . June 2012 . 22584575 . 3391146 . 10.1074/jbc.X112.381681 . free.
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Richard G.W. Anderson (1940–2011) and the birth of receptor-mediated endocytosis . J. Cell Biol. . 193 . 4 . 601–603 . May 2011 . 21576388 . 10.1083/jcb.201104136 . 3166872.
• Goldstein JL, Brown MS . History of Discovery: The LDL Receptor . Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. . 29 . 4 . 431–438 . April 2009 . 19299327 . 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179564 . 2740366.
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Cholesterol feedback: from Schoenheimer's bottle to Scap's MELADL . J. Lipid Res. . 50 . Supplement . S15–S27 . April 2009 . 18974038 . 10.1194/jlr.R800054-JLR200 . free . 2674699.
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . A tribute to Akira Endo, discoverer of a "penicillin" for cholesterol . Atherosclerosis Supplements . 5 . 3 . 13–16 . October 2004 . 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.007.
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis . Science . 232 . 4746 . 34–47 . April 1986 . 3513311 . 10.1126/science.3513311 . 1986Sci...232...34B.
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Familial hypercholesterolemia: defective binding of lipoproteins to cultured fibroblasts associated with impaired regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 71 . 3 . 788–792 . March 1974 . 4362634 . 10.1073/pnas.71.3.788 . 388099 . 1974PNAS...71..788B . free.
• Goldstein JL, Brown MS . Familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of a defect in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity associated with overproduction of cholesterol . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 70 . 10 . 2804–2808 . October 1973 . 4355366 . 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2804 . 427113 . 1973PNAS...70.2804G . free.

Essays on "The Art of Science"

Since 2000, Goldstein has authored a series of essays considering science as a creative pursuit, and explores the links between art and science. The essays have appeared in the journals Nature Medicine, Cell, and most recently, PNAS. They coincide with the annual announcement of the Lasker Awards, with which Goldstein is affiliated in the capacity of jury chairman. A collection of Goldstein's essays titled The Art of Science was published in 2023.

