| José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar | |
| Governor of Ceará | |
| Term Start: | October 6, 1834 |
| Term End: | November 25, 1837 |
| Predecessor: | Inácio Correia de Vasconcelos |
| Successor: | João Facundo de Castro Meneses |
| Term Start2: | October 20, 1840 |
| Term End2: | April 6, 1841 |
| Predecessor2: | João Facundo de Castro Meneses |
| Successor2: | João Facundo de Castro Meneses |
| Birth Date: | 16 October 1794 |
| Birth Place: | Crato, Colonial Brazil |
| Death Place: | Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil |
| Occupation: | Politician, journalist, priest |
José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar (October 16, 1794 – March 15, 1860) was a Brazilian politician, journalist and priest, father of famous Brazilian novelist José de Alencar and diplomat Leonel Martiniano de Alencar, the Baron of Alencar.
A member of the Pernambucan Revolt alongside his mother Bárbara Pereira de Alencar and brothers Tristão Gonçalves and Carlos José dos Santos, and a member of the Confederation of the Equator, he was senator of Ceará and later its governor, from 1834 to 1837, and again from 1840 to 1841.