Johnny Clegg Explained

Johnny Clegg
Birth Name:Jonathan Paul Clegg
Alias:Le Zoulou Blanc
Birth Date:1953 6, df=yes
Birth Place:Bacup, Lancashire, England
Death Place:Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Instrument:Vocals, guitar, concertina
Years Active:1969–2018
Label:Capitol[1]
Past Member Of:Juluka, Savuka
Website:johnnyclegg.com
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Jonathan Paul Clegg, (7 June 195316 July 2019) was a South African musician, singer-songwriter, dancer, anthropologist and anti-apartheid activist.

He first performed as part of a duo - Johnny & Sipho - with Sipho Mchunu which released its first single, Woza Friday in 1976. The two then went on to form the band Juluka which released its debut album in 1979. In 1986, Clegg founded the band Savuka, and also recorded as a solo act, occasionally reuniting with his earlier band partners. Sometimes called Le Zoulou Blanc (in French lə zulu blɑ̃/, for "The White Zulu"), he was an important figure in South African popular music and a prominent white figure in the resistance to apartheid,[2] becoming for a period the subject of investigation by the security branch of the South African Police.[3] His songs mixed English with Zulu lyrics, and also combined working class African music with various forms of Western popular music.[4]

Early life and career

Clegg was born on 7 June 1953 in Bacup, Lancashire,[5] to an English father of Scottish descent, Dennis Clegg, and a Rhodesian mother, Muriel (Braudo).[6] [7] Clegg's mother's family were Jewish immigrants from Belarus and Poland and Clegg had a secular Jewish upbringing, learning about the Ten Commandments but refusing to have a bar mitzvah or even associate with other Jewish children at school.[8] He moved with his mother to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) at age 6 months, and his parents divorced soon afterwards. At age six, he moved to South Africa with his mother,[9] also spending part of a year in Israel during his childhood.[8]

He grew up in Yeoville, then a predominantly Jewish inner city neighbourhood of Johannesburg.[10] He encountered the demi-monde of the city's Zulu migrant workers' music and dance. Under the tutelage of Charlie Mzila, a flat cleaner by day and musician by night, Clegg mastered both the Zulu language and the maskandi guitar and the isishameni dance styles of the migrants.[11] Clegg's involvement with black musicians often led to arrests for trespassing on government property and for contravening the Group Areas Act. He was first arrested at the age of 15 for violating apartheid-era laws in South Africa banning people of different races from congregating together after curfew hours.[12]

At the age of 16, he met Sipho Mchunu, a Zulu migrant worker with whom he began performing music.[9] The partnership, which they named Juluka, began in 1969, and was profiled in the 1970s television documentary Beats of the Heart: Rhythm of Resistance.[13]

After graduating with a BA (Hons) in Social Anthropology from the University of Witwatersrand, Clegg pursued an academic career for four years where he lectured and wrote several seminal scholarly papers on Zulu music and dance.[11] In the early stages of his musical career, Clegg combined his music with the study of anthropology[13] at Wits, where he was influenced by the work of David Webster, a social anthropologist who was later assassinated in 1989.[14] [15]

He preceded each song with snippets of Zulu culture, information, commentary, humor and personal anecdotes relevant and unique to that song,[11] occasionally also incorporating aspects of his Jewish roots in songs such as "Jericho", "Jarusalema" and "Warsaw 1943".[8]

Juluka

Juluka was an unusual musical partnership for the time in South Africa, with a white man (Clegg) and a black man (Mchunu) performing together. The band, which grew to a six-member group (with three white musicians and three black musicians) by the time it released its first album Universal Men in 1979, faced harassment and censorship, with Clegg later remarking that it was "impossible" to perform in public in South Africa.[16] The group tested the apartheid-era laws, touring and performing in private venues, including universities, churches, hostels, and even private homes in order to attract an audience, as national broadcasters would not play their music.[5]

Just as unusually, the band's music combined Zulu, Celtic, and rock elements, with both English and Zulu lyrics.[16] Those lyrics often contained coded political messages and references to the battle against apartheid,[17] although Clegg maintained that Juluka was not originally intended to be a political band. "Politics found us," he told The Baltimore Sun in 1996.[16] In a 1989 interview with the Sunday Times, Clegg denied the label of "political activist." "For me a political activist is someone who has committed himself to a particular ideology. I don’t belong to any political party. I stand for human rights."[18]

Juluka's music was both implicitly and explicitly political; not only was the fact of the success of the band (which openly celebrated African culture in a bi-racial band) a thorn in the flesh of a political system based on racial separation, the band also produced some explicitly political songs. For example, the album Work for All (which includes a song with the same title) picked up on South African trade union slogans in the mid-1980s.[19] As a result of their political messages and racial integration, Clegg and other band members were arrested several times and concerts routinely broken up.[20]

