Pine Gap Explained

Pine Gap
Type:	other
State:	au
Coordinates:	-23.8°N 133.7375°W
Relief:	yes

Pine Gap is a joint United States-Australian satellite intelligence gathering and signals intelligence surveillance base and Australian Earth station approximately south-west of the town of Alice Springs. It is jointly operated by Australia and the United States, and since 1988 it has been officially called the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap (JDFPG); previously, it was known as Joint Defence Space Research Facility.^[1] It plays a crucial role in supporting the intelligence activities and military operations of the US around the world.^[2] The base's role has caused much controversy in Australia leading to various protests.^[3]

The station is partly run by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), US National Security Agency (NSA), and US National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and is a key contributor to the NSA's global interception/surveillance effort, which included the ECHELON program.^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} The classified NRO name for the Pine Gap base is Australian Mission Ground Station (AMGS), while the unclassified cover term for the NSA function of the facility is RAINFALL.^[8]

Base

The facilities at the base consist of a massive computer complex with 38 radomes protecting radio dishes^[9] and operates with over 800 employees.^[10] Former NSA employee David Rosenberg indicated that the chief of the facility was a senior CIA officer at the time of his service there.^{[11] [12]}

The location is strategically significant because it controls United States spy satellites as they pass over one-third of the globe, including China, North Korea, the Asian parts of Russia, and the Middle East.^[9] Central Australia was chosen because it was too remote for spy ships passing in international waters to intercept its signals.^[11] The facility has become a key part of the local economy.^[13]

Military activities

Pine Gap's activities have become more military-focused over time. One of its roles is to detect and geolocate the source of electronic signals, such as those emitted by mobile phones. This information is used by the US military to identify and geolocate targets of interest, which it can then attack using special forces or lethal unmanned drones, for example.

Since it was established, Pine Gap has assisted the US in planning for nuclear war.^[14]

Leaked Department of Defence documents revealed that satellites controlled by the Pine Gap and Joint Defence Facility Nurrungar facilities were used during the Vietnam War to pinpoint targets for bombings in Cambodia.^[15]

The Joint Defence Facility at Nurrungar relayed warnings of Scud missile launches to the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) during the Gulf War. By 2002, this function had been transferred to Pine Gap.^{[16] [17]}

Location data provided by Pine Gap was used by the US to kill al-Qaeda and the Taliban soldiers with drones. US drones have also killed hundreds of civilians.^{[18] [19]}

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, it is alleged Pine Gap provided the IDF with communications and electronic intelligence which it had collected using two geosynchronous Orion satellites located over the Indian Ocean.

Operational history

In late 1966, during the Cold War, a joint US–Australian treaty called for the creation of a US satellite surveillance base in Australia, to be titled the "Joint Defence Space Research Facility".^[20] The purpose of the facility was initially referred to in public as "space research".^[21] It was officially referred to as a "joint space research facility" until 1988.^[22] The Pine Gap treaty was signed on 9 December 1966 and stated that, after an initial nine years, either Australia or the US could cancel the agreement on giving one year's notice.^[23]

Operations started in 1970 when about 400 American families moved to Central Australia. The function of the base when it first opened was to monitor military activities such as missile tests in Russia, China, Pakistan, Japan, Korea, and India.^[24]

The base was placed on nuclear alert by the US government during the Yom Kippur War in 1973 when US secretary of state Henry Kissinger issued a DEFCON 3 alert. Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam was not informed about the alert.^[22]

Since the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the rise of the war on terror in 2001, the base has seen a refocusing from mere nuclear treaty monitoring and missile launch detection, to become a vital warfighting base for US military forces. In 1999, with the Australian Government refusing to give details to an Australian Senate committee about the relevant treaties, intelligence expert Professor Des Ball from the Australian National University was called to give an outline of Pine Gap. According to Ball, since 9 December 1966 when the Australian and United States governments signed the Pine Gap treaty, Pine Gap had grown from the original two antennas to about 18 in 1999, and 38 by 2017.^[25] The number of staff had increased from around 400 in the early 1980s to 600 in the early 1990s and then to 800 in 2017, the biggest expansion since the end of the Cold War.

Ball described the facility as the ground control and processing station for geosynchronous satellites engaged in signals intelligence collection, outlining four categories of signals collected:

• telemetry from advanced weapons development, such as ballistic missiles, used for arms control verification;
• signals from anti-missile and anti-aircraft radars;
• transmissions intended for communications satellites; and
• microwave emissions, such as long-distance telephone calls.

