John Skey Eustace Explained

John Skey Eustace (10 August 1760 in Flushing, Province of New York, British America - 25 August 1805 in Newburgh, New York) was an officer and a veteran of both the American and French Revolutionary Wars.[1] A mercurial figure, Eustace was a revolutionary soldier, colonel of the Continental Army (1781), and maréchal de camp in the French Revolutionary Army between 1792 and 1793. In 1794 he supported the Batavian revolution and was arrested for a short time. In February 1797 he was expelled from France, suspected of spying for the British. He was arrested in Dover for his advice to the Dutch revolutionaries and subsequently expelled from England, after which he traveled to America and retired in New York. Eustace regularly published his official and private correspondence. Eustace was close to and corresponded with several of the Founding Fathers, however he was also regarded as a political adventurer of doubtful purpose and character.[2] [3] [4]

Life

John Skey Eustace was the grandson of Colonel Lauchlin Campbell,[5] a Scottish immigrant living at Campbell Hall, Orange County, New York. From 1738 to 1740 Campbell brought 83 families from Scotland to New York at his own expense on the false promise of land grants from the New York colonial governor William Cosby.[6] His daughter Margaret (1733-1809) was born on Islay (Inner Hebrides) and married at a young age to Dr. John Eustace (1720-1769), a colonial physician and justice of the peace who corresponded with Laurence Stern.[7] Around 1764 his father left his family and moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. John's sister Kitty had become Lord Dunmore’s mistress when she was still a teenager and he was governor of New York. On gaining his post in Virginia in 1771, Dunmore arrived with Kitty’s mother and little brother in tow.[8] Eustace grew up in Norfolk, Virginia, where his mother ran a boarding house.[8] She was friendly with Thomas Burke. Dunmore arranged for young John’s education, first with a tutor and then at the College of William & Mary.[9]

In late 1775, Dunmore sent Eustace to Boston with a letter to Gen. William Howe recommending him for a post in the British army. His travel companion, a British officer, was concealing Lord Dunmore's military plans.[10] Somehow the fifteen-year-old ended up being marched to the headquarters of General George Washington, the opposing commander-in-chief. He joined the Continental Army during the Siege of Boston.[11] After the Continental Army was reorganized Eustace served successively as an aide-de-camp to Charles Lee, Joseph Reed, John Sullivan (1777) and Nathanael Greene (1779).[12]

Eustace participated in the repulse of the first British attack on Charleston, Battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Germantown. In 1778 he was at the siege of Newport, during the military campaign of 1779 against the Iroquois and loyalists on the New York border, known as the "Sullivan Expedition". General Lee regarded him as his adopted son and declared him as his heir,[13] [14] [15] but the handsome Eustace decided to desert the unpredictable Lee who lost the Battle of Monmouth. Lee was subsequently court-martialed and his military service was brought to an end. Lee was succeeded by Von Steuben.[16] [14] [17]

Eustace was taught the essentials of military drills, tactics, and discipline based on Prussian techniques by Von Steuben who protected him.[18] In 1779 Eustace proposed an interview with Colonel Archibald Campbell, a respected and perhaps related governor of Georgia.[19] In January 1780 he resigned from the army but not from war.[10] He was involved in the Battle of the Chesapeake and appointed colonel on 29 August 1781 of the militia in State of Georgia by Nathan Brownson.[20] In the same year he became adjutant general and assisted governor Stephen Heard.[21] Living in Augusta, Georgia he contacted Governor Morris.[22] In 1782 he lived in Ebenezer, Georgia;[23] now a ghost town then the capital.

During the American Revolution, many Georgians and Carolinians moved to Florida along with their slaves. In December he was sent on a mission to Saint-Augustine, East Florida to deal with the council (Gen. Tonyn) on captured slaves.[24] In March he returned to Charlestown.