Despite being ignored and often harassed by the South African government at home, Juluka were able to tour internationally, playing in Europe, Canada, and the United States,[5] and had two platinum and five gold albums,[16] becoming an international success. The group was disbanded in 1985, when Mchunu retired from music and went back to his family farm to return to his people's traditional life of raising cattle.[21] It was briefly reconstituted when Mchunu and Clegg reunited in the mid-1990s, releasing one final album in 1997 before breaking up for good.[2]

Savuka

Together with the black musician and dancer Dudu Zulu, Clegg went on to form his second inter-racial band, Savuka, in 1986, continuing to blend African music with European influences.[9] [12] [16] The group's first album, Third World Child, broke international sales records in several European countries, including France.[22] The band went on to record several more albums, including Heat, Dust and Dreams, which received a Grammy Award nomination.[23] Johnny Clegg and Savuka played both at home and abroad, even though Clegg's refusal to stop performing in apartheid-era South Africa created tensions with the international anti-apartheid movement. Despite his high-profile (and personally hazardous) opposition to the South African regime, this led to Clegg's expulsion from the British Musicians' Union,[9] in what one writer has since called "a fit of pique".[4] In one instance, the band drew such a large crowd in Lyon that Michael Jackson cancelled a concert there, complaining that Clegg and his group had "stole[n] all his fans".[24] In 1993, the band dissolved after Dudu Zulu was shot and killed while attempting to mediate a taxi war.[12] [14] [16]

Juluka reunion and solo career

Briefly reunited in the mid-1990s, Clegg and Mchunu reformed Juluka, released a new album,[23] and toured throughout the world in 1996 with King Sunny Adé.[25] In the following years, Clegg recorded several solo albums.

During one concert in 1999, he was joined on stage by South African President Nelson Mandela, who danced as Johnny Clegg sang the protest song "Asimbonanga" that Savuka had dedicated to Mandela. Asimbonanga became an anthem of protest for the Mass Democratic Movement's umbrella organisation, the United Democratic Front. During Mandela's illness and death in 2013, the video of the concert attracted considerable media attention outside South Africa.[14] [26]

His touring schedule was abbreviated in 2017 after he underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer, and Clegg performed his last concert in Harare, Zimbabwe on 3 November 2018.[5] [14] .

In popular culture

Clegg's song "Scatterlings of Africa" gave him his only entries in the UK Singles Chart, reaching No. 44 in February 1983 with Juluka and No. 75 in May 1987 as Johnny Clegg and Savuka. The following year the song was featured on the soundtrack to the 1988 Oscar-winning film Rain Man.[27]

His song "Life is a Magic Thing" was featured in .[28]

Savuka's song "Dela" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1997 film George of the Jungle and its 2003 sequel,[28] while "Great Heart" was the title song for the 1986 film Jock of the Bushveld and the end credits song for the 2000 film . "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World" was featured in the 1990 film Opportunity Knocks and 1991 film Career Opportunities.[28]

Jimmy Buffett recorded "Great Heart" for his 1988 album, Hot Water.[29]

Recognition

Illness and death

Johnny Clegg was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2015,[41] which ultimately led to his death on 16 July 2019. He died in his Johannesburg home surrounded by loved ones and was laid to rest the following day in Westpark Cemetery in Johannesburg.[42] [43] Clegg was survived by his wife, Jenny, and his two sons, Jesse (also a musician)[44] and Jaron.