Ball described the operational area as containing three sections: Satellite Station Keeping Section, Signals Processing Station and the Signals Analysis Section, from which Australians were barred until 1980. Australians are now officially barred only from the National Cryptographic Room (similarly, Americans are barred from the Australian Cryptographic Room). Each morning the Joint Reconnaissance Schedule Committee meets to determine what the satellites will monitor over the next 24 hours.

With the closing of the Nurrungar base in 1999, an area in Pine Gap was set aside for the United States Air Force's control station for Defense Support Program satellites that monitor heat emissions from missiles, giving first warning of ballistic missile launches. In 2004, the base began operating a new satellite system known as the Space-Based Infrared System, which is a vital element of US missile defence.

Since the end of the Cold War, the station has mainly been employed to intercept and record weapons and communications signals from countries in Asia, such as China and North Korea. The station was active in supporting the wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq and every US war since the September 11 attacks.^{[26] [27]}

The Menwith Hill Station (MHS) in the UK is operated by the NSA and also serves as ground station for these satellite missions.

One of Pine Gap's primary functions is to locate radio signals in the Eastern Hemisphere, with the collected information fed into the US drone program.^{[28] [29]} This was confirmed by an NSA document from 2013, which says that Pine Gap plays a key role in providing geolocation data for intelligence purposes, as well as for military operations, including air strikes.

On 11 July 2013, documents revealed through former NSA analyst Edward Snowden showed that Pine Gap, amongst three other locations in Australia and one in New Zealand, contributed to the NSA's global interception and collection of internet and telephone communications, which involves systems like XKEYSCORE. Journalist Brian Toohey states that Pine Gap intercepts electronic communications from Australian citizens including phone calls, emails and faxes as a consequence of the technology it uses.^[30]

According to documents published in August 2017, Pine Gap is used as a ground station for spy satellites on two secret missions:

• Mission 7600 with 2 geosynchronous satellites to cover Eurasia and Africa
• Mission 8300 with 4 geosynchronous satellites that covered the former Soviet Union, China, South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and countries on the Atlantic Ocean

After the inexplicable March 2014 disappearance of Malaysia Airlines flight MH 370, a Boeing 777 passenger jet, authorities suggested that Pine Gap or Jindalee (JORN) radar site might have data to help locate the missing aircraft.^{[31] [32]}

Whitlam dismissal

See main article: Alleged CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal.

Gough Whitlam, Prime Minister of Australia (between 1972 and 1975), considered closing the base.^{[33] [34]} Victor Marchetti, a former CIA officer who had helped set up the facility, said that this consideration "caused apoplexy in the White House, [and] a kind of Chile [coup] was set in motion", with the CIA and MI6 working together to get rid of the Prime Minister. On 11 November 1975, the day Whitlam was scheduled to brief the Australian Parliament on the secret CIA presence in Australia, as well as it being "the last day of action if an election of any kind was to be held before Christmas", he was dismissed from office by Governor-General John Kerr using reserve powers, described as "archaic" by critics of the decision.

In 2020, previously confidential private correspondences between the Palace and the Governor-General were released. In one of the letters, John Kerr describes his alleged CIA connections as "Nonsense of course", and assured the Queen of his continued loyalty.^[35]

Allegations of Christopher Boyce

During his trial for espionage, US defence industry employee Christopher Boyce made a number of allegations related to the intelligence gathered at Pine Gap (including claiming that the CIA was involved in the Whitlam Dismissal). He stated that, despite the US agreeing to share intelligence from Pine Gap with Australia, he was told that the US would withhold some information from the Australians. Boyce also said that Pine Gap was monitoring telephone calls and telex messages to and from Australia of a political nature.^[36]

Protests

• On 11 November 1983, Aboriginal women led 700 women to the Pine Gap gates where they fell silent for 11 minutes to commemorate Remembrance Day and the Greenham Common protest in Britain. This was the beginning of a two-week, women-only peace camp, organised under the auspices of "Women For Survival".^[37] The gathering was nonviolent but several women trespassed onto the military base. 111^[38] women were arrested on one particular day and gave their names as Karen Silkwood, an American nuclear worker who died after campaigning for nuclear safety. There were allegations of police brutality and an Australian Human Rights Commission inquiry ensued.^[39]
• On 5–7 October 2002, a number of groups (including Quakers and the National Union of Students) gathered at the gates of Pine Gap to protest the use of the base in the then-impending Iraq war.^[40]
• In December 2005, six members of the Christians Against All Terrorism group staged a protest outside Pine Gap. Four of them later broke into the facility and were arrested. Their trial began on 3 October 2006 and was the first time that Australia's Defense (Special Undertakings) Act 1952 was used.^[41] The Pine Gap Four cross-appealed to have their convictions quashed. In February 2008, the four members successfully appealed their convictions and were acquitted.^[42]
• On 28 September 2016, a group of five people calling themselves “Peace Pilgrims” entered the prohibited zone around Pine Gap and were arrested and tried for trespass.^[43]
• On 20 October 2023, pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked the entryway to Pine Gap calling for a ceasefire in Gaza.^[44] Protesters blockaded the main access road to Pine Gap in late November 2023 due to concerns that information collected at the facility was being passed to the IDF and being used to identify targets within Gaza during the 2023 Israel-Hamas War.^[45]

