John Lewis Explained

Office:	House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip
Leader:	Dick Gephardt Nancy Pelosi
Term Start:	January 3, 2003
Term End:	July 17, 2020
Predecessor:	Position established
Successor:	G. K. Butterfield
State1:	Georgia
Term Start1:	January 3, 1987
Term End1:	July 17, 2020
Predecessor1:	Wyche Fowler
Successor1:	Kwanza Hall
Office2:	Member of the Atlanta City Council from at-large post 18
Term Start2:	January 1, 1982
Term End2:	September 3, 1985
Predecessor2:	Jack Summer^[1]
Successor2:	Morris Finley
Office3:	3rd Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Term Start3:	June 1963
Term End3:	May 1966
Predecessor3:	Charles McDew
Successor3:	Stokely Carmichael
Birth Name:	John Robert Lewis
Birth Date:	21 February 1940
Birth Place:	Pike County, Alabama, U.S.
Death Place:	Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Restingplace:	South-View Cemetery
Party:	Democratic
Children:	1
Signature:	John Lewis Signature.svg

John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020. He participated in the 1960 Nashville sit-ins and the Freedom Rides, was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966, and was one of the "Big Six" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. Fulfilling many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States, in 1965 Lewis led the first of three Selma to Montgomery marches across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where, in an incident that became known as Bloody Sunday, state troopers and police attacked Lewis and the other marchers.

A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986 and served 17 terms. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. He was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in the House, serving from 1991 as a chief deputy whip and from 2003 as a senior chief deputy whip. He received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.

Early life and education

John Robert Lewis was born close to Troy, Alabama, on February 21, 1940, the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.^{[2] [3] [4]} His parents were sharecroppers in rural Pike County, Alabama, of which Troy was the county seat.^{[5] [6]}

As a boy, Lewis aspired to be a preacher,^[7] and at age five, he preached to his family's chickens on the farm.^[8] As a young child, Lewis had little interaction with white people, as his county was majority black by a large percentage and his family worked as farmers. By the time he was six, Lewis had seen only two white people in his life.^[9] Lewis recalls "I grew up in rural Alabama, very poor, very few books in our home."^[10] He describes his early education at a little school, walking distances from his home. "A beautiful little building, it was a Rosenwald School. It was supported by the community, it was the only school we had."^[11] "I had a wonderful teacher in elementary school, and she told me 'read my child, read!' And I tried to read everything. I loved books. I remember in 1956, when I was 16 years old, with some of my brothers and sisters and cousins, going down to the public library, trying to get a library card, and we were told the library was for whites only and not for coloreds."^[12] As he grew older, he began taking trips into Troy with his family, where he continued to have experiences of racism and segregation.^{[13] [14] [15]} Lewis had relatives who lived in northern cities, and he learned from them that in the North, schools, buses, and businesses were integrated. When Lewis was 11, an uncle took him to Buffalo, New York, where he became acutely aware of the contrast with Troy's segregation.^[16]

In 1955, Lewis first heard Martin Luther King Jr. on the radio,^[17] and he closely followed King's Montgomery bus boycott later that year.^[18] At age 15, Lewis preached his first public sermon.^[8] At 17, Lewis met Rosa Parks, notable for her role in the bus boycott, and met King for the first time at the age of 18.^[19] In later years, Lewis also credited evangelist Billy Graham, a friend of King's, as someone who "helped change me". Lewis also stated that Graham inspired him "to a significant degree" to fulfill his aspirations of becoming a minister.^{[20] [21]}

After writing to King about being denied admission to Troy University in Alabama, Lewis was invited to meet with him. King, who referred to Lewis as "the boy from Troy", discussed suing the university for discrimination, but he warned Lewis that doing so could endanger his family in Troy. After discussing it with his parents, Lewis decided instead to proceed with his education at a small, historically black college in Tennessee.^[22]

Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee, and was ordained as a Baptist minister.^{[8] [7]} He then earned a bachelor's degree in religion and philosophy from Fisk University, also a historically black college. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.^{[23] [24]}

Student activism and SNCC

Nashville Student Movement

As a student, Lewis became an activist in the civil rights movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in the city's downtown. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times during the nonviolent activities to desegregate the city's downtown businesses.^[25] He was also instrumental in organizing bus boycotts and other nonviolent protests to support voting rights and racial equality.^[26]

During this time, Lewis said it was important to engage in "good trouble, necessary trouble" in order to achieve change, and he held to this credo throughout his life.^[27]

While a student, Lewis was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held at Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. Lewis and other students became dedicated to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he practiced for the rest of his life.^[28]

Freedom Riders

In 1961, Lewis became one of the 13 original Freedom Riders.^[29] The group of seven blacks and six whites planned to ride on interstate buses from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans to challenge the policies of Southern states along the route that had imposed segregated seating on the buses, which violated federal policy for interstate transportation. The "Freedom Ride", originated by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and revived by James Farmer and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. The Freedom Rides revealed the passivity of local, state, and federal governments in the face of violence against law-abiding citizens.^[30] The project was publicized and organizers had notified the Department of Justice about it. It relied upon the Alabama police to protect the riders, even though the state was known for notorious racism, and did not undertake actions except assigning FBI agents to record incidents. After extreme violence broke out in South Carolina and Alabama, the Kennedy Administration called for a "cooling-off" period, with a moratorium on Freedom Rides.^[31]

In the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs and arrested. At age 21, Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in Rock Hill, South Carolina. When he tried to enter a whites-only waiting room, two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Two weeks later Lewis joined a Freedom Ride bound for Jackson, Mississippi. Near the end of his life, Lewis said of this time, "We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back."^[32] As a result of his Freedom Rider activities, Lewis was imprisoned for 40 days in the notorious Mississippi State Penitentiary in Sunflower County.^[33]

