José Joaquín Ampuero y del Río explained

José Joaquín Ampuero y del Río
Birth Date:1872
Birth Place:Durango, Biscay, Spain
Death Date:1932
Death Place:Bilbao, Spain
Nationality:Spanish
Known For:business, politics
Occupation:businessman
Party:Carlism, Mellismo

José Joaquín Lucio Aurelio Ramón María de Ampuero y del Río (1872–1932) was a Spanish businessman and politician. As member of the Basque industrial and financial oligarchy he held seats in executive bodies of some 30 companies, especially Altos Hornos de Vizcaya and Banco de Bilbao. As politician he supported the Traditionalist cause, first as a Carlist and after 1919 as a breakaway Mellista. In 1901-1913 he served in the Biscay diputación, in 1916–1918 in Congreso de los Diputados, the lower house of the Cortes, and in 1919–1923 in the Senate.

Family and youth

The first known representative of the family was Pedro Ampuero Ajo, who in 1704 integrated numerous possessions in Asturias into one mayorazgo. One branch of the Ampueros settled in Biscay, grew to major landholders in the province and inter-married with other prestigious families like the Urquijos.[1] Paternal grandfather of José Joaquín, José Joaquín Ampuero Maguna,[2] settled in Durango and as owner of numerous estates[3] served in the Bilbao city council, holding also other county and provincial posts.[4] His son and José Joaquín's father, José María Ampuero Jáuregui (1837-1917),[5] inherited most of the wealth. Owner of at least 600 ha[6] and devoted to agriculture and horticulture, he published in various periodicals, served as president of Sindicato Agrícola Vizcaíno and Junta Provincial de Agricultura; he was also active supporter of Basque culture, initiating Fiestas Eúskaras and similar festivals. Ampuero Jáuregui engaged in industry, co-founding Ferrocarril Central de Bizkaia[7] and holding stakes in numerous enterprises from mining and metallurgy business. A zealous Carlist, he served as alcalde of Durango, provincial deputy,[8] Cortes deputy (1881-1884),[9] and senator (1907-1911).[10]

Ampuero Jáuregui married María Milagro del Río Aguero[11] and settled on the iconic family estate in Durango, known as the Eche Zuria palace.[12] The couple had at least 5 children, 3 sons[13] and 2 daughters;[14] José Joaquín was born as the oldest one. Nothing is known on his early education; during the academic career he pursued two paths, one in law and another in philosophy and letters. According to one source he studied law in Deusto,[15] but another one claims that he obtained his first grades in 1891 in Salamanca.[16] He completed his career with doctorado, gained in 1896 in both derecho and filosofía y letras.[17] In the mid-1890s he settled in Madrid and commenced co-operation with the Carlist daily, El Correo Español;[18] it is not clear whether he practiced as a lawyer.[19] At the turn of the centuries he returned to Biscay.[20] In 1903[21] Ampuero married Casilda Gandarias Durañona (1872-1968),[22] descendant to a powerful Basque industrialist family related to numerous mining and metallurgy enterprises.[23] The couple first settled at the Durango Eche Zuria estate, but later they purchased and re-modeled a grandiose residential estate in Getxo, to be known as Palacio Ampuero.[24] They had 3 children, born between 1906 and 1912; the best known was Casilda Ampuero Gandarias, the active Carlist herself who married general José Varela;[25] José María[26] and Pedro[27] did not engage in politics and dedicated themselves to business, holding high executive posts in various companies.[28] This was the case also of many Ampuero's grandchildren from the Varela Ampuero, Ampuero Urruela and Ampuero Osma families,[29] though the best known one, Casilda Varela Ampuero, became sort of a media celebrity having married the world-famous guitar virtuoso, Paco de Lucia.[30] Also great-grandchildren form part of the Ampuero business dynasty and as such are present in the gossip media; this is the case e.g. of Joaquín Güell Ampuero.[31]

Business oligarch

Ampuero del Rio was born to a family of economic tycoons; though for decades its wealth was related to exploitation of the mountains with their chestnut and oak trees, agriculture, the leases of farmhouses, mills or ironworks, and interests produced by possessions, in the mid-19th century the Ampueros engaged in the Biscay mining revolution and re-oriented the fortune towards industry.[32] José Joaquín started to replace his father in executive boards of various companies in the mid-1900s;[33] at the same time he was setting up own enterprises,[34] represented Biscay diputación in firms controlled by the provincial self-government,[35] and got engaged in businesses of his in-laws, the Gandarias Durañona family. In the late 1910s and especially in the 1920s he emerged as one of key members of the Biscay industrial and financial strata, having been member of executive councils of at least 30 companies;[36] by means of his family connections and business links he was positioned at intersection of various industries.[37]

