| John S. Roane | |
| Order: | 4th |
| Office: | Governor of Arkansas |
| Term Start: | April 19, 1849 |
| Term End: | November 15, 1852 |
| Predecessor: | Richard Byrd (acting) |
| Successor: | Elias Conway |
| Order1: | 6th |
| Office1: | Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives |
| Term Start1: | November 4, 1844 |
| Term End1: | November 2, 1846 |
| Predecessor1: | W. S. Oldham |
| Successor1: | Albert Rust |
| Office2: | Member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Crawford County |
| Term Start2: | November 4, 1844 |
| Term End2: | November 2, 1846 |
| Office3: | Member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Jefferson County |
| Term Start3: | November 7, 1842 |
| Term End3: | November 4, 1844 |
| Predecessor3: | Martin W. Dorriss |
| Successor3: | Martin W. Dorriss |
| Birth Name: | John Selden Roane |
| Birth Date: | 8 January 1817 |
| Birth Place: | Wilson County, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Jefferson County, Arkansas, U.S. |
| Restingplace: | Oakland Cemetery, Little Rock |
| Restingplacecoordinates: | 34.7281°N -92.2582°W |
| Party: | Democratic |
| Relations: | Archibald Roane (uncle) |
| Alma Mater: | Cumberland College |
| Branch Label: | Branch |
| Battles: | |
| Battles Label: | Battles |
John Selden Roane (January 8, 1817April 7, 1867) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth Governor of Arkansas from 1849 to 1852. Prior to this he commanded the Arkansas Mounted Infantry Regiment following the death of Colonel Archibald Yell at the Battle of Buena Vista. Roane also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
John Selden Roane was born in Wilson County, Tennessee, and educated at Cumberland College, which at the time was located in Princeton, Kentucky. He migrated to the new state of Arkansas in 1837, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was Prosecuting Attorney for the 2nd Judicial District of Arkansas from 1840 to 1842, a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1842 to 1844, and the fourth Governor of Arkansas from 1849 to 1852.
At the outbreak of the Mexican War, Roane was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Arkansas Mounted Infantry Regiment, succeeding to command when Colonel Archibald Yell was mortally wounded repelling the charge of the Mexican lancers at the Battle of Buena Vista. Roane was officially appointed Colonel on February 28, 1847. He was known to be jealous of the honor of his state and once challenged Albert Pike to a duel over what he perceived as derogatory statements made about the regiment's actions in the war. The duel was fought, but neither combatant was injured.
On March 20, 1862, Roane was appointed to the grade of brigadier-general in the Confederate States Army. After most Confederate troops were moved from Arkansas across the Mississippi River, he was placed in charge of the defense of Arkansas. At this time Arkansas was nearly defenseless; and Roane, with the newly appointed commander of the Trans-Mississippi District (also known as Department Number Two), Major-General Thomas Hindman, cobbled together a reasonable defensive force. Roane took part in numerous battles within the Trans-Mississippi Theater, including the battles of Whitney's Lane and Prairie Grove.
On February 1, 1855, Roane married Mary Kim Smith (1833–1907) of Dallas, Arkansas.
Roane died in Jefferson County, Arkansas, and is buried at Oakland Cemetery, Little Rock.