On 6 May 1783, Carleton and George Washington met face to face for the first time after years of long-distance communication; Carleton made it clear to Washington that the ex-slaves would not be returned to their former masters.[25]

In September 1783, Britain accepted American independence, and the war officially ended. Eustace became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati and practiced briefly as a lawyer.[12] [26] He was invited to a general meeting of the Society in Philadelphia, in May 1784, but did not attend.[27] Several times he had met with the well-informed lawyer Francisco de Miranda travelling from North-Carolina to Massachusetts.[28] [29] At the end of 1783, Eustace sailed to Cuba, Trinidad and Venezuela to learn Spanish.[30] He may have been influenced by the dynamic Miranda who had a secret project to emancipate the Kingdom of Venezuela from Spanish rule. He then lived in Madrid, where he opened a snuff, cigar and tobacco shop. In 1787, he visited Havanna and London. With the encouragement of Miranda, he complained to the Spanish court about abuses he had suffered at the hands of colonial officials.[31] They unsuccessfully tried to interest a friend of Miranda, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, in a project for the liberation of Venezuela.[32]

France

Between 1789 and 1791, John S. Eustace lived in Bordeaux, and kept George Washington and Thomas Jefferson informed of the events of the French Revolution.[33] [34] With the support of the American consulate, he applied to the Minister of War (Marquis de Grave) with a request for naturalization and admission as a volunteer to the French army.[35] Therefore, he met mayor Pétion de Villeneuve, minister of war Servan, his successor Bouchotte and minister of finance Clavière.

On 20 April 1792, Eustace was accepted into the French service with the rank of colonel and sent to Orchies, Valenciennes and Menen at the border.[36] On 5 June, he was appointed in the staff of the Northern Army (Armée de Belgique) under Nicolas Luckner.[37] He refused to join Marquis de LaFayette, his successor.[36] The goal was to liberate Austrian Netherlands. Eustace was introduced to Louis-Alexandre Berthier. On 9 July he was promoted to field marshal and on 7 September brigadier general under Charles-Francois Dumouriez. He participated in the battles of Valmy and the Jemappes, commanding an infantry brigade. On 20 November Eustace occupied the city of Lier where he planted a Tree of Liberty and ordered local authorities to rename the city square in honor of General Washington. He also issued instructions to rename various boulevards in the town in honor of himself, general Dumouriez and several French deputies.[38] [39]

On 29 November, Eustace sent a letter to the commander of Maastricht demanding the surrender of French emigrants who had taken refuge in this Dutch city. He then personally visited Maastricht, where he dined with Major General Prince von Hesse-Darmstadt, the German commander in Austrian service. As a result, he was removed from command, according to himself no longer part of the army. On 13 December, Miranda the only general from Latin America in French service took over. Dumouriez planned to arrest and sent Eustace to Paris to explain his behavior before the Convention Nationale. However, Eustace ignored the order and, claiming to be dangerously ill, retired to the Carmelite nuns at Tongerlo Abbey, where he successfully resisted an attempt to question and arrest him.

On 1 February 1793 the French First Republic declared war on the monarch of Great Britain and William V of Orange, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic.[40] [41] By mid-February Lazare Carnot proposed that annexation be undertaken on behalf of French interests whether or not the people to be annexed so wished.[42] It seems both Eustace and Miranda disagreed; on 14 March Eustace wrote a letter to Dumouriez.[43]

After the disaster at the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) Eustace returned to Antwerp.[44] On 20 March Danton and Delacroix were sent to his headquarters at Saint-Amand-les-Eaux to interrogate Dumouriez and sent Miranda, Valence, Luckner, etc. back to Paris. Aware that if he returned to Paris he would probably be executed, Dumouriez turned to the Austrians.[45] Dumouriez's defection on 5 April changed the course of the events.

