John McGeehan explained

John McGeehan is a Scottish research scientist and professor of structural biology. He was director of the Centre for Enzyme Innovation (CEI) at the University of Portsmouth until 2022 and is now a principal scientist at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado, US.

In 2018, McGeehan co-led an international team of scientists who characterized and engineered an enzyme with the ability to breakdown polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the primary material used in the manufacture of single-use plastic bottles and synthetic textiles.[1] The bacteria that produces this enzyme, Ideonella sakaiensis, was originally discovered and isolated in a recycling plant by a Japanese research group in 2016.[2]

The team at Portsmouth University, together with researchers at NREL and the University of South Florida, solved the high-resolution structure of the PETase enzyme using X-ray crystallography at the Diamond Light Source[3] and used the structure to design improved versions of the enzyme. The initial research story was covered widely in the press (The Times,[4] The Guardian,[5] and The Economist[6]) and television media (BBC,[7] ITV,[8] CNN,[9] CBS,[10] Al Jazeera,[11] and HBO[12]), reaching a global audience of over 2 billion people. The published research was highlighted in the Altmetric Top 100 of all published papers in 2018[13] and 2020.[14]

Plastics, including PET, while incredibly versatile, are resistant to natural breakdown and represent an increasing source of pollution in the environment. [15] Enzymes offer potential routes to breakdown plastics into their original monomers to allow circular recycling.[16] The team continues to make further improvements to these enzymes through the characterisation of natural bacterial systems followed by protein engineering in the laboratory.[17] [18] Their latest work employs the use of AlphaFold from DeepMind (video) to uncover the 3D structures of alternative PETases, and other enzymes.[19] A driving force for the team is the use of technoeconomic analysis and life-cycle assessment to guide their research direction, and help understand the economic and environmental impacts of new recycling technologies.[20] Their current focus is on the development of circular systems and industrially scalable processes that reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate environmental pollution.[21]

Education and memberships

McGeehan went to school at Largs Academy in Ayrshire, Scotland, and earned a bachelor's degree in microbiology from the University of Glasgow in 1993, followed by a PhD in virology at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Virology unit, Glasgow. He is a member of the BOTTLE Consortium leadership team, one of the largest US research groups focused on plastic recycling. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, a member of SACNAS, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Career

Following his PhD in Glasgow, McGeehan worked in the Structural Biology Laboratories at the University of York before joining the University of Portsmouth in 2000, where he worked on DNA-binding proteins. In 2005, he obtained a postdoctoral fellowship with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France, researching macromolecular crystallography and spectroscopy.

In 2007, he returned to the University of Portsmouth, was awarded a Readership in 2012, and full professorship in 2016. In 2019, McGeehan became the founding director of the Centre for Enzyme Innovation (CEI) at the University of Portsmouth where he led a research team on enzyme engineering. In 2022, he took up the position of Secretary General of The World Plastics Association in Monaco, where he co-chaired two international summits.[22] McGeehan co-chaired the innaugural Gordon Research Conference on Plastics Recycling and Upcycling with Gregg T. Beckham in 2023, bringing together 200 researchers to discuss viable solutions to our plastics problem.

McGeehan joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in 2024 as a Principal Scientist in the BioEnergy Science and Technology Group as part of the Circular Economy for Energy Materials initiative. Utilizing biochemical engineering and biochemical sciences, he leads collaborative projects on the design and application of enzyme-based technologies for sustainable chemicals and polymers.

Research

McGeehan has interests in enzymes involved in the breakdown and valorisation of biomass including cellulose and lignin, and the discovery and engineering of enzymes for the synthesis and recycling of sustainable chemicals, materials, and plastics.[23]