Ampuero's pivotal role was ensured by his membership in executive of Banco de Bilbao;[38] he represented the bank in supervisory boards of numerous companies where BdB was one of major shareholders.[39] He was also member of managing bodies of Banco del Comercio, Caja de Ahorros del Banco Asturiano[40] and an insurance company La Polar.[41] However, the key industry of the province was metallurgy; Ampuero held a seat in Consejo de Administración of Altos Hornos de Vizcaya,[42] a giant soon to become the largest Spanish company.[43] The related machinery business was represented by Basconia,[44] Fundiciones Vera,[45] Talleres de Gernica, Combustión Racional,[46] Construcciones Electro-Mecánicas[47] and Maquinaria Eléctrica;[48] apart from sitting in their management boards, Ampuero co-founded some of these companies. He supervised and held shares of numerous mining companies, active in Biscay (Minera Morro), Asturias (Hulleras del Turón, Minas de Teverga) and Andalusia (Minas de Alcaracejos,[49] Coto Teuler,[50] Argentífera[51]). The largest railway firm he was engaged in was Caminos de Hierro del Norte;[52] others included La Robla,[53] Ferrocarril Bilbao-Portugalete,[54] Ferrocarril Amorebieta-Guernica-Pedernales,[55] Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Vascongados,[56] Compañía del Ferrocarril Central de Aragón[57] and Ferrocarril de Triano.[58] Construction companies were represented by Sdad. Española de Construcciones, Sociedad de Obras y Construcciónes de Bilbao,[59] and Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval,[60] glass industry by Vidrieras S.A.[61] and other branches by Basauri S.A.In most companies Ampuero performed the supervisory role, representing institutional shareholders like Banco de Bilbao, private investors or his family; cases of himself assuming a managing role are rare and are either related to rotative presidency scheme or to smaller enterprises he co-founded.[62] In rather few cases he is noted as having a role in key business decisions,[63] though in the late 1920s he was among most prestigious Biscay entrepreneurs and there was a street named after him in the Zabala district of Bilbao.[64] Ampuero held key posts – e.g. in Banco de Bilbao, Altos Hornos or Norte - until death[65] and in historiography is considered one of key members of the Basque financial and industrial oligarchy of the early 20th century.[66]

Carlist

The father of José Joaquín was an ardent Carlist;[67] as such he was served in the Cortes in 1881-1884[68] and at the turn of the centuries he remained one of key party politicians in the province.[69] Ampuero del Rio from his youth followed in the footsteps of his parent, though initially it appeared that he would rather become a propagandist and publisher. During his academic period and during the Madrid spell of the 1890s he became a permanent collaborator of the unofficial Carlist press mouthpiece, El Correo Español.[70] Under his own name he provided local correspondence,[71] wrote brief biographies of Traditionalist pundits,[72] spoke against secularization tide at the universities,[73] defended Basque fueros[74] or even published poems, like the one dedicated to the new wife of Carlist king Carlos VII, Berthe de Rohán.[75] As a young lecturer he gave conferences[76] or represented El Correo at meetings with distinguished personalities, like the papal nuncio.[77] None of the sources consulted confirms engagement in party structures; however, in wake of Carlist conspiracy and few minor disturbances of late 1900, known as La Octubrada, he was briefly detained.[78]