On 29 March Eustace was brought to Paris by two gendarmes. Jean-Paul Marat accused Eustace in the convention of the failure of the Siege of Maastricht (1793).[46] On 6 April he appeared at the "Conseil Executive" but on 22 April Eustace plead for freedom with the removal of all charges using General Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality.[47] An investigation followed into the military leadership of Miranda. It seems Eustace disqualified himself from testifying. On 12 May, Eustace, whose professed love for Miranda had turned into bitter hatred, openly avowed that he considered it an honor to detest the accused, whereupon Fouquier-Tinville promptly announced that his testimony could not be accepted.[48] He then briefly worked for the Society of the Friends of Truth, which opposed the elimination of the Girondists.[49] On 8 August he left the French army and asked the Comité de Sureté Générale for a passport to return to America. He published a letter in Le Moniteur,[50] and was compensated by the ministry for the loss of his horse, carriage and deprivation of liberty.[51] For yet unknown reasons he remained in France. It is possible that he joined Santerre in an expedition to the Vendée.[52]

In June 1794, during the Great Terror, when all foreigners were under attack, the Dutch patriot/emigre/banker Jacob van Staphorst (1747-1812) who lived in an apartment at Palais-Égalité left for Switzerland on an American passport with the help and in the company of Eustace.[53] [54] Together they visited several cities, like Basel, Schaffhausen and Luzern. In October the friends returned to Paris.[55] John Quincy Adams wrote several letters of introduction for Eustace, who wanted to return to the United States via the Netherlands.[56] Eustace send five letters to his friend's brother, Nicolaas van Staphorst, an influential patriot/banker.[57] Mid-October Van Staphorst fled to Kampen, where he found shelter at Jacobus Kantelaar.[58] [59] This was after a request of removal of a British regiment and the discovery of a weapons cache (on Roeterseiland and in his warehouse near Bickerseiland).[60] [61] [62] [63] [64]

Netherlands

Mid-November Eustace arrived in Amsterdam;[55] a few days later the magistrates arrested and liberated him.[65] Adams believed Eustace returned to the United States in December 1794,[66] but Eustace went to Paris.[67] In Summer 1795 Eustace travelled with his friend William S. Dallam in the Netherlands.[68] He was accused of meddling in political affairs and detained in Scheveningen. He had been in contact with Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Willem Anne Lestevenon, Carel Wouter Visscher and many other leading patriots about the future of the Batavian Republic. Eustace advised organizing the local militia, the distribution of food and suggested the Dutch pay the French army, which happened in the summer of 1795 (see Pieter Stadnitski). After his release, he lived in Rotterdam and published his letters to Van Staphorst.[57]

In June 1796 Eustace lived in Paris and was engaged in developing a plan for the "fraternal invasion of Ireland", scheduled in December, and the creation of a "French Gibraltar" on the coast of England.[69] He participated in fruitless negotiations with the British envoy, James Harris. Eustace, housed at the Boston hotel, at the fashionable rue Vivienne, (2nd arrondissement of Paris), came under the surveillance of the police. In February 1797 he was expelled from France, as the Directory was suspicious that Eustace was spying for the British.[70] [71] He moved to England (possibly together with Harris) but was arrested at Dover mid-February.[72] He was invited in Burlington House and interrogated on the book bearing his name. He was accused in The Times and several other newspapers of supporting LaFayette, Dumouriez and the Batavian revolution.[73] In early March he was ordered to leave England within 24 hours but was not allowed to leave for France. Eustace travelled to Gravesend, Greenwich and Dartford to "embark for any part of the world he may propose to go". He published an offensive pamphlet, the Exile of Major General Eustace.[74] He was angry at Rufus King, the new ambassador to Great Britain.[75] On 4 February 1798 he was arrested in the Hague, and wrote a letter abjuring his heresies.[1]

In June 1798 he asked the Constitutional Convention to be paid for military services rendered during the American Revolutionary War.[14] In November he travelled to Savannah to settle his mother's business affairs. He offered a trunk containing all his papers, as well as personal as official to Alexander Hamilton who regarded him “a very unwelcome correspondent.”[76] He retired in Newburgh, New York. In January 1805 he joined the Benevolent Society of Orange County but died in the same year.[77]

Family

In 1772, Catherine "Kitty" Eustace married James Blair, the son of the Virginia governor John Blair Sr. Kitty was a fine dancer.[10] Their scandalous divorce trial later that year in Williamsburg became a battle over Blair's estate after his death in 1773. Kitty Eustace was represented by John Randolph and Patrick Henry while the estate was represented by Edmund Pendleton and James Mercer with written arguments prepared by Thomas Jefferson.[78] [8] Kitty Eustace then married Seth John Cuthbert in February 1777. Cuthbert became Chairman of the Supreme Executive Council of Georgia in 1779. Her mother's visits to Georgia during the British occupation aroused suspicions of espionage.[21]