In an interview with CNN during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In Birmingham, the Riders were beaten by an unrestrained mob including KKK members (notified of their arrival by police) with baseball bats, chains, lead pipes, and stones. The police arrested them, and led them across the border into Tennessee before letting them go. The Riders reorganized and rode to Montgomery, where they were met with more violence at the local Greyhound station.^[34] There Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. "It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the Greyhound bus station in Montgomery unconscious", said Lewis, remembering the incident.^[35]

When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist Diane Nash arranged for Nashville students from Fisk and other colleges to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.^{[36] [37]}

In February 2009, 48 years after the Montgomery attack, Lewis received a nationally televised apology from Elwin Wilson, a white southerner and former Klansman.^{[38] [39]}

Lewis wrote in 2015 that he had known the young activists Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman from New York. They, along with James Chaney, a local African-American activist from Mississippi, were abducted and murdered in June 1964 in Neshoba County, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan including law enforcement.^[40]

SNCC Chairman

See also: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Big Six (activists). In 1963, when Charles McDew stepped down as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Lewis, a founding member, was elected to take over.^{[41] [42]} Lewis's experience was already widely respected. His courage and tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and nonviolence had enabled him to emerge as a leader. He had already been arrested 24 times in the nonviolent movement for equal justice.^[43] As chairman of SNCC, Lewis was one of the "Big Six" leaders who were organizing the March on Washington that summer. The youngest,^[44] he was scheduled as the fourth to speak, ahead of the final speaker, Dr. Martin Luther King. Other leaders were Whitney Young, A. Philip Randolph, James Farmer, and Roy Wilkins.

Lewis had written a response to Kennedy's 1963 Civil Rights Bill. Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had suffered from the federal government's passivity in the face of Southern violence.^[31] He planned to denounce Kennedy's bill for failing to provide protection for African Americans against police brutality, or to provide African Americans with the means to vote; he described the bill as "too little and too late". Advance copies of the speech were distributed on August 27 but encountered opposition from the other chairs of the march who demanded revisions. James Forman rapidly re-wrote the speech, replacing Lewis's initial assertion "we cannot support, wholeheartedly the [Kennedy] civil rights bill” with “We support it with great reservations."^[45]

After Lewis, Dr. King gave his now celebrated "I Have a Dream" speech.^{[46] [47] [48]} Historian Howard Zinn later wrote of this occasion:In 1964, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer for voter education and registration.^[49] Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for Freedom Summer, a campaign to register black voters in Mississippi and to engage college student activists in aiding the campaign. Lewis traveled the country, encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people vote in Mississippi, which had the lowest number of black voters and strong resistance to the movement.^[50]

In 1965 Lewis organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign, and became nationally known during his prominent role in the Selma to Montgomery marches.^[51] On March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "Bloody Sunday" – Lewis and fellow activist Hosea Williams led over 600 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. At the end of the bridge and the city-county boundary, they were met by Alabama State Troopers who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged tear gas and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with nightsticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he was aided in escaping across the bridge to Brown Chapel, a church in Selma that served as the movement's headquarters.^[52] Lewis bore scars on his head from this incident for the rest of his life.^[53]

Lewis served as SNCC chairman until 1966, when he was replaced by Stokely Carmichael.^{[54] [55]}

Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966–1977)

In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the Field Foundation of New York.^{[56] [57]} He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the Southern Regional Council's Community Organization Project.^[58] During his time with the Field Foundation, he completed his degree from Fisk University.^[59]

In 1970, Lewis became the director of the Voter Education Project (VEP), a position he held until 1977.^[60] Though initially a project of the Southern Regional Council, the VEP became an independent organization in 1971.^[61] Despite difficulties caused by the 1973–1975 recession, the VEP added nearly four million minority voters to the rolls under Lewis's leadership.^[62] During his tenure, the VEP expanded its mission, including running Voter Mobilization Tours.

Early work in government (1977–1986)

In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Andrew Young of Georgia's 5th congressional district resigned to become the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. under President Jimmy Carter. In the March 1977 open primary, Atlanta City Councilman Wyche Fowler ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.^[63] In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.^[64]

After his unsuccessful bid, Lewis accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of ACTION, responsible for running the VISTA program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.^[65]

In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the Atlanta City Council. He won with 69% of the vote,^[66] and served on the council until 1986.^[67]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1986

After nine years as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Wyche Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary, where a victory was considered tantamount to election, State Representative Julian Bond ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis finished in second place with 35%.^[68] In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52% to 48%.^[69] The race was said to have "badly strained relations in Atlanta's black community" as many Black leaders had supported Bond over Lewis.^[70] Lewis was "endorsed by the Atlanta newspapers and a favorite of the white liberal establishment". His victory was due to strong results among white voters (a minority in the district). During the campaign, he ran advertisements accusing Bond of corruption, implying that Bond used cocaine, and suggesting that Bond had lied about his civil rights activism.^[71]

In the November general election, Lewis defeated Republican Portia Scott 75% to 25%.^[72]

1988–2018

Lewis was reelected 18 times, dropping below 70 percent of the vote in the general election only once in 1994, when he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38-point margin, 69%–31%.^[73] He ran unopposed in 1996,^[74] 2004,^[75] 2006,^[76] and 2008,^[77] and again in 2014 and 2018.^{[78] [79]}

He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative Mable Thomas 76%–24%.^[80] In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again; Markel Hutchins also contested the race. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%–15%.^[81]

Tenure

Overview

Lewis represented Georgia's 5th congressional district, one of the most consistently Democratic districts in the nation. Since its formalization in 1845, the district has been represented by a Democrat for most of its history.