Before turning 30 Ampuero was catapulted to public power when in 1901 and thanks to the role and position enjoyed by his father, he was elected from the district of Durango to the Biscay diputación provincial, the local self-government;[79] as a Carlist candidate he would be re-elected for two successive terms, commencing in 1905[80] and 1909.[81] Though in diputación he was engaged in various fields like education,[82] he was best known as negotiator of Concierto Económico, namely in 1906[83] and 1908;[84] he was already known as vehement supporter of provincial foral establishments.[85] At numerous occasions he merged his official and party duties, e.g. attending a Carlist feast of 1907,[86] representing diputación at the funeral of Carlos VII in Trieste in 1909[87] or hosting the party theorist and rising political star Juan Vázquez de Mella in 1911.[88] Following a brief break after he had ceased as diputación member in the mid-1910s, Ampuero decided to enter national politics. Far from zealous militancy, he was at decent terms with other parties;[89] standing as Jaimista in the 1916 elections to the lower house of the Cortes, he defeated Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|[[Eduardo Dato|datista]], Basque nationalist and independent candidates[90] and was comfortably elected from his native Durango district.[91] Member of the tiny, 9-member Carlist minority, Ampuero was moderately involved when speaking in defense of religious orders[92] or engaged in economic lobbying.[93] He was also busy supporting the regionalist cause, not only for Vascongadas but also for Catalonia,[94] hailed by the Biscay party organisation as their representative in Madrid.[95] Together with other Basque Carlist leaders like Estebán Bilbao, Julián Elorza or marqués de Valde-Espina in 1918 he supported Asamblea Tradicionalista Vasca, attempting to channel the rising Basque nationalism into Traditionalism.[96] His term in the Cortes expired in 1918; initially he intended to run for re-election and was listed as a Jaimista candidate from Durango,[97] but eventually he withdrew.[98]

Mellista

In the 1910s Carlism was plagued by a conflict between the claimant Don Jaime and the key party theorist, Vázquez de Mella; the points of contention was the role of dynastical objectives and the nature of would-be alliance with other parties.[99] Ampuero, who following the 1917 death of his father emerged as the key party man in Biscay, tended to side with de Mella. In 1918 he was heavily inclined towards a broad right-wing coalition with the Alfonsists and nationalists; the faction, known as La Piña, was ridiculed by orthodox Jaimistas as “piñosos con boinas”.[100] The conflict climaxed in early 1919, when the Mellistas broke away to build their own party. Ampuero decided to join the dissenters; he entered their local executive, Junta Señorial Tradicionalista de Vizcaya,[101] and with Ignacio Gardeazábal was co-leading the Biscay Mellistas.[102]

In mid-1919 Ampuero fielded his candidacy for the Senate, the chamber elected not in popular elections but during behind-the-scenes deals within various provincial institutions; like his father, he stood not in his native Biscay but in the neighboring Gipuzkoa.[103] Banking on prestige of late Ampuero Jáuregui, own position as business tycoon, Traditionalist following in the province and conciliatory approach towards other parties, he was comfortably elected; his seat was confirmed for the following legislatures of 1921,[104] 1922 and 1923.[105] In the Senate he represented the tiny, 2-member[106] Mellista minority.[107] Though member of numerous committees, he was hardly active; his interventions were related mostly to economic issues.[108] His term expired in late 1923, when Primo de Rivera coup produced dissolution of the legislative.