John S. Eustace's uncle, Donald Campbell (1722–1784), served as deputy Quartermaster general of New York on the American side during the American Revolution.[79] His mother's other brothers remained loyal and served in the British army. George Campbell (1724-1799) served in Gibraltar, Havana, Martinique, and Quebec during the Seven Years’ War. James Campbell (1726-) served as a lieutenant in the Seven Years’ War in the 42nd Regiment at Havana, Louisburg, Martinique, and Quebec.

Works

Eustace was the author of several pamphlets,[80] some designed to embarrass James Monroe:[2] [81]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. The Papers of the Revolutionary Era Pinckney Statesmen Digital Edition, ed. Constance B. Schulz. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2016.
  2. Web site: L.E. Walker (1957) THE POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC CAREER OF WILLIAM VANS MURRAY. 27 March 2023.
  3. Web site: Writings of J.Q. Adams, p. 251, 371. 27 March 2023.
  4. https://filsonhistorical.org/wp-content/uploads/publicationpdfs/73-2-3_William-S.-Dallam-An-American-Tourist-in-Revolutionary-Paris_Dietle-Robert-L..pdf WILLIAM S. DALLAM: AN AMERICAN TOURIST IN REVOLUTIONARY PARIS by Robert L, Dietle, page 155
  5. Web site: The History of Orange County. www.gutenberg.org. 27 March 2023.
  6. Web site: HOLOGRAPHIC LETTER BY THE SCOTTISH-BORN GEORGIAN SOCIALITE by Americana, Margaret Eustace on johnson rare books & archives. johnson rare books & archives. 27 March 2023.
  7. https://www.lcfhs.org/uploads/1/1/9/8/119823026/bulletin_nov_2000.pdf Arthur S. Marks (2000) Sterne, Shandy and North Carolina
  8. Web site: The Scandalous Divorce Case that Influenced the Declaration of Independence. 20 June 2017. Journal of the American Revolution. 27 March 2023.
  9. Web site: History Highlights.
  10. Book: Morrow, George. A Cock and Bull for Kitty: Lord Dunmore and the Affair that Ruined the British Cause in Virginia. 24 November 2010. Telford Publications. 9780983146803 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  11. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N18813.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE OF THE LATE CHARLES LEE
  12. Between Two Republics: American Military Volunteers in Revolutionary France. Christopher. Tozzi. January 3, 2011. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History. 39. 2027/spo.0642292.0039.016.
  13. Book: Morrow, George. A Cock and Bull for Kitty: Lord Dunmore and the Affair that Ruined the British Cause in Virginia. 24 November 2010. Telford Publications. 9780983146803 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  14. “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pages 213–216.]
  15. Book: Morris, Robert. The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784: August-September 1781. University of Pittsburgh Pre. 9780822970187 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  16. Web site: General Charles Lee, traitor or patriot. John Richard. Alden. 27 March 1951. Louisiana State University Press. 27 March 2023. HathiTrust.
  17. https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2017/alexander-hamilton-important-family-archive-letters-manuscripts-n09612/lot.1054.html Alexander Hamilton: An Important Family Archive of Letters and Manuscripts
  18. C. Tozzi (2016) Foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 1715–1831, page 248
  19. “From George Washington to Thomas Burke, 28 March 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-19-02-0615. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, volume 19, 15 January–7 April 1779, ed. Philander D. Chase and William M. Ferraro. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009, pp. 631–632.]
  20. Web site: August 28, 2010 Auction Catalog by Early American - Issuu. issuu.com. 3 August 2010 . 27 March 2023.
  21. Web site: Margaret Eustace and Her Family Pass through the American Revolution. Robert Scott. Davis. 3 September 2020. Journal of the American Revolution. 27 March 2023.
  22. Book: Morris, Robert. The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784: August-September 1781. University of Pittsburgh Pre. 9780822970187 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  23. CALENDAR OF THE SPARKS MANUSCRIPTS IN HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, WITH AN APPENDIX SHOWING OTHER MANUSCRIPTS. BY JUSTIN WINSOR, page 37
  24. Web site: The Lindsley House (Block 36 Lot 13). original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu. 27 March 2023.