Lewis was one of the most liberal congressmen to have represented a district in the Deep South. He was categorized as a "Hard-Core Liberal" by On the Issues.^[82] The Washington Post described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent".^[83] Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant liberal. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress".^[84] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides", he is called the "conscience of Congress". Lewis cited Florida Senator and later Representative Claude Pepper, a staunch liberal, as being the colleague whom he most admired.^[85] Lewis also spoke out in support of gay rights and national health insurance.

Lewis opposed the 1991 Gulf War,^{[86] [87]} and the 2000 U.S. trade agreement with China that passed the House.^[88] He opposed the Clinton administration on NAFTA and welfare reform. After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"^[89] In 1994, when Clinton considered invading Haiti, Lewis opposed armed intervention.^[90] After a non-violent transition of power was negotiated, Lewis supported the presence of U.S. troops in Haiti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy, calling the operation a "mission of peace".^{[91] [92]} In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.^[93] In 2001, three days after the September 11 attacks, Lewis voted to give President George W. Bush authority to use force against the perpetrators of 9/11 in a vote that was 420–1; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.^[94] In 2002, he sponsored the Peace Tax Fund bill, a conscientious objection to military taxation initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.^[95] Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush", and an early opponent of the Iraq War.^[96] The Associated Press said he was "the first major House figure to suggest impeaching George W. Bush", arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the National Security Agency to conduct wiretaps without a warrant. Lewis said, "He is not king, he is president."^[97]

Lewis drew on his historical involvement in the Civil Rights Movement as part of his politics. He made an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis worked to make part of the Historic National Trails program. That trip became "one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful", Lewis said of the trip'."^[98] In recent years, however, Faith and Politics Institute drew criticism for selling seats on the trip to lobbyists for at least $25,000 each. According to the Center for Public Integrity, even Lewis said that he would feel "much better" if the institute's funding came from churches and foundations instead of corporations.^[99]

On June 3, 2011, the House passed a resolution 268–145, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the air and naval operations in and around Libya.^[100] Lewis voted against the resolution.^[101]

In a 2002 op-ed, Lewis mentioned a response by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to an anti-Zionist student at a 1967 Harvard meeting, quoting "When people criticize Zionists they mean Jews, you are talking anti-Semitism." In describing the special relationship between African Americans and American Jews in working for liberation and peace, he also gave other statements by King to the same effect, including one from March 25, 1968: "Peace for Israel means security, and we must stand with all our might to protect its right to exist, its territorial integrity. I see Israel as one of the great outposts of democracy in the world, and a marvelous example of what can be done, how desert land can be transformed into an oasis of brotherhood and democracy. Peace for Israel means security and that security must be a reality."^[102]

Lewis "strongly disagreed" with the movement for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) against Israel and co-sponsored resolution condemning the pro-Palestinian group, but he supported Representatives Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib's House resolution opposing U.S. anti-boycott legislation banning the boycott of Israel. He explained his support as "a simple demonstration of my ongoing commitment to the ability of every American to exercise the fundamental First Amendment right to protest through nonviolent actions".^[103]

Protests

In January 2001, Lewis boycotted the inauguration of George W. Bush by staying in his Atlanta district. He did not attend the swearing-in because he did not believe Bush was the true elected president.^[104] Later, Lewis joined 30 other House Democrats who voted to not count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election.^[105]

In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the Iraq War.^[106] In 2006^[107] and 2009 he was arrested for protesting against the genocide in Darfur outside the Sudanese embassy.^[108] He was one of eight U.S. Representatives, from six states, arrested while holding a sit-in near the west side of the U.S. Capitol building, to advocate for immigration reform.^[109]

2008 presidential election

At first, Lewis supported Hillary Clinton, endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.^[110] On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his superdelegate vote for Barack Obama: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."^[111] Ben Smith of Politico said that "it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides."^[112]

On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.^{[113] [114]} After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said "If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn't know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it's amazing."^[115] Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis drew criticism from his constituents for his support of Clinton for several months. One of his challengers in the House primary election set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.^[116]

In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the presidential campaign of John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin and accusing them of "sowing the seeds of hatred and division" in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. George Wallace and "another destructive period" in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I've always admired", and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis's statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his segregationist policies".^[117] Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior".^[118]

On an African American being elected president, he said:After Obama's swearing-in ceremony as president, Lewis asked him to sign a commemorative photograph of the event. Obama signed it, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."^[119]

2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in

On June 22, 2016, House Democrats, led by Lewis and Massachusetts Representative Katherine Clark, began a sit-in demanding House Speaker Paul Ryan allow a vote on gun-safety legislation in the aftermath of the Orlando nightclub shooting. Speaker pro tempore Daniel Webster ordered the House into recess, but Democrats refused to leave the chamber for nearly 26 hours.^[120]

National African American Museum

In 1988, the year after he was sworn into Congress, Lewis introduced a bill to create a national African American museum in Washington. The bill failed, and for 15 years he continued to introduce it with each new Congress. Each time it was blocked in the Senate, most often by conservative Southern Senator Jesse Helms. In 2003, Helms retired. The bill won bipartisan support, and President George W. Bush signed the bill to establish the museum, with the Smithsonian's Board of Regents to establish the location. The National Museum of African American History and Culture, located adjacent to the Washington Monument, held its opening ceremony on September 25, 2016.^[121]