In popular culture

Peter "Turbo" Teatoff is seen delivering heavy machinery to JDFPG in season 4's 11th episode of series Outback Truckers.

Pine Gap features prominently in the third and fourth thriller novels of the Jack West Jr. series—The Five Greatest Warriors and The Four Legendary Kingdoms, respectively—by the Australian writer Matthew Reilly.

Pine Gap is featured in the 2018 Australian television series of the same name. The series is a political thriller, portraying the lives of the members of the joint American–Australian intelligence team.

In the novel, The Secret History of Twin Peaks by Mark Frost, President Richard Nixon claims that Pine Gap is actually the site of an underground facility constructed by extraterrestrials.

In 1982 the Australian band Midnight Oil released "Power and the Passion", which contains a reference to Pine Gap.

On 6 March 2024, Australian YouTubers Aleksa Vulović, Alex Apollonov and Jordan Shanks uploaded a video to Vulović's channel Boy Boy, in which the trio attempted to enter Pine Gap. The trio were briefly detained and questioned after being denied entry at the front gate. The next day, upon arrival at Sydney Airport, the trio were further questioned by the Australian Federal Police immediately after leaving the aircraft. The video featured an interview with Donna Mulhearn, one of the six members of the Christians Against All Terrorism group who attempted to sneak into Pine Gap in 2006, along with accusations of CIA involvement in the Whitlam Dismissal

See also

• Five Eyes alliance
• GCSB Waihopai
• RAF Menwith Hill
• Misawa Air Base

References

• Book: Ball . Desmond . A Suitable Piece of Real Estate: American Installations in Australia . Desmond Ball. 1980 . Hale & Iremonger . 978-0-908094-47-9 . 10 November 2023 . en.
• Book: Gilling . Tom . Project RAINFALL: The secret history of Pine Gap . 3 September 2019 . Allen & Unwin . 978-1-76087-215-1 . 10 November 2023 . en.
• Book: Pilger . John . A Secret Country . John Pilger. 1992 . Vintage . London . 9780099152316 . 12. print . 7 November 2023.

Citations

Sources

General sources

• 1999 Joint Standing Committee on Treaties. An Agreement to extend the period of operation of the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap . Report 26. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, October 1999.
• 2002 Craig Skehan, "Pine Gap gears for war with eye on Iraq" . Sydney Morning Herald, 30 September 2002.
• 2003 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Pine Gap . Retranscription of program broadcast on 4 August 2003.
• 2007 Pine Gap 6
• 2007 "Judge rejects Pine Gap house arrest bid" The Australian, 29 May.
• 2007 "Aussies eye BMD role" United Press International, 11 Jun
• 2007 "Pine Gap protest linked to Iraq war, pacifists tell court" ABC, Australia, 5 Jun
• 2007 Protesters get a wrist slap

External links

• Pine Gap's wider missile role, The Age, 21 September 2007
• Pine Gap protests–historical at Nautilus Institute, April 2008
• Management of Operations at Pine Gap, Desmond Ball, Bill Robinson and Richard Tanter, Nautilus Institute, 24 November 2015
• The Base: Pine Gap's Role in US Warfighting, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017
• NSA Documents on Pine Gap, from archive of Edward Snowden, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017
• The U.S. Spy Hub in the Heart of Australia, The Intercept, 20 August 2017