  25. Lacey Hunter (2018) An Expansive Subjecthood in Eighteenth-Century British North America: The Life and Perspectives of Sir Guy Carleton, pages 68-70
  26. Web site: Original Members of the Georgia Society – the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Georgia.
  27. “II. Winthrop Sargent’s Journal, 4–18 May,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-01-02-0236-0003. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, volume 1, 1 January 1784 – 17 July 1784, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, pages 332–354.]
  28. Miranda, Diary, page 14. Cf. Eustace, Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, pages 6‑7.William Spence Robertson (1929) The Life of Miranda
  29. Eustace to Miranda, October 3, 1783, Mir. MSS., volume 5.William Spence Robertson (1929) The Life of Miranda
  30. Neptune's Trident: Trinidad, 1776–1840 from Colonial Backyard to Crown Colony . 10.7767/jbla.2007.44.1.157 . 2007 . Böttcher . Nikolaus . Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas . 44 . 130763983 .
  31. “To George Washington from Saint-Jean, 24 June 1789,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-03-02-0020. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 3, 15 June 1789–5 September 1789, ed. Dorothy Twohig. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989, pages 66–68.]
  32. https://archive.org/download/officialprivatec00eust/officialprivatec00eust.pdf Official and private correspondence of Major-General J.S. Eustace, citizen of the state of New York. (1796)
  33. George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks 1754 to 1799: Letterbook 22,- Aug. 24, 1790. - August 24, 1790, 1788. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw2.022/.
  34. Book: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 22: 6 August-31 December 1791. 5 June 2018. Princeton University Press. 9780691184654 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  35. C. Tozzi (2016) Foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 1715–1831, page 135, 260
  36. https://archive.org/download/lecitoyendestats00eust/lecitoyendestats00eust.pdf Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, Jean-Skey Eustace. A ses frères d’armes, Paris 1793
  37. Between Two Republics: American Military Volunteers in Revolutionary France. Christopher. Tozzi. 27 March 2011. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History. 39. 2027/spo.0642292.0039.016 . 27 March 2023.
  38. Web site: Gevonden in Delpher - Geschiedenis der stad Lier. - Lier, E. J. van Mol 1873. www.delpher.nl. 27 March 2023.
  39. Web site: Aenspraek ende plegtigheden, welke geschied zyn ter oorzaeke als de Fransche troupen de stadt Lier hebben in bezit genomen. 27 March 1792. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  40. Rosendaal, J. (2003), Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, p. 382
  41. Book: 1793. The People's Chronology. Everett, Jason M.. Thomson Gale. 2006.
  42. P. Howe (2018) Foreign Policy and the French Revolution, pages 154-155
  43. Web site: Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [20 November 1798].
  44. Web site: Begin. Le Maréchal ... J. S. Eustace au Lieutenant-Général en Chef Dumouriez. Letter on the state of the Netherlands, etc. John Skey. EUSTACE. 27 March 1793. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  45. Web site: Siege of Maastricht, 23 February-3 March 1793. www.historyofwar.org. 27 March 2023.
  46. Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, p. 111
  47. Web site: Recueil des actes du Comité de salut public: avec la correspondance officielle des représentants en mission et le registre du Conseil exécutif provisoire. France Convention nationale Comité de salut. public. 27 March 1890. Impr. nationale. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  48. Web site: The Life of Miranda • Chapter 6. penelope.uchicago.edu. 27 March 2023.
  49. J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, page 698
  50. Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 20 août 1793, p. 4
  51. Web site: Collection générale des décrets rendus par la Convention Nationale. France Convention. Nationale. 27 March 1793. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  52. https://books.google.com/books?id=nrgst0wnIAkC&q=Eustace&pg=PA148 Bulletin Du Tribunal Criminel Révolutionnaire, Etabli au Palais, pages 137-138
  53. J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, page 423