2016 presidential election

Lewis supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders. Regarding Sanders' role in the civil rights movement, Lewis remarked "To be very frank, I never saw him, I never met him. I chaired the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee for three years, from 1963 to 1966. I was involved in sit-ins, in the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the March from Selma to Montgomery ... but I met Hillary Clinton". Former Congressman and Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie wrote a letter to Lewis expressing his disappointment with Lewis's comments about Sanders. Lewis later clarified his statement, saying "During the late 1950s and 1960s when I was more engaged, [Sanders] was not there. I did not see him around. I have never seen him in the South. But if he was there, if he was involved someplace, I was not aware of it ... The fact that I did not meet him in the movement does not mean I doubted that Senator Sanders participated in the civil rights movement, neither was I attempting to disparage his activism."^{[122] [123] [124]}

In a January 2016 interview, Lewis compared Donald Trump, then the Republican front-runner for the presidential nomination, to former Alabama Governor George Wallace: "I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really ... We shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people."^[125]

On January 13, 2017, during an interview with NBC's Chuck Todd for Meet the Press, Lewis stated: "I don't see the president-elect as a legitimate president."^[126] He added, "I think the Russians participated in having this man get elected, and they helped destroy the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. I don't plan to attend the inauguration. I think there was a conspiracy on the part of the Russians, and others, that helped him get elected. That's not right. That's not fair. That's not the open, democratic process."^[127] Trump replied on Twitter the following day, suggesting that Lewis should "spend more time on fixing and helping his district, which is in horrible shape and falling apart (not to [...] mention crime infested) rather than falsely complaining about the election results", and accusing Lewis of being "All talk, talk, talk – no action or results. Sad!"^[128] Trump's statement about Lewis's district was rated as "Mostly False" by PolitiFact,^[129] and he was criticized for attacking a civil rights leader such as Lewis, especially one who was brutally beaten for the cause, and especially on Martin Luther King weekend.^{[130] [131] [132]} Senator John McCain acknowledged Lewis as "an American hero" but criticized him, saying: "this is not the first time that Congressman Lewis has taken a very extreme stand and condemned without any shred of evidence for doing so an incoming president of the United States. This is a stain on Congressman Lewis's reputation – no one else's."^[133]

A few days later, Lewis said that he would not attend Trump's inauguration because he did not believe that Trump was the true elected president. "It will be the first (inauguration) that I miss since I've been in Congress. You cannot be at home with something that you feel that is wrong, is not right", he said. Lewis had failed to attend George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001 because he believed that he too was not a legitimately elected president. Lewis's statement was rated as "Pants on Fire" by PolitiFact.^{[134] [135] [136]}

2020 presidential election

Lewis endorsed Joe Biden for president on April 7, 2020, a day before Biden effectively secured the Democratic nomination. He recommended Biden pick a woman of color as his running mate.^[137]

Committee assignments

Lewis served on the following Congressional committees at the time of his death:^[138]

• Committee on Ways and Means
  • Subcommittee on Oversight (Chair)
• United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation

Caucus memberships

Lewis was a member of over 40 caucuses, including:^[139]

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus (Co-Chair)
• Congressional Structured Settlements Caucus (Co-Chair)
• Congressional Black Caucus
• Congressional Progressive Caucus^[140]
• Congressional Brazil Caucus
• Congressional Arts Caucus^[141]

In 1991, Lewis became the senior chief deputy whip in the Democratic caucus.^[142]

Biographies

Lewis's 1998 autobiography Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, co-written with Mike D'Orso, won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award,^[143] the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award,^[144] the Christopher Award and the Lillian Smith Book Award.^[145] It appeared on numerous bestseller lists, was selected as a New York Times Notable Book of the Year,^[146] was named by the American Library Association as its Nonfiction Book of the Year,^[147] and was included among Newsweek magazine's 2009 list of "50 Books For Our Times".^[148] It was critically acclaimed, with The Washington Post calling it "the definitive account of the civil rights movement"^[149] and the Los Angeles Times proclaiming it "destined to become a classic in civil rights literature".^[150]

His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people, John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman. In 2012, Lewis released Across That Bridge, written with Brenda Jones, to mixed reviews. Publishers Weeklys review said, "At its best, the book provides a testament to the power of nonviolence in social movements ... At its worst, it resembles an extended campaign speech."^{[151] [152]}

March (2013)

In 2013, Lewis became the first member of Congress to write a graphic novel, with the launch of a trilogy titled March. The March trilogy is a black and white comics trilogy about the Civil Rights Movement, told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis. The first volume, March: Book One is written by Lewis and Andrew Aydin, illustrated and lettered by Nate Powell and was published in August 2013,^[153] the second volume, March: Book Two was published in January 2015 and the final volume, March: Book Three was published in August 2016.^[154]

In an August 2014 interview, Lewis cited the influence of a 1958 comic book, Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, on his decision to adapt his experience to the graphic novel format.^[155] became a number one New York Times bestseller for graphic novels^[156] and spent more than a year on the lists.

March: Book One received an "Author Honor" from the American Library Association's 2014 Coretta Scott King Book Awards, which honors an African American author of a children's book.^[157] Book One also became the first graphic novel to win a Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, receiving a "Special Recognition" bust in 2014.^[158]

March: Book One was selected by first-year reading programs in 2014 at Michigan State University,^[159] Georgia State University,^[160] and Marquette University.^[161]

March: Book Two was released in 2015 and immediately became both a New York Times and Washington Post bestseller for graphic novels.