The year of 1923 marked also the last Traditionalist Ampuero's engagements. In the early 1920s supportive of “un gran partido nacional de derechas”, he was somewhat less strict than de Mella when seeking alliances[109] and tended towards a broad right-wing monarchist accord;[110] he neither shared de Mella's intransigence versus the restoration regime.[111] Not particularly active during buildup of the Mellista party, he was missing during the grand Zaragoza assembly of 1922;[112] his last engagement noted was speaking at a Mellista rally in Mondragón in 1923.[113] Following the Primo coup he withdrew into business, refrained from any political activity and is not known for taking part in primoderiverista institutions, though his corporate engagements at times brought him closer to the officialdom.[114] Once the Republic has been declared, Ampuero did not resume his Traditionalist activities; he is not known as re-entering the united Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista.[115] His only initiative was co-signing a 1931 letter addressed to president Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, which protested secularization policy, asked that Catholic rights be respected and religious orders be left unmolested.[116] Ampuero died due to intracerebral hemorrhage he suffered when returning from religious service for the souls of guardias civiles, killed during so-called Sucesos de Castilblanco.[117]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. the great-great-great grandfather of Ampuero y del Río, Pedro Antonio Ventura de Ampuero Salcedo (grandson to Ampuero Ajo), married María Teresa de Urquijo Gutiérrez, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here
  2. the son of Ampuero Salcedo, Pedro Joaquín de Ampuero Urquijo, was the great-great grandfather of José Joaquín; he married María Francisca de Musaurieta Urbina. Their son was the great-grandfather of José Joaquín, Pedro María de Ampuero Musaurieta; he married María Teresa de Maguna and then her sister, Eulalia de Maguna Ampuero. José Joaquín Ampuero Maguna was their son, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here
  3. see e.g. the list of properties in Bilbao, inherited by his son, Ampuero Jaúregui, Expediente personal. Certificación del Registro de la Propiedad de Bilbao, [in:] Senado service, available here
  4. Calle de la Lotería entry, [in:] Bilbaopedia service, available here. Ampuero Maguna married Genara Jaúregui Elguezabal, Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo, [in:] Senado service, available here
  5. 100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?, [in:] Gerediaga service 13.03.17, available here
  6. Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rústica en Vizcaya según el Registro de la Propiedad Expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde 19 (1996), available online here
  7. Ampuero Jáuregui, José María entry, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  8. Rafael Ruzafa Ortega, J. Antonio Pérez, Francisco Javier Montón Martínez, Santiago de la Hoz, Características y evolución de las elites en el País Vaco (1898-1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 8 (1992), p. 133
  9. see the official Congreso de los Diputados service, available here
  10. see the official Senate service, available here
  11. daughter of Antonio del Rio (from Albalejo) and Soledad de Aguero (from Madrid), Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo, [in:] Senado service, available here
  12. 100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?, [in:] Gerediaga service 13.03.17, available here
  13. the younger brothers of José Joaquín were Antonio (who died in his youth, El Correo Español 08.06.01, available here) and Ramón, who tried his hand in letters, see AbeBooks service, available here
  14. María de la Soledad married a Carlist politician and senator Manuel Lezama Leguizamón. Maria de la Concepción did not marry and died in 1919, El Correo Español 05.05.19, available here
  15. El Siglo Futuro 08.01.32, available here
  16. El Fomento 23.06.91, available here
  17. El Imparcial 30.05.96, available here. His law dissertation, titled Derechos e intervención respectiva que al Estado y a la Iglesia corresponden en la enseñanza pública, was accepted at Universidad Central, Aurora Miguel Alonso (ed.), Doctores en derecho por la Universidad Central. Catálogo de tesis doctorales 1847-1914, Madrid 2018,, p. 396
  18. in 1898 Ampuero was referred to “compañero en la prensa” and collaborator of El Correo, Noticiero Salmantino 16.05.98, available here
  19. in 1894 a “joven abogado” named Ampuero practiced as a lawyer, not only in Madrid but also in Palma de Mallorca, El Isleño 12.04.94, available here. In the early 1900s Ampuero was officially listed as “abogado”, Insitutciones y Dependencias del Estado 1904, available here
  20. exact date of Ampuero's return to Durango is not clear; as late as 1897 he was still related to the Madrid El Correo Español, but in 1901 he was already elected from Durango to the provincial diputación
  21. Heraldo Alaves 21.07.03, available here
  22. Casilda Gandarias Durañona entry, [in:] Geneanet service, available here
  23. she was daughter to Pedro Pascual Gandarias and sister to Juan Tomás de Gandarias y Durañona, one of the founders of Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