Works

Academic publications

Autobiography

Discography

Juluka

Savuka

Solo

Compilation

DVD

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Lewis . Randy . 26 August 2017 . South Africa's Johnny Clegg, with cancer in remission, to embark the Final Journey U.S. tour . The Morning Call . Allentown, PA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191008043316/https://www.mcall.com/la-et-ms-johnny-clegg-cancer-final-journey-us-tour-20170816-story.html . 8 October 2019 . 8 October 2019.
  2. Web site: . 16 July 2019 . Mort du chanteur sud-africain Johnny Clegg, " le Zoulou blanc " qui combattait l'apartheid . Le Monde . Paris . Death of South African singer Johnny Clegg, the "white Zulu" who fought apartheid . fr . AFP . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190716212749/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2019/07/16/mort-du-chanteur-sud-africain-johnny-clegg-le-zoulou-blanc-qui-combattait-l-apartheid_5490110_3382.html . 16 July 2019 . 3 April 2020.
  3. Book: Erasmus, Paul . 2004 . Korpe . Marie . Shoot the Singer!: Music Censorship Today . Roger, Me and the Scorpion: Working for the South African Security Services During Apartheid . https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yc0xnSfS8EC&pg=PA77 . Zed Books . London/New York . 1842775057 . 77.
  4. Web site: Cartwright . Gareth . 24 July 2019 . Johnny Clegg: South African singer whose cross-cultural music was a direct challenge to apartheid . The Independent . London . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190725142755/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/johnny-clegg-death-singer-south-africa-apartheid-nelson-mandela-obituary-a9008716.html . 25 July 2019 . 3 April 2020.
  5. Web site: JOHNNY CLEGG BIOGRAPHY AND AWARDS. JohnnyClegg.com. 2 July 2015.
  6. Web site: . 22 July 2006 . White Zulu is making a comeback . Independent Online (IOL) . Cape Town . 16 April 2020.
  7. News: Cowell . Alan . Alan Cowell . 17 July 2019 . Johnny Clegg, Who Battled Apartheid With His Voice and Guitar, Dies at 66. The New York Times . A28 . 16 April 2020. (Note that the print and online versions of this article differ slightly, including in their title).
  8. Book: Benarde, Scott R. . 2003 . Stars of David: Rock'n'roll's Jewish Stories . Brandeis University Press . Waltham, MA . 3,279–283 . 1584653035 . 16 April 2020.
  9. Web site: Freeman . Patricia . McCoy . Melissa . 24 October 1988 . Black and White and Heard All Over, Johnny Clegg and Savuka Cross South Africa's Color Barrier . People . New York . 30 . 17 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170610105846/https://people.com/archive/black-and-white-and-heard-all-over-johnny-clegg-and-savuka-cross-south-africas-color-barrier-vol-30-no-17/ . 10 June 2017 . 17 April 2020.
  10. https://www.sajr.co.za/remembering-the-jewish-white-zulu/ Remembering the Jewish ‘white Zulu’
  11. Web site: 18 July 2019 . Johnny Clegg (1953–2019) . University of the Witwatersrand . Johannesburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190718104727/https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/alumni-news/2019/johnny-clegg-1953-2019.html . 18 July 2019 . 17 April 2020.
  12. News: Johnny Clegg: A South African Story. Robyn. Sassen. 16 October 2002. 2 July 2015. PopMatters.
  13. Chris Austin (Director and Producer) . 2000 . Rhythm of Resistance: Black South African Music . DVD . Newton, NJ . Shanachie Entertainment . 45598049. (Originally released in 1979).
  14. News: Johnny Clegg On South Africa, Post-Mandela. 28 April 2014. 2 July 2015. WBUR.
  15. News: South Africa's Johnny Clegg: A Witness to History. Randy. Lewis. 12 August 1993. 2 July 2015. Los Angeles Times.
  16. News: Clegg leads carnival of creativity. The Baltimore Sun. 18 July 1996. 2 July 2015. Brian. Byrnes.
  17. Book: Drewett, Michael . 2004 . Korpe . Marie . Shoot the Singer!: Music Censorship Today . Reinventing Subversion: Resisting Censorship in Apartheid South Africa . Zed Books . London/New York . 1842775057 . 89.
  18. [Jani Allan|Allan, Jani]
  19. News: The singer who danced with Mandela returning to Madison. 16 April 2014. 2 July 2015. The Cap Times. John. Nichols.
  20. Web site: . 7 November 2010 . White father of African rock marks anniversary . Mail & Guardian . Johannesburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101109003643/https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-07-white-father-of-african-rock-marks-anniversary/ . 9 November 2010 . 7 May 2012.
  21. News: Johnny Clegg, South African singer and activist, dies aged 66. 16 July 2019. 17 July 2019. The Guardian.
  22. Web site: South Africa's Johnny Clegg brings high-energy music to Wingate University . Wingate University . Wingate, NC . 17 March 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140721113125/http://www.wingate.edu/about-wingate/news/south-africas-johnny-clegg-brings-high-energy-music-to-wingate-university . 21 July 2014 . 2 July 2015.
  23. Web site: Johnny Clegg . Appleseed Recordings . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150703200442/http://www.appleseedmusic.com/johnnyclegg/ . 3 July 2015 . 3 July 2015.