The release of March: Book Three in August 2016 brought all three volumes into the top 3 slots of the New York Times bestseller list for graphic novels for 6 consecutive weeks.^[162] The third volume was announced as the recipient of the 2017 Printz Award for excellence in young-adult literature, the Coretta Scott King Award, the YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction, the 2016 National Book Award in Young People's Literature,^[163] and the Sibert Medal at the American Library Association's annual Midwinter Meeting in January 2017.^[164]

The March trilogy received the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in the Secondary (grades 7–12) category in 2017.^[165]

Run (2018)

In 2018, Lewis and Andrew Aydin co-wrote another graphic novel as a sequel to the March series entitled Run, which documents Lewis's life after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The authors teamed with illustrator Afua Richardson for the book, which was originally scheduled to be released in August 2018, but was later rescheduled.^[166] It was released on August 3, 2021, a year after his death, as it was one of his last endeavours before he died.^[167] Nate Powell, who illustrated March, also contributed to the art.^[168]

Personal life

Marriage and family

Lewis met his future wife Lillian Miles at a New Year's Eve party hosted by Xernona Clayton. Lillian worked for the library of Atlanta University at the time. The two of them married one year later in 1964.^[169] In 1966, they had a son, who also works in politics. Lillian died on December 31, 2012, the 45th anniversary of the couple's meeting. He has a grandson who lives in Paris.^[170]

Illness and death

On December 29, 2019, Lewis announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer.^{[171] [172]} He remained in the Washington D.C. area for his treatment. Lewis stated: "I have been in some kind of fight – for freedom, equality, basic human rights – for nearly my entire life. I have never faced a fight quite like the one I have now."^{[173] [174]} On July 17, 2020, Lewis died in Atlanta at the age of 80,^{[175] [176] [177]} on the same day in the same city as his friend and fellow civil rights activist C.T. Vivian.^[178] Lewis had been the final surviving "Big Six" civil rights icon.

Then-president Donald Trump ordered all flags to be flown at half-staff in response to Lewis's death.^[179] Condolences also came from the international community, with Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven, French President Emmanuel Macron, Irish President Michael D. Higgins among others, all memorializing Lewis.^{[180] [181]}

Funeral services

Public ceremonies honoring Lewis began in his hometown of Troy, Alabama at Troy University, which had denied him admission in 1957 due to racial segregation. His casket was then taken for a memorial held at the historic Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.^[182] Calls to rename the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, in Lewis's honor grew after his death.^{[183] [184]} On July 26, 2020, his casket, carried in a horse-drawn caisson, traveled the same route over the bridge that he walked during the Bloody Sunday march from Selma to Montgomery,^[185] before his lying in state at the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery.^[186]

United States House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell announced that Lewis would lie in state in the United States Capitol Rotunda on July 27 and 28, with a public viewing and procession through Washington, D.C.^[187] He is the first African-American lawmaker to be so honored in the Rotunda; in October 2019 his colleague, representative Elijah Cummings, lay in state in the Capitol Statuary Hall.^[188] Health concerns related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic led to a decision to have his casket displayed outdoors on the East Front steps during the public viewing hours, rather than the usual line of people in the Rotunda filing past the casket to pay their respects.^{[189] [190] [191]} On July 29, 2020, Lewis's casket left the U.S. Capitol and was transported back to Atlanta, Georgia, where he lay in state at the Georgia State Capitol.^[192]

Among the distinguished speakers at his final funeral service at Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama, who gave the eulogy. Former President Jimmy Carter, unable to travel during the COVID-19 pandemic due to his advanced age, sent a statement to be read during the service. The then-current President Donald Trump did not attend the service.^[193] Lewis was buried at Atlanta's historic South-View Cemetery.^[194]

Lewis penned an op-ed to the nation that was published in The New York Times on the day of his funeral.^[195] In it, he called on the younger generation to continue the work for justice and an end to hate.^[196]

Honors

Lewis was honored by having the 1997 sculpture by Thornton Dial, The Bridge, placed at Ponce de Leon Avenue and Freedom Park, Atlanta, dedicated to him by the artist. In 1999, Lewis was awarded the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights. In that same year, he received the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Speech.^[197]

In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded Lewis the Profile in Courage Award "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights".^[198] It is a lifetime achievement award and has been given out only twice, John Lewis and William Winter (in 2008). The next year he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.^[199] In 2004, Lewis received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member James Earl Jones.^{[200] [201]}

In 2006, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards for Public Service.^[202] In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the Dole Leadership Prize from the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas.^[203]

Lewis was the only living speaker from the March on Washington present on the stage during the inauguration of Barack Obama. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."^[119]

In 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation,^[204] and the next year, Lewis was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.^[205]

In 2016, it was announced that a future United States Navy underway replenishment oiler would be named .^[206] Also in 2016, Lewis and fellow Selma marcher Frederick Reese accepted Congressional Gold Medals which were bestowed to the "foot soldiers" of the Selma marchers.^{[207] [208]} The same year, Lewis was awarded the Liberty Medal at the National Constitution Center. The prestigious award has been awarded to international leaders from Malala Yousafzai to the 14th Dalai Lama, presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton and other dignitaries and visionaries. The timing of Lewis's award coincided with the 150th anniversary of the 14th amendment.^{[209] [210] [211]} In 2020, Lewis was awarded the Walter P. Reuther Humanitarian Award by Wayne State University, the UAW, and the Reuther family.^[212]

Lewis gave numerous commencement addresses, including at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in 2014,^[213] Bates College (in Lewiston, Maine) and Washington University in St. Louis in 2016,^{[214] [215] [216]} Bard College and Bank Street College of Education in 2017, and Harvard University in 2018.