Notes and References

1. Hamlin . Karen . 2007 . Pine Gap celebrates 40 years . Defence Magazine . 2007/8 . 3 . 28–31 . 1446-229X . 30 December 2010 . 21 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165909/http://www.defence.gov.au/defencemagazine/editions/200708_03/ . live .
2. Web site: Cronau . Peter . Leaked documents reveal Pine Gap's role in the US fighting machine . ABC News . 5 November 2023 . en-AU . 19 August 2017.
3. Web site: Commons Librarian . 2023-12-22 . Campaigns that Changed South Australia . 2024-04-05 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
4. News: Dorling . Philip . Australian outback station at forefront of US spying arsenal . . 30 January 2014 . 26 July 2013 . 28 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928162246/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/australian-outback-station-at-forefront-of-us-spying-arsenal-20130720-hv10h.html . live .
5. Book: Loxley, Adam . The Teleios Ring . 2011 . Matador . Leicester . 978-1848769205 . 296.
6. Book: Routledge Companion to Intelligence Studies . 2013 . Routledge . 9781134480296 . 164 . Robert Dover . Michael S. Goodman . Claudia Hillebrand.
7. Web site: Mission Ground Station Declassification (NRO) . 15 October 2008 . National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) . 28 March 2014 . 18 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140618182720/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/NRO_FOIA_request.pdf . live .
8. Peter Cronau, The Base: Pine Gap's Role in US Warfighting, Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, 20 August 2017; Ryan Gallagher and Peter Cronau, The U.S. Spy Hub in the Heart of Australia, The Intercept, 20 August 2017.
9. Book: Middleton, Hannah . Ending War, Building Peace . Lynda-ann . Blanchard . Leah . Chan . The Campaign against US military bases in Australia . 2009 . Sydney University Press . 978-1920899431 . 125–126 . 2 November 2012 . 14 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160414125639/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfevcY8rtwMC . live .
10. http://www.theage.com.au/national/pine-gap-drives-us-drone-kills-20130720-2qbsa.html
11. Book: Rosenberg, David . Inside Pine Gap: The Spy who Came in from the Desert . 2011 . Hardie Grant Books . Prahran, Victoria . 9781742701738.
12. Harris, Reg Legendary Territorians, Harris Nominees, Alice Springs, 2007, p 93, .
13. Book: Stanton, Jenny . The Australian Geographic Book of the Red Centre . 2000 . . Terrey Hills, New South Wales . 1-86276-013-6 . 57.
14. Web site: Tanter . Richard . 9 December 2016 . Fifty years on, Pine Gap should reform to better serve Australia . 10 November 2023 . The Conversation.
15. Pilger 1992, p. 202.
16. Web site: 30 September 2002 . Pine Gap gears for war with eye on Iraq . 7 November 2023 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en.
17. Web site: Cronau . Peter . 3 November 2023 . Targetting Palestine . 7 November 2023 . Declassified Australia . en-AU.
18. Web site: Dorling . Philip . 20 July 2013 . Pine Gap drives US drone kills . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901071244mp_/http://www.smh.com.au/national/pine-gap-drives-us-drone-kills-20130720-2qbsa.html . 1 September 2022 . 7 November 2023 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en.
19. Web site: Wood . Richard . 12 October 2019 . The story behind Pine Gap spy base . 10 November 2023 . www.9news.com.au.
20. Web site: Treaties . www.info.dfat.gov.au . 25 November 2017 . 10 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040607/https://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/Treaties/Treaties.nsf/AllDocIDs/675B157B757190FDCA256B59007D0CF3 . live .
21. News: An American Spy Base Hidden in Australia's Outback . Jackie . Dent . The New York Times . 23 November 2017 . 25 November 2017 . 23 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211023104628/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/23/world/australia/pine-gap-spy-base-protests.html . live .
22. News: Barwick . Alex . When the US put Australia on nuclear red alert, no-one told the prime minister . 24 April 2024 . ABC News . 23 April 2024 . en-AU.
23. Book: Coxsedge . Joan . Nugan Hand: A Tale of Drugs, Dirty Money, the CIA and the Ousting of the Whitlam Government : an "unbank" and Its CIA Connections. Joan Coxsedge . 2017 . Communist Party of Australia . 11 November 2023 . en.
24. Web site: Gallagher . Ryan . The U.S. Spy Hub in the Heart of Australia . The Intercept . https://web.archive.org/web/20220823104430/https://theintercept.com/2017/08/19/nsa-spy-hub-cia-pine-gap-australia/ . 23 August 2022 . 19 August 2017.
25. Ball . Desmond . 28 May 2015 . Expanded Communications Satellite Surveillance and Intelligence Activities utilising Multi-beam Antenna Systems . The Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability . 29 . 28 September 2022 . 27 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427131346/http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Torus-SATCOM.pdf . live .
26. Coopes, Amy, Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "US eyes Asia from secret Australian base", Yahoo! News, 19 September 2011
27. Japan Times, 19 September 2011, p. 1.