  24. Palacio Ampuero entry, [in:] Patrimonio Cultural Ondarea service, available here
  25. Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here
  26. José María Ampuero Gandarias entry, [in:] Geni service, available here
  27. Pedro de Ampuero y Gandarias entry, [in:] Geneallnet service, available here
  28. Entrevista a Casilda Varela Ampuero, [in:] Haqq blog 23.07.18 (Jotaelehaqq blog blocked by Wikipedia)
  29. one of the highest positioned representatives of the family is José Domingo de Ampuero y Osma, in the 1990s vicepresident of Iberdrola and Banco de Bilbao, Ampuero Osma, José Domingo entry, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  30. Yolanda Ruiz, La familia de Paco de Lucía: «Llevamos a Durango en el corazón», [in:] El Correo 27.05.17, available here
  31. high executive of numerous companies, he became the target of gossip media also due to his marriage with a politician Cayetana Alvarez de Tolado, Vera Bercovitz, Lo más catalan de Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo, [in:] Vanity Fair 16.04.19, available here
  32. apart from the Etxe Zuri house in Durango, the Ampueros owned the Larracoechea farmhouses in Begońa, Bitańo and Beascoechea in Izurtza and Arandia-Iturrioz in Iurreta, several houses in the Calle del Correo, Carnicería Vieja, Astarloa, Gran Vía and Plaza Nueva in Bilbao and the Arandia and Arana ironworks in Durango, Murueta in Abadińo and Orobio in Erdikolea, Archivo Familiar Ampuero [in:] Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio, available online here
  33. e.g. in 1906 Ampuero entered the management board of Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Vascongados, Gaceta de los Caminos del Hierro 16.11.06, available here
  34. e.g. the insurance company La Polar, which he presided since 1906, El Financiero Hispano-Americano 19.10.06, available here
  35. this was the case of Ferrocarril de Triano, Anuario-Riera 1908, available here
  36. one scholar arrived at a total of 21 management boards that Ampuero formed part of, Pedro Chalmeta Gendrón, Cultura y culturas en la historia, Salamanca 1995, ISBN 788474817997, p. 156; another list, with 18 companies named, in Rafael Ruzafa Ortega, J. Antonio Pérez, Francisco Javier Montón Martínez, Santiago de la Hoz, Características y evolución de las elites en el País Vaco (1898-1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 8 (1992), p. 140
  37. detailed review of personal interconnections, represented by Ampuero, in Olga Macías, Los inversos ferroviarios vizcaínos y su presencia en los negocios mineros españoles (1922), [in:] AEHE 10 (2005), available here
  38. Ampuero was one of the co-founders of the bank, Bercovits 2019
  39. Macías 2005, p. 7
  40. La Voz de Asturias 19.01.30, available here
  41. El Financiero Hispano-Americano 19.10.06, available here
  42. Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, [in:] Landaburu service 28.06.16 (Landaburumiguel blog blocked by Wikipedia)
  43. Macías 2005, pp. 5-6
  44. La Industria Nacional 30.04.20, available here. Ampuero was one of key managers of the company, see Boletín Minero XI/122 (1932), p. 10
  45. Macías 2005 pp. 5-6
  46. Macías 2005, p. 5 and passim
  47. full name Sociedad Española de Construcciones Electro-Mecánicas, La Acción 16.03.22, available here
  48. full name Constructora Nacional de Maquinaria Eléctrica, El Financiero 27.06.30, available here
  49. the company exploited copper, pyrites and goethite in the province of Córdoba
  50. the company exploited serpentine deposits in the province of Huelva; Ampuero co-founded the company in 1911, El Financiero Hispano-Americano 20.10.11, available here
  51. full name Argentifera de Córdoba; the company exploited galena deposits, the source of silver, zinc and lead; in 1921 Ampuero was secretary of the board, Anuario Garciceballos 1921-1922, available here
  52. full name Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España, Los Transported Ferreos 24.02.20, available here
  53. Pedro Fernández Díaz Sarabia, Tres opas ferrociarias en la epoca del directorio militar, [in:] IV Congreso Historia Ferroviaria (2006), p. 18
  54. since 1918, El Sol 25.05.18, available here
  55. Macías 2005, p. 13, Anuario de Ferrocarriles 1921, available here
  56. Gaceta de los Caminos de Hierro 16.11.06, available here
  57. he was delegated to the board by Banco de Bilbao, Gaceta de los Caminos de Hierro 16.11.06, available here
  58. he was delegated to the board by the Biscay diputación, Anuario Riera 1908, available here
  59. El Correo de Cádiz 06.04.18, available here
  60. El Financiero 13.06.30, available here
  61. Fernando Rodríguez, Vidrala, Bilbao 2015, ; Ampuero is repeatedly mentioned in the book as the key shareholder of the company
  62. e.g. Ampuero was president of the newly established Constructora Nacional de Maquinaria Eléctrica, El Financiero 27.06.30, available here; similarly, he was president of La Polar, El Financiero Hispano-Americano 19.10.06, available here
  63. e.g. in case of the glass company Vidreras the new key engineer, Marcelino Oreja (a fellow Mellista politician), was engaged on advice of Ampuero, Rodríguez 2015