  54. Web site: Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, to John de Witt, Esquire; with Lessons of Humanity, Addressed to Nicholas Van Staphorst: Written from Basil, in the Year 1794. John Skey. Eustace. 27 March 1797. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  55. Web site: U.S. History mss., 1612-1977. webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu. 27 March 2023.
  56. Web site: https://www.masshist.org/adams-resources/slipfile/search.php?addP[=eustace-john&addPT[]=either&addPD[]=John%20Skey%20%20Eustace&form=sbya Online Adams Catalogue ]. Massachusetts Historical Society.
  57. Web site: Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, to John de Witt, Esquire; with Lessons of Humanity, Addressed to Nicholas Van Staphorst: Written from Basil, in the Year 1794. John Skey. Eustace. 27 March 1797. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  58. Simon Vuyk (2005) Jacob Kantelaar. Veelzijdig verlicht verliezer, pages 88-89
  59. Web site: Inventarissen. archief.amsterdam. 27 March 2023.
  60. News: Hier gebeurde het... Weesperpoort, 18 januari 1795. 'Rotvorst' nekt stadsbestuur. 27 March 2023. onsamsterdam.nl. 1 November 2010. Dutch.
  61. Web site: Inventarissen. archief.amsterdam. 27 March 2023.
  62. Wit, C.H.E. de (1965) De strijd tussen aristocratie en democratie in Nederland 1780-1848, page 83-93.
  63. J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, page 449
  64. Web site: [Staphorst, Nicolaas van], Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 8, P.J. Blok, P.C. Molhuysen]. DBNL. 27 March 2023.
  65. Web site: Writings of J.Q. Adams, p. 229. 27 March 2023.
  66. The Papers of the Revolutionary Era Pinckney Statesmen Digital Edition, ed. Constance B. Schulz. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2016
  67. Web site: Founders Online. Enclosure: [Characters Not Referred to in "The Embassy"], [20 November 1798]].
  68. WILLIAM S. DALLAM: AN AMERICAN TOURIST IN REVOLUTIONARY PARIS Robert L. Dietle, page 163
  69. Lettre de l'Américain J.-S. Eustace au président du Directoire pour demander la permission de publier ses projets de conquête et d'approvisionnement, dont l'un concerne l'établissement d'un Gibraltar français sur les côtes de Bretagne. 16 floréal an IV.
  70. Web site: Exile of Major General Eustace, a citizen of the United States of America, from the Kingdom of Great-Britain, by order of His Grace the Duke of Portland, Minister for the Home Department, &c. &c. &c.. Wellcome Collection.
  71. Web site: Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798]]. founders.archives.gov.
  72. Book: EUSTACE, J. S.. Exile of Major General Eustace, a Citizen of the United States of America, From ... Great-Britain, by Order of His Grace the Duke of Portland, Minister for the Home Department. 17 April 2018. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 9781379323679 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  73. Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, pages 89-91, 96-98
  74. Web site: Monthly Review; Or, New Literary Journal: Giving an Account, with Proper Abstracts Of, Or Extracts From, the New Books and Pamphlets, Published in Great-Britain and Ireland, as They Come Out. Ralph. Griffiths. George Edward. Griffiths. 27 March 1797. R. Griffiths. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  75. Web site: British Critic: And Quarterly Theological Review. 27 March 1798. F. and C. Rivington.. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  76. “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [20 November 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0157-0001. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, volume 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pages 253–257.]
  77. Web site: The History of Orange County New York. 28 May 2022. DigiCat. 27 March 2023. Google Books.
  78. Frank L. Dewey (1981) Thomas Jefferson and a Williamsburg Scandal: The Case of Blair V. Blair. In: The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Volume 89, Number 1 (January 1981), pages 44-63 (20 pages) Published By: Virginia Historical Society
  79. Web site: Campbell . Donald . "To George Washington from Colonel Donald Campbell, 26 July 1775," . Founders Online . U.S. National Archives.
  80. Web site: J. S. Eustace. id.oclc.org. 27 March 2023.
  81. Book: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 30: 1 January 1798 to 31 January 1799. 5 June 2018. Princeton University Press. 9780691185354 . 27 March 2023. Google Books.

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