Notes and References

  1. Austin. Harry P.. Allen. Mark D.. Donohoe. Bryon S.. Rorrer. Nicholas A.. Kearns. Fiona L.. Silveira. Rodrigo L.. Pollard. Benjamin C.. Dominick. Graham. Duman. Ramona. 2018-05-08. Characterization and engineering of a plastic-degrading aromatic polyesterase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115. 19. E4350–E4357. 10.1073/pnas.1718804115. 5948967. 29666242. free.
  2. Yoshida. Shosuke. Hiraga. Kazumi. Takehana. Toshihiko. Taniguchi. Ikuo. Yamaji. Hironao. Maeda. Yasuhito. Toyohara. Kiyotsuna. Miyamoto. Kenji. Kimura. Yoshiharu. 2016-03-11. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate). Science. en. 351. 6278. 1196–1199. 10.1126/science.aad6359. 0036-8075. 26965627. 2016Sci...351.1196Y. 31146235.
  3. High resolution crystal structure of a polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Ideonella sakaiensis. Austin. H.P.. Allen. M.D.. 2018-04-25. www.rcsb.org. en. 10.2210/pdb6eqe/pdb. 2018-08-17. Johnson. C.W.. Beckham. G.T.. McGeehan. J.E..
  4. News: Whipple . Tom . Webster . Ben . 2018-04-17 . Plastic-eating enzyme hailed as breakthrough in recycling . 2018-08-17 . The Times . en . 0140-0460.
  5. Web site: Carrington . Damian . 2018-04-16 . Scientists accidentally create mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles . 2018-08-17 . the Guardian . en.
  6. News: An enzyme that digests plastic could boost recycling . 2018-08-17 . The Economist . en.
  7. News: Recycling hope for plastic-hungry enzyme . 2018-08-17 . BBC News . en-GB.
  8. News: An accidental global warming solution? Enzymes that could break down plastic . 2018-08-17 . ITV News . en.
  9. News: Wilkinson . Bard . Scientists hope new enzyme will 'eat' plastic pollution . 2018-08-17 . CNN.
  10. News: Could a tiny enzyme eradicate plastic garbage plaguing the world's oceans? . 2018-08-17 . en.
  11. Web site: Scientists test plastic-eating enzyme in bid to fight pollution . 2018-08-17 . www.aljazeera.com.
  12. News: Scientists accidentally discovered a plastic-eating enzyme that could revolutionize recycling . 2018-08-17 . VICE News . en.
  13. Web site: Altmetric – Characterization and engineering of a plastic-degrading aromatic polyesterase. pnas.altmetric.com.
  14. Web site: Altmetric – Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization. pnas.altmetric.com.
  15. Jambeck. Jenna R.. Geyer. Roland. Wilcox. Chris. Siegler. Theodore R.. Perryman. Miriam. Andrady. Anthony. Narayan. Ramani. Law. Kara Lavender. 2015-02-13. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science. en. 347. 6223. 768–771. 10.1126/science.1260352. 0036-8075. 25678662. 2015Sci...347..768J. 206562155.
  16. Ellis . Lucas D. . Rorrer . Nicholas A. . Sullivan . Kevin P. . Otto . Maike . McGeehan . John E. . Román-Leshkov . Yuriy . Wierckx . Nick . Beckham . Gregg T. . July 2021 . Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling . Nature Catalysis . en . 4 . 7 . 539–556 . 10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4 . 2520-1158.
  17. Knott. Brandon C.. Erickson. Erika. Allen. Mark D.. Gado. Japheth E.. Graham. Rosie. Kearns. Fiona L.. Pardo. Isabel. Topuzlu. Ece. Anderson. Jared J.. Austin. Harry P.. Dominick. Graham. 2020-09-24. Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117. 41. 25476–25485. en. 10.1073/pnas.2006753117. 0027-8424. 32989159. 7568301. free.
  18. Erickson . Erika . Gado . Japheth E. . Avilán . Luisana . Bratti . Felicia . Brizendine . Richard K. . Cox . Paul A. . Gill . Raj . Graham . Rosie . Kim . Dong-Jin . König . Gerhard . Michener . William E. . Poudel . Saroj . Ramirez . Kelsey J. . Shakespeare . Thomas J. . Zahn . Michael . 2022-12-21 . Sourcing thermotolerant poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase scaffolds from natural diversity . Nature Communications . en . 13 . 1 . 7850 . 10.1038/s41467-022-35237-x . 2041-1723 . 9772341 . 36543766.
  19. News: Metz . Cade . 2021-07-22 . A.I. Predicts the Shapes of Molecules to Come . 2024-07-23 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  20. Singh . Avantika . Rorrer . Nicholas A. . Nicholson . Scott R. . Erickson . Erika . DesVeaux . Jason S. . Avelino . Andre F.T. . Lamers . Patrick . Bhatt . Arpit . Zhang . Yimin . Avery . Greg . Tao . Ling . Pickford . Andrew R. . Carpenter . Alberta C. . McGeehan . John E. . Beckham . Gregg T. . September 2021 . Techno-economic, life-cycle, and socioeconomic impact analysis of enzymatic recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) . Joule . 5 . 9 . 2479–2503 . 10.1016/j.joule.2021.06.015 . 2542-4351.
  21. Uekert . Taylor . DesVeaux . Jason S. . Singh . Avantika . Nicholson . Scott R. . Lamers . Patrick . Ghosh . Tapajyoti . McGeehan . John E. . Carpenter . Alberta C. . Beckham . Gregg T. . 2022-08-30 . Life cycle assessment of enzymatic poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling . Green Chemistry . en . 24 . 17 . 6531–6543 . 10.1039/D2GC02162E . 1463-9270. free .
  22. Web site: Brodie . Ian . 2022-03-27 . Monaco's World Plastics Summit makes its mark first time out . 2024-07-23 . NEWS.MC - Monaco News . en-US.
  23. Web site: John E. McGeehan . 2024-07-24 . scholar.google.co.uk.

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