  64. Eduardo J. Alonso Olea (ed.), Bilbao y sus barrios, vol. 5, Bilbao 2009, p 160; there is no street honoring Ampuero in Zabala now and it is not clear what street bore his name in the past. There was also “Plaza José Joaquín Ampuero” in the Asturian Sabero, another location related to Ampuero's entrepreneurial engagements, Gonzalo Garcival, Un barrio del Perchel junto a los Picos de Europa, [in:] Diario Sur 08.02.15, available here; similarly, the name did not survive until today
  65. La Nación 20.03.29, available here
  66. Ruzafa Ortega, Pérez, Montón Martínez, de la Hoz 1992, p. 140
  67. almost all Carlist great landholders in Biscay moved to Integrism in the 1880s, the exceptions were Ampuero Jaúregui and José Niceto de Urquizu, Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985,, p. 252
  68. see the official Cortes service, available here
  69. compare Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 29, 48, 49, 60-62, 71, 74-75, 146, 158, 214, 220, 221, and 252
  70. in 1898 Ampuero was named “compañero en la prensa” and collaborator of El Correo, Noticiero Salmantino 16.05.98, available here
  71. compare La Lealtad Navarra 19.07.95, available here
  72. e.g. in 1897 he published a brief biography of Pereda, La Atalaya 22.02.97, available here
  73. El Correo Español 10.02.97, available here
  74. e.g. in 1894 in a Carlist periodical El Basco he wrote an article on fueros, El Aralar 15.06.94, available here
  75. El Correo Español 22.05.95, available here
  76. El Correo Español 02.06.94, available here
  77. El Correo Español 28.05.94, available here
  78. La Atalaya 04.11.00, available here
  79. Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín entry, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here; see also El Correo Español 15.03.01. available here
  80. El Correo Español 21.03.05, available here
  81. El Imparcial 18.10.08, available here
  82. in 1902 Ampuero was nominated member of Junta Provincial de Instrucción pública of the diputation, Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 30.07.02, available here
  83. El Siglo Futuro 08.01.32, available here
  84. La Correspondencia de España 14.12.08, available here
  85. El Siglo Futuro 08.01.32, available here
  86. El Correo Español 02.03.07, available here
  87. Imanol Villa, La muerte de Don Carlos, [in:] El Correo 12.07.09, available here. Ampuero travelled to Trieste to attend the funeral together with his father, Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, Don Carlos de Borbón y de Austria-Este. Su vida, su carácter y su muerte, Valencia 1909, p. 194
  88. El Correo Español 27.07.11, available here
  89. e.g. during preliminary 1911 talks prior to elections, the conservatives, the nationalists and the liberals agreed they would not field their candidates in Durango to facilitate Ampuero's election; eventually he did not stand, El Eco de Navarra 06.12.11, available here
  90. Heraldo de Madrid 02.04.16, available here
  91. see the official Cortes service, available here
  92. El Correo Español 05.10.16, available here
  93. La Rioja 29.06.16, available here
  94. El Imparcial 27.01.17, available here
  95. El Porvenir 27.04.16, available here
  96. El Correo Español 24.01.18, available here
  97. El Sol 18.02.18, available here
  98. in the press he quoted differences with the party leadership, see La Epoca 23.02.18, available here. However, the Biscay Carlist leader, Teodoro Arana, presents a different version and claims there were no differences, Conde de Arana, Fraternidad vasco-historica, Bilbao 1921, pp. 83-84
  99. detailed lecture in Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000,
  100. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 142
  101. ndrés Martín 2000, p. 166
  102. José Luis Orella, "La Gaceta del Norte", la espada laica de la Compañía de Jesús, [in:] Aportes 51/1 (2003), p. 58
  103. Ampuero Jaúregui represented Gipuzkoa in the Senate in 1907-1907 and 1910-1911, see the official Senado service, available here
  104. La Epoca 03.01.21, available here
  105. see the Ampuero del Río entry at the official Senado service, available here
  106. apart from Ampuero, the other Mellista in the Senate was Antonio Mazarrasa from Alava, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 175
  107. La Correspondencia de España 15.06.19, available here, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 175
  108. Ampuero del Río entry at the official Senado service, available here
  109. unlike de Mella, Ampuero did not refer to “genuine Right”, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 177
  110. some claimed that Ampuero tended to “confraternizar” with the Alfonsinos, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 195
  111. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 177
  112. Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 237-241
  113. Heraldo Alaves 27.07.23, available here
  114. e.g. when in 1926 Primo de Rivera visited Bilbao and was shown the railway district of Zabala, presented as a dynamically developing quarter, Ampuero – at the time heavily engaged in the local railway business – took part in the tour, Alonso Olea 2009, p 160
  115. Ampuero is not mentioned a single time in a monograph on Carlism during the Second Republic, compare Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008,
  116. Heraldo Alaves 03.07.31, available here
  117. El Siglo Futuro 08.01.32, available here

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