• Joseph L. Goldstein . The secret to a successful career in science--according to Magritte . PNAS . 120 . 39. September 26, 2023 . 10.1073/pnas.2304819120 . 37732754 . free . 10523505 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . The art and science of building castles in the sky and houses of cards that don't collapse . Cell . 185 . 21 . 3839–3843 . September 2022 . 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.027 . 36174577 . free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . The surprise element: A hallmark of creativity in scientists, artists, and comedians . Cell . 184 . 21 . 5261–5265 . September 2021 . 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.007 . 34562364 . free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . The Spanish 1918 Flu and the COVID-19 Disease: The Art of Remembering and Foreshadowing Pandemics . Cell . 183 . 2 . 285–289 . September 2020 . 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.030 . 33064981. 7560262 . free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Seurat's Dots: A Shot Heard 'Round the Art World—Fired by an Artist, Inspired by a Scientist . Cell . 179 . 1 . 46–50 . September 2019 . 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.051 . 31519312. free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . What Makes a Piece of Art or Science a Masterpiece? . Cell . 175 . 1 . 1–5 . September 2018 . 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.026 . 30217357. free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Artists Create Puzzles, Scientists Solve Them . Cell . 171 . 1 . 5–9 . September 2017 . 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.022 . 28888326. free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . The Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon . Cell . 167 . 1 . 5–8 . September 2016 . 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.040 . 27634320. free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . A Well-Hung Horse: Sired by Knowledge and Imagination . Cell . 162 . 6 . 1179–1182 . September 2015 . 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.039 . 26359973. free .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Balzac's Unknown Masterpiece: spotting the next big thing in art and science . Nature Medicine . 20 . 10 . 1106–1111 . October 2014 . 10.1038/nm.3676 . 25295945. 3558056 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Juxtapositions in Trafalgar Square: tip-offs to creativity in art and science . Nature Medicine . 19 . 10 . 1222–1226 . October 2013 . 10.1038/nm.3329 . 24100991. 22189523 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Paradigm shifts in science: insights from the arts . Nature Medicine . 18 . 10 . 1473–1477 . October 2012 . 10.1038/nm.2923 . 23042355. 27954297 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . The card players of Caravaggio, Cézanne and Mark Twain: tips for getting lucky in high-stakes research . Nature Medicine . 17 . 10 . 1201–1205 . October 2011 . 10.1038/nm.2465. 21989010 . 26830785 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . How to win a Lasker? Take a close look at Bathers and Bulls . Nature Medicine . 16 . 10 . 1091–1096 . October 2010 . 10.1038/nm1010-1091 . 20930751. 31919299 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Lasker Awards and papal portraiture: turning fields upside down . Nature Medicine . 15 . 10 . 1137–1140 . October 2009 . 10.1038/nm1009-1137 . 19812573. 26946901 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Exuberant unpredictability: sine qua non for priceless and prizeworthy biomedical research . Nature Medicine . 14 . 10 . 1029–1032 . October 2008 . 10.1038/nm1008-1029 . 18841142. 36086102 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Creation and revelation: two different routes to advancement in the biomedical sciences . Nature Medicine . 13 . 10 . 1151–1154 . October 2007 . 10.1038/nm1642 . 17917663. 29403975 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Venture science: climbing the ladder to telomerase, cognitive therapy and in situ hybridization . Nature Medicine . 12 . 10 . 1129–1132 . October 2006 . 10.1038/nm1006-1129 . 17024207. 5938083 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . 60 years of winged victories for biomedical research . Nature Medicine . 11 . 10 . 1023–1025 . October 2005 . 10.1038/nm1005-1023 . 16211026. 33375813 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Towering science: an ounce of creativity is worth a ton of impact . Nature Medicine . 10 . 10 . 1015–1017 . October 2004 . 10.1038/nm1004-1015 . 15459692. 35721266 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . It's a grand year for celebrating science . Nature Medicine . 9 . 10 . 1237–1238 . October 2003 . 10.1038/nm937 . 14520362. 5661980 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Synergy and symbiosis à la Matisse-Picasso . Nature Medicine . 8 . 10 . 1053–1054 . October 2002 . 10.1038/nm768 . 12357230. 30056843 .
• Joseph L. Goldstein . Knockout mice and test-tube babies . Nature Medicine . 7 . 10 . 1079–1080 . October 2001 . 10.1038/nm1001-1079. 11590416 . 2396219 .

See also

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

External links

• • Journal of Clinical Investigation Interview.
• Joseph Goldstein, Nobel Luminaries Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot

Notes and References

1. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/goldstein-bio.html Joseph L. Goldstein – Biographical
2. Badge, Peter (2007) "Joseph Goldstein". Nobel Faces. John Wiley & Sons. . p 300.
3. https://books.google.com/books?id=1_XIbBRvD0gC&pg=PA315 Encyclopedia of Global Health, Volume 1
4. Web site: Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine . 2023-03-30 . www.jinfo.org.
5. Raju . T. N. . The Nobel Chronicles . 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74047-2 . The Lancet . 355 . 9201 . 416 . 2000 . 10665595. 54420330 .
6. https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwdiYjrNMEC&pg=PA105 The Cholesterol Wars: The Skeptics Vs. the Preponderance of Evidence
7. Web site: Highly Cited Researchers - The Most Influential Scientific Minds. highlycited.com. 23 March 2018.
8. Culliton BJ. (1989 Sep 29). "Baltimore to succeed Lederberg?.". Science. Retrieved December 6, 2012. "Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg (1958) is set to retire as president of Rockefeller University in January... Things might not have grown so tense had the man who apparently was at the top of the list said "Yes." But Nobel laureate Joseph Goldstein (1985), who is still very active in the laboratory at the University of Texas at Dallas, was not ready to give up his work on the molecular genetics of blood lipids."
9. http://www.filmannex.com/movie/interview-with-nobel-prize-winners-robert-lefkowitz-joseph-goldstein-and-michael-brown/30529 Journal of Clinical Investigation Interview
10. Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL. (April 8, 1994). "SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis.". Cell. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
11. Wang X, Briggs MR, Hua X, Yokoyama C, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. (June 5, 1993). "Nuclear protein that binds sterol regulatory element of low density lipoprotein receptor promoter. II. Purification and characterization.". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
12. Espenshade, Peter J. (2006). "SREBPs: sterolregulated transcription factors.". Journal of Cell Science. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
13. "Department of Molecular Genetics Overview.". Retrieved December 6, 2012.
14. "Nobel Prize: Thomas C. Südhof - Facts.". Retrieved November 26, 2013.
15. Web site: Laureates . . 2015 . breakthroughprize.org . Breakthrough Prize . 2015-12-18.
16. News: . Breakthrough Prizes Give Top Scientists the Rock Star Treatment . The New York Times . 2015-11-08 . 2015-12-18.
17. https://books.google.com/books?id=0EniB-D24w4C&pg=PA114 Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2008
18. http://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2003/04/28/daily23.html UT Southwestern researchers receive top medicine prize
19. http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/55256.html Member Directory: Joseph L. Goldstein
20. http://www.iom.edu/global/directory/detail.aspx?id=0000055256 Directory: IOM Member - Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D.
21. Goodman, Billy (October 16, 1995). "Lasker Laureates Make Up Impressive Biomedical Roster". The Scientist. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
22. "1985 Winners: Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award ", Lasker Foundation. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
23. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/artofscience.htm "Nature Medicine" essays: The Art of Science
24. Web site: Trustees. hhmi.org. 23 March 2018.
25. http://www.rockefeller.edu/about/board_corp The Rockefeller University Board of Trustees and Corporate Officers
26. https://www.broadinstitute.org/history/board-scientific-counselors Board of Scientific Counselors
27. Web site: Regeneron Board of Directors . . 2015 . regeneron.com . Regeneron . 2015-12-18.
28. http://www.scripps.edu/about/leadership/governors.html The Scripps Research Institute Board of Governors
29. http://www.asbmb.org/Page.aspx?id=6128 Earl and Thressa Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award
30. http://www.researchamerica.org/release_07mar21_builders University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Leaders to Receive Research!America Advocacy Award
31. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/psawardeesfeb2012.pdf Recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service
32. http://www.asbmb.org/Page.aspx?id=536 Herbert Tabor Research Award
33. http://www.amc.edu/Academic/AlbanyPrize/Recipients/recipients_previous/2003.cfm The Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research 2003 Recipients
34. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/120039/files/pdf Presentation of the Kober Medal to Joseph L. Goldstein and Michael S. Brown
35. http://www.warrenalpert.org/award/#Winners Warren Alpert Foundation Award Recipients
36. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20151104063953/https://royalsociety.org/people/joseph-l-goldstein-11507/. 2015-11-04. Professor Joseph L Goldstein ForMemRS. Royal Society. London.
37. https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=142 The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details
38. Web site: APS Member History .
39. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement . www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
40. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/goldstein.html The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985
41. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1985basic.htm Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 1985
42. http://www.ashg.org/pages/awards_pastrecipients.shtml#allan William Allan Award Past Recipients
43. http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/previous_awardee.html The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry
44. http://www.gairdner.org/content/joseph-l-goldstein Recipient of the Canada Gairdner International Award, 1981
45. Web site: Joseph Goldstein. www.nasonline.org. 23 March 2018.
46. http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/richard-lounsbery-award.html Richard Lounsbery Award
47. http://passanofoundation.org/#/past-recipients/4513087930 The Passano Awards 1945–2011
48. http://www.divbiolchem.org/content/pfizerawardees1 The Pfizer Award