Lewis was recognized for his involvement with comics with the 2017 Inkpot Award.^[217]

On July 30, 2018, the Atlanta City Council voted to rename Atlanta's Freedom Parkway John Lewis Freedom Parkway.^[218] On November 5, 2020, the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County voted to rename an extensive part of Nashville, Tennessee's 5th Avenue John Lewis Way.^{[219] [220] [221]}

On June 23, 2020, the Fairfax County Public School Board voted to change the name of Robert E. Lee High School to John R. Lewis High School which is located in Springfield, Virginia. A program called John Lewis Now was created in his vision to provide students with in-school curriculum and out-of-school experiences in leadership and government utilizing the nearby Washington D.C. area.^[222]

Lewis's death in July 2020 has given rise to support for renaming the historically significant Pettus bridge in Lewis's honor, an idea previously floated years ago.^{[223] [224]} After his death, the Board of Fairfax County Public Schools announced that Robert E. Lee High School in Springfield, Virginia would be renamed John R. Lewis High School.^{[225] [226]}

Following his death, Troy University announced that the main building on its flagship campus would bear the name of John Lewis. The building, which was the oldest on campus, was previously named after Bibb Graves, a former governor of Alabama and high-ranking officer of the Ku Klux Klan.^[227]

On August 1, 2020, a statue of Lewis was revealed by sculptor Gregory Johnson. The statue was commissioned by Rodney Mims Cook Jr. and was installed at Cook Park in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 2021.^{[228] [229]}

On February 21, 2021, President Joe Biden marked Lewis's late birthday on Twitter, urging all Americans to “carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all.” He tweeted, “While my dear friend may no longer be with us, his life and legacy provide an eternal moral compass on which direction to march. May we carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all.”^[230]

On October 27, 2021, the University of California, Santa Cruz named one of its residential colleges, formerly known as College Ten, John R Lewis College.^[231]

On August 16, 2024, a statue of Lewis by Basil Watson was installed in Decatur, Georgia, in the place where an obelisk monument to the Confederacy was put by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1908; the obelisk was removed in 2020.^[232]

Honorary academic degrees

Lewis was awarded more than 50 honorary degrees,^[233] including:

• 1989: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Troy State University (now Troy University)^[234]
• 1995: Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Northeastern University^[235]
• 1998: Honorary Humane Letters degree from Brandeis University^[236]
• 1999: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Massachusetts Boston^[237]
• 1999: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Knox College^[238]
• 2001: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University at Albany^[239]
• 2002: Honorary D.H.L. from Howard University^[240]
• 2003: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the College of Wooster^[241]
• 2004: Honorary degree from Portland State University^[242]
• 2004: Honorary LHD from Juniata College^[243]
• 2007: Honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Vermont^[244]
• 2007: Honorary LL.D. degree from Adelphi University^[245]
• 2012: Honorary LL.D. degrees from Brown University,^[246] University of Pennsylvania,^[247] Harvard University,^[248] and the University of Connecticut School of Law^[249]
• 2013: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters^[250] from Judson College
• 2013: Honorary LL.D. degrees from Cleveland State University^[251] and Union College^[252]
• 2014: Honorary LL.D. degree from Emory University^[253]
• 2014: Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the School of Visual Arts.^[254]
• 2014: Honorary Bachelor of Arts from Lawrence University.^[255]
• 2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Marquette University^[256]
• 2015: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.^[257]
• 2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Lawrence University^[258]
• 2015: Honorary degree from Goucher College^[259]
• 2015: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampton University^[260]
• 2016: Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from New York University^[261]
• 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Bates College
• 2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Washington University in St. Louis^[262]
• 2016: Honorary Doctor of Policy Analysis from the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School^[263]
• 2016: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Washington and Jefferson College^[264]
• 2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Yale University^[265]
• 2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Berea College^[266]
• 2017: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Bank Street Graduate School of Education^[267]
• 2018: Honorary Doctor of Law degree from Boston University^[268]
• 2019: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from City College of New York^[269]
• 2019: Honorary Doctorate from Tulane University^[270]

Electoral history

|+ : Results 1986–2018^{[271] [272] [273] [274] [275]} ! Year!! Democratic! Votes! %!! Republican! Votes! %!|-|1986||| |John Lewis| |93,229| |75%|| |Portia Scott| |30,562| |25%|^[276] |-|1988||| |John Lewis| |135,194| |78%|| |J. W. Tibbs| |37,693| |22%|^[277] |-|1990||| |John Lewis| |86,037| |76%|| |J. W. Tibbs| |27,781| |24%|^[278] |-|1992||| |John Lewis| |147,445| |72%|| |Paul Stabler| |56,960| |28%|^[279] |-|1994||| |John Lewis| |85,094| |69%|| |Dale Dixon| |37,999| |31%|^[280] |-|1996||| |John Lewis| |136,555| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[281] |-|1998||| |John Lewis| |109,177| |79%|| |John H. Lewis| |29,877| |21%|^[282] |-|2000||| |John Lewis| |137,333| |77%|| |Hank Schwab| |40,606| |23%|^[283] |-|2002|| |John Lewis| |116,259| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[284] |-|2004||| |John Lewis| |201,773| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[75] |-|2006||| |John Lewis| |122,380| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[76] |-|2008||| |John Lewis| |231,368| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[77] |-|2010||| |John Lewis| |130,782| |74%|| |Fenn Little| |46,622| |26%||-|2012||| |John Lewis| |234,330| |84%|| |Howard Stopeck| |43,335| |16%|^[285] |-|2014||| |John Lewis| |170,326| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[78] |-|2016||| |John Lewis| |253,781| |84%|| |Douglas Bell| |46,768| |16%|^[286] |-|2018||| |John Lewis| |273,084| |100%|| |No candidate| || ||^[79]

In popular culture

Lewis was portrayed by Stephan James in the 2014 film Selma. He made a cameo appearance in the music video for Young Jeezy's song "My President", which was released in the month of Obama's inauguration.^{[287] [288]} In 2017, John Lewis voiced himself in the Arthur episode "Arthur Takes a Stand".^[289] Lewis's life was chronicled in the 2017 PBS documentary John Lewis: Get in the Way and the 2020 CNN Films documentary .