  24. Web site: Cologne Zulu Festival. Works of Music - Network Medien. 2 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150702220115/http://www.networkmedien.de/119-0-South-Africa-Cologne-Zulu-Festival-CD.html. 2 July 2015. dead.
  25. News: Band, in Tune With Politics, Back on Tour. 1 August 1996. 2 July 2015. Los Angeles Times. Bill. Locey.
  26. News: VIDEO For Nelson Mandela: Johnny Clegg's 'Asimbonanga'. 25 June 2013. 2 July 2015. National Public Radio.
  27. Book: Roberts , David . 2006. British Hit Singles & Albums. 19th. Guinness World Records Limited . London. 1-904994-10-5. 110.
  28. News: Johnny Clegg dead: South African singer heard in 'George of the Jungle,' 'FernGully' was 66. syracuse.com. 17 July 2019. 17 July 2019.
  29. News: Sexton. Paul. Johnny Clegg, South African Musical Hero And Anthropologist, Dies At 66. uDiscover Music. 17 July 2019. 17 July 2019.
  30. Web site: Benselow . Robin . 19 July 2019 . Johnny Clegg obituary . The Guardian . London . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719124130/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/19/johnny-clegg-obituary . 19 July 2019 . 21 July 2019.
  31. Web site: 27 September 2004 . The 10 Greatest South Africans of all time . BizCommunity . 31 March 2017.
  32. Web site: . 12 June 2007 . Meet Johnny Clegg, Internationally Renowned Musician and Wits Alumnus. University of Witwatersrand . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080601024958/http://web.wits.ac.za/NewsRoom/NewsItems/clegg.htm . 1 June 2008 . 14 October 2007.
  33. Web site: 15 April 2011 . Law School Awards Honorary Doctorate To South African Activist Musician . City University of New York . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110816200410/http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2011/04/15/law-school-awards-honorary-doctorate-to-south-african-activist-musician/ . 16 August 2011 . 18 April 2020.
  34. Web site: National orders to be awarded | News24 . M.news24.com . 24 April 2012 . 14 July 2014.
  35. Web site: Kim . Jim Yong . 10 June 2012 . Dartmouth Commencement 2012 – Johnny Clegg, Doctor of Humane Letters . Jim Yong Kim . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120620062736/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~commence/news/speeches/2012/clegg.html . 20 June 2012 . Dartmouth College . 14 July 2014.
  36. Web site: . 17 April 2013 . 'Music Legend' Johnny Clegg Receives Honorary Doctorate . University of Kwazulu-Natal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052146/http://enewsletter.ukzn.ac.za/Story.aspx?id=134&storyid=1776 . 18 April 2020 . 18 April 2020. Note: For original date of publication see earlier archived version.
  37. Web site: . 17 April 2013 . Honorary awards for their courageous contributions . Daily News . Durban . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130502061412/http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/honorary-awards-for-their-courageous-contributions-1.1501617 . 2 May 2013 . 13 June 2015.
  38. Web site: . 26 November 2015 . Johnny Clegg Receives OBE for Services to South African Democracy . SAPeople News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151128032422/https://www.sapeople.com/2015/11/26/johnny-clegg-receives-obe-for-services-to-south-african-democracy/ . 28 November 2015 . 19 June 2021.
  39. Web site: British High Commissioner, Pretoria . 13 June 2015 . Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Birthday Honours 2015 – South Africa . UK Government . 2 December 2015.
  40. Web site: The Durban University of Technology : 7 September 2018 : Mr Johnny Clegg . Durban University of Technology . 16 July 2019.
  41. Web site: Lewis . Randy . 16 August 2017 . South Africa's Johnny Clegg, with cancer in remission, to embark the Final Journey U.S. tour . Los Angeles Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816205243/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-johnny-clegg-cancer-final-journey-us-tour-20170816-story.html . 16 August 2017 . 14 November 2017.
  42. Web site: . 16 July 2019 . Legendary artist Johnny Clegg dies at 66 . Independent Online (IOL) . Cape Town . 17 July 2019.
  43. News: Remembering a legend: 9 of Johnny Clegg's biggest hits . 16 July 2019 . Channel . 16 July 2019 . en.
  44. Web site: Thakurdin . Karishma . 17 July 2019 . Jesse Clegg on his Dad's Death: I struggle to imagine a world without you . TimesLIVE . Johannesburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717134645/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-07-17-jesse-clegg-on-his-dads-death-i-struggle-to-imagine-a-world-without-you/ . 17 July 2019 . 24 April 2020.
  45. Web site: Scatterling of Africa, Johnny Clegg's Early Years . Pan Macmillian South Africa . 18 August 2021.
  46. Web site: Various - Power of One the Songs of Johnny Clegg . . 13 August 2023 .
  47. Book: Cliff, Jimmy . Larkin . Colin . 2011 . Clegg, Johnny. https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&pg=PA183 . 5th Concise . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . London . Jimmy Cliff . Colin Larkin . 183–185 . 9780857125958. 17 April 2020.
  48. Web site: Johnny Clegg discography . Hung Medien . lescharts.com . 21 December 2013.

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