| Honorific-Prefix: | The Honourable |
| Joseph-Alfred Mousseau | |
| Smallimage: | Joseph-Alfred Mousseau.jpg |
| Order: | 6th |
| Office: | Premier of Quebec |
| Term Start: | July 29, 1882 |
| Term End: | January 22, 1884 |
| Lieutenant Governor: | Théodore Robitaille |
| Predecessor: | Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau |
| Successor: | John Jones Ross |
| Office2: | MLA for Jacques-Cartier |
| Term Start2: | August 26, 1882 |
| Term End2: | January 22, 1884 |
| Predecessor2: | Narcisse Lecavalier |
| Successor2: | Arthur Boyer |
| Constituency Mp3: | Bagot |
| Parliament3: | Canadian |
| Term Start3: | January 22, 1874 |
| Term End3: | July 29, 1882 |
| Predecessor3: | Pierre-Samuel Gendron |
| Successor3: | Flavien Dupont |
| Birth Date: | July 17, 1837 |
| Birth Place: | Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier, Lower Canada |
| Death Place: | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Party: | Conservative Party of Quebec |
| Otherparty: | Conservative |
| Relations: | Joseph Octave Mousseau (brother) |
| Cabinet: | Attorney General (1882–1884) President of the Privy Council (1880–1881) Secretary of State of Canada (1881–1882) |
Joseph-Alfred Mousseau (July 17, 1837 – March 30, 1886), was a Canadian lawyer and politician, who served in the federal Cabinet and also as the sixth premier of Quebec.
He was born in Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier, Lower Canada, the son of Louis Mousseau, the son of Alexis Mousseau, and Sophie Duteau, dit Grandpré. Mousseau was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative Member of Parliament in the 1874 election for the riding of Bagot, and was re-elected three times. In 1880, he was elevated to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, serving first as president of the Queen's Privy Council of Canada, and then as Secretary of State for Canada.
Exchanging places with Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Mousseau left federal politics to become the sixth Premier of the province of Quebec from July 31, 1882. He served until his resignation on January 22, 1884, after being appointed as a puisne judge of the Superior Court for the district of Rimouski. He died in Montreal in 1886.
His brother Joseph Octave Mousseau was also a member of the Canadian House of Commons.
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