Lewis appeared in the 2019 documentary Bobby Kennedy for President, in which Lewis commends Robert F. Kennedy especially in regards to his support for civil rights throughout his time as a senator for New York and during Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign.^[290] Lewis also recounted his deep sorrow following the 1968 assassinations of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.^[291]

Lewis appeared alongside Amandla Stenberg to present Green Book as a nominee for Best Picture at the 91st Academy Awards that took place on February 24, 2019.

Lewis attended comics conventions to promote his graphic novel, most notably the San Diego Comic-Con, which he attended in 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. During the 2015 convention, Lewis led, along with his graphic novel collaborators Andrew Aydin and Nate Powell, an impromptu simulated Selma civil rights march arm in arm with children, during which he wore the same clothes as he did on Bloody Sunday, garnering thousands of con goers to participate. The event became so popular it was repeated in 2016 and 2017.^{[292] [293]}

Bibliography

• Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973 (Library of America: 2003)
• Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement by John Lewis with Michael D'Orso, (Harvest Books: 1999) . The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights Movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.
• John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement by Jim Haskins and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by Benny Andrews, (Lee & Low Books: 2006) . A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" leaders who were chairman of activist groups organizing the 1963 March on Washington, focusing on his involvement in Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, and the march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.
• John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) . A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.
• Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement by Ann Bausum, (National Geographic Society, 2006) .
• Across That Bridge by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012) . Winner of the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work/Biography. It is an accessible discussion of Lewis's philosophy and his viewpoint of the philosophical basis of the Civil Rights Movement.
• March: Book One a 2013 illustrated comic history of Lewis's career, with sequels published in 2015 and 2016, by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell, (Top Shelf Productions) .
• Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis (2021)

See also

• John Lewis Voting Rights Act
• List of African-American United States representatives
• List of civil rights leaders
• List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)#2020s

Further reading

• Oral History Interview with John Lewis from Oral Histories of the American South, November 20, 1973
• "SNCC – People: John Lewis.", April 11, 2011
• "Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview." www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

External links

• • • SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out

• John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), June 11, 1996.
• Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel – video interview by Democracy Now!, November 17, 2010
  • Finding your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Season 1, Episode 2: John Lewis and Cory Booker"
• American Experience; Freedom Riders; Interview with John Lewis from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
• SNCC photographer Danny Lyon on John Lewis, his roommate in Atlanta in 1963 and lifelong friend