28. News: Dorling . Philip . Pine Gap drives US drone kills . . 30 January 2014 . 21 July 2013 . 5 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140105050530/http://www.smh.com.au/national/pine-gap-drives-us-drone-kills-20130720-2qbsa.html . live .
29. News: Oliver Laughland . Pine Gap's role in US drone strikes should be investigated – rights groups . . 21 December 2013 . 10 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205650/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/pine-gap-drone-strikes-investigation-call . live .
30. News: Snow . Deborah . Tantalising secrets of Australia's intelligence world revealed . 1 October 2019 . The Age . 31 August 2019 . 1 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001133423/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/tantalising-secrets-of-australia-s-intelligence-world-revealed-20190826-p52ku9.html . live .
31. Web site: 2014-03-19 . Australian bases could be withholding MH370 data - 9News . 2024-03-08 . www.9news.com.au . Canberra is reportedly unwilling to disclose whether its RAAF radar was tracking the Boeing 777 as it flew. The over-the-horizon radar is capable of tracking flights as far away as 3000km from Pine Gap, enough to track the aircraft as it flew across the South China Sea… Australian Defence Department said it would not be providing comment on the surveillance system… Pine Gap's primary function is to control US spy satellites, but no information from the base has been shared with the Malaysian government..
32. Web site: Murdoch . Lindsay . 2014-03-19 . Missing Malaysia Airlines plane: plea to US to release Pine Gap data . 2024-03-08 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en . Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia believes data from US spy satellites monitored in Australia could help find missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 but the information is being withheld. The country's Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein has specifically asked the US to share information obtained from the Pine Gap base near Alice Springs, according to the government-controlled New Straits Times newspaper..
33. Web site: Pilger . John . 23 October 2014 . The British-American coup that ended Australian independence . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220927051139/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence . 27 September 2022 . 28 January 2021 . The Guardian . en .
34. Web site: Zhou . Naaman . 14 July 2020 . Gough Whitlam dismissal: What we know so far about the palace letters and Australian PM's sacking . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220918094344/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jul/14/what-we-know-so-far-about-the-palace-letters-and-the-dismissal-of-australian-prime-miister-ough-whitlams-dism . 18 September 2022 . 28 January 2021 . The Guardian . en .
35. Web site: 18 July 2020 . 'Don't ever write and preach to me again': One missive in the Palace letters broke all the rules . 22 May 2021 . www.abc.net.au . en-AU . 21 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721060450/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-19/palace-letters-here-are-the-letters-you-might-have-missed/12465294 . live .
36. Pilger 1992, p. 213-214.
37. Web site: McIntyre . Iain . 2023-12-11 . Movement Moments: Telling Australian Stories (Videos) . 2024-04-05 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
38. Pine Gap Protests - historical http://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/pine-gap/pine-gap-protests/protests-hist/ and Kelham, Megg Waltz in P-Flat: The Pine Gap Women's Peace Protest in Hecate 1 January 2010 available on-line at http://www.readperiodicals.com/201001/2224850971.html#b
39. Web site: The Anti-Nuclear Campaign . uq.edu.au . 25 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080907181211/http://www.library.uq.edu.au/fryer/worth_fighting/5.html . 7 September 2008 . dead.
40. Web site: 2002 . AABCC Pine Gap Protest Sept 2002 report . https://web.archive.org/web/20070831000357/http://www.anti-bases.org/pine_gap_Sept_2002_protest/protest_news.htm . 31 August 2007 . Australian Anti Bases Coalition.
41. Christian Pacifists Challenge Pine Gap In Court . 24 February 2007 . 6 October 2006 . Scoop.co.nz . Donna Mulhearn . Jessica Morrison . amp . 19 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092042/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0610/S00120.htm . live .
42. Web site: The Queen v Law & Ors [2008] NTCCA 4 (19 March 2008) ]. www.austlii.edu.au . 25 November 2017 . 16 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200616011806/http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nt/NTCCA/2008/4.html . live .
43. Web site: Martin . Brian . 2024-02-20 . Prophetic Witness Against the War Machine [The Peace Pilgrims and Pine Gap] ]. 2024-04-05 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
44. Web site: Gardiner . Stephanie . 20 October 2023 . Pro-Palestine activists block entry to Pine Gap base . 30 October 2023 . The Canberra Times . en-AU.
45. News: Why do protests keep happening at the top-secret Pine Gap military base? . 5 December 2023 . ABC News . 27 November 2023 . en-AU.