|-|-

Notes and References

1. Web site: Suggs . Ernie . July 17, 2020 . Years in Atlanta City Hall Tested Lewis' Mettle . . Atlanta, Georgia . November 16, 2020 . November 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123013627/https://www.ajc.com/news/years-in-atlanta-city-hall-tested-lewis-mettle/ETDBOVA6R5GFDJVXETK7LYP3QU/ . live .
2. Stated on Finding Your Roots, PBS, March 25, 2012.
3. Book: Lewis . John . Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . . October 18, 1999 . 9780156007085 . 15.
4. News: John Lewis, Civil Rights Icon and Congressman, Dies at 80. A1. The New York Times. Seelye. Katharine Q.. July 17, 2020. August 2, 2022. limited.
5. Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two Carson, Clayborne, Garrow, David, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003), pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873.
6. Book: Lewis . John . Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . Harcourt Brace . San Diego . xv.
7. News: Lemley . John . Johns . Myke . Congressman John Lewis on March . August 28, 2013 . July 20, 2020 . . . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721233530/https://www.wabe.org/congressman-john-lewis-march/ . live . (NPR station)
8. News: Banks . Adelle M. . Died: John Lewis, Preaching Politician and Civil Rights Leader . obituary . July 18, 2020 . July 20, 2020 . . . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721013445/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/july/died-john-lewis-baptist-minister-civil-rights-leader.html . live .
9. Book: Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . registration . Simon & Schuster . New York . 1998 . John Lewis . 20 . February 7, 2021 . 978-0-15-600708-5.
10. Web site: National Book Awards 2016 . Speakola.com . November 29, 2016 . March 14, 2021 . May 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184105/http://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016 . live .
11. Web site: Jannol . Hannah . The Little Known Story Of How A Jewish Sears Exec. Helped His African-American Neighbors . Jewish Week . December 7, 2017 . March 14, 2021 . April 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210406132353/https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/educating-every-child/ . live .
12. Web site: John Lewis: 'Read my child, read!' . Speakola.com . November 29, 2016 . 2016 National Book Award Winner . March 10, 2021 . May 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184105/http://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016 . live .
13. Martin . Brad . John Lewis Inspires Audience to March Forward While Remembering the Past . ALA Cognotes . . July 1, 2013 . 2013 . 8 . 3 . December 31, 2019 . 0738-4319. https://web.archive.org/web/20170320210115/http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf. March 20, 2017. live.
14. John Lewis's March . American Libraries . June 30, 2013 . American Library Association . 0002-9769. December 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191231100653/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/john-lewiss-march/. December 31, 2019. live.
15. Albanese . Andrew . ALA 2013: The Day Congressman John Lewis Got his Library Card . . PWxyz, LLC . New York City . June 30, 2013 . December 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093834/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html. December 31, 2019. live.
16. Book: Lewis . John . Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . 1999 . Harcourt Brace . San Diego, California . 978-0-15-600708-5 . 36–40.
17. Book: Lewis . John . Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . Harcourt Brace . San Diego . 45.
18. Lewis, p. 48.
19. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 50 Years Later . December 1, 2005 . . . April 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005850/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971 . February 3, 2018 . live.
20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqRiItBO-E Billy Graham passes away: Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend
21. News: Jimmy Carter, Andrew Young, John Lewis, others remember Billy Graham. 11 Alive. February 21, 2020. October 6, 2020. July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013514/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/jimmy-carter-andrew-young-john-lewis-others-remember-billy-graham/85-521478331. live.
22. Newkirk II . Vann R. . How Martin Luther King Jr. Recruited John Lewis . The Atlantic . 1072-7825 . August 3, 2020 . August 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810061838/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/02/john-lewis-martin-luther-king-jr/552581/ . live .
23. Web site: President Clinton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity . Reuters . January 1, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130315092349/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711 . March 15, 2013.
24. News: July 19, 2020 . "He fought until the end. That was my big brother" John Lewis' family speaks for 1st time . . live . https://archive.today/20200729171915/https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/he-fought-until-end-that-was-my-big-brother-john-lewis-family-speaks-1st-time/MYOXRZXBOVGATGRI72EC4ZEXS4/ . July 29, 2020.
25. Web site: Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview . www.achievement.org . . May 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190220101031/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview . February 20, 2019 . live.
26. Web site: John Lewis . A civil Rights Legend . John Lewis: Profile of a Civil Rights Legend . www.americanbar.org . American Bar Association . 22 January 2021 . en.
27. News: John Lewis, civil rights icon and longtime congressman, dies. Haberkorn. Jennifer. Los Angeles Times. July 17, 2020. July 20, 2020. July 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200720095624/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-07-17/rep-john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-dies. live.
28. Web site: John Lewis . January 4, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070259/https://snccdigital.org/people/john-lewis/ . Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Legacy Project . January 5, 2018 . live.
29. Web site: Freedom Rides . King Encyclopedia . June 29, 2017 . . Stanford, California . April 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418222156/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-rides . April 18, 2020 . live.
30. Web site: Civil Rights Timeline . . Atlanta . January 31, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120808153339/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-05-10/us/access.lewis.freedom.rides_1_white-men-angry-mob-blacks?_s=PM%3AUS . August 8, 2012.
31. Web site: My Name Is Freedom: Albany, Georgia. dead. https://archive.today/19990219104007/http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm. February 19, 1999. You Can't Be Neutral on A Moving Train. Beacon Press. Boston.
32. Web site: The Freedom Riders, Then and Now . . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120924100804/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Freedom-Riders.html?c=y&page=1 . September 24, 2012 . live.
33. News: Minor . Bill . New law meant to eliminate existing 'donut hole' . DeSoto Times-Tribune . Nesbit, Mississippi . April 2, 2010 . February 25, 2019 . September 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200909151738/https://opinion/editorials/new-law-meant-to-eliminate-existing-donut-hole/article_55d77eea-64a8-5af6-be0f-a08012941644.html . live .
34. Web site: May 11, 2001 . 40 years later, mission accomplished . live . July 18, 2020 . CNN . https://web.archive.org/web/20040813044815/http://www.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/11/freedom.riders/ . August 13, 2004.
35. News: John Lewis: 'I thought I was going to die' . May 10, 2001 . . March 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160401002256/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/05/10/access.lewis.freedom.rides/ . April 1, 2016 . live.
36. Book: Scott . William R. . Upon these Shores: Themes in the African-American Experience 1600 to the Present . Shade . William G. . October 31, 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-135-27620-1 . en . July 18, 2020 . September 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200909151745/https://books.google.com/books?id=vVvhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 . live .
37. Book: Lewis . John . Michael . d'Orso . Mike D'Orso . Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . Harvest Books . 1999 . reprint . 978-1-4767-9771-7 . 143–144 . July 26, 2020 . August 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204051/https://books.google.com/books?id=mm58BgAAQBAJ . live .
38. Web site: Once Race Riot Enemies, Now Friends . . February 6, 2009 . August 22, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090211112207/http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6813984. February 11, 2009. live.
39. Web site: Claire . Shipman . Cindy . Smith . Lee . Ferran . Man Asks Entire Town for Forgiveness for Racism . ABC News . February 6, 2009 . August 22, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090309165408/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=6813984&page=1 . March 9, 2009 . live.
40. Book: Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement . Lewis . John . Michael d'Orso . Harvest Books . 1999 . reprint . 978-1-4767-9771-7 . 261 . July 26, 2020 . July 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140119/https://books.google.com/books?id=mm58BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261 . live .
41. News: Roberts . Sam . April 13, 2018 . Charles McDew, 79, Tactician for Student Civil Rights Group, Dies . en-US . The New York Times . July 18, 2020 . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121359/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/obituaries/charles-mcdew-79-tactician-for-student-civil-rights-group-dies.html . June 17, 2018 . live.
42. Web site: Adler . Erin . April 18, 2018 . Charles McDew, civil rights activist and Metro State adviser, dies at 79 . live . July 18, 2020 . Star Tribune . . https://web.archive.org/web/20180419074332/http://www.startribune.com/charles-mcdew-civil-rights-activist-and-metro-state-adviser-dies-at-79/480174313/ . April 19, 2018.
43. Web site: John Lewis, civil rights hero and 'conscience of Congress,' dies at 80 . . July 18, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718132906/https://www.rollcall.com/2020/07/18/john-lewis-civil-rights-hero-and-conscience-of-congress-has-died/ . live .
44. News: Bunn . Curtis . 'We are the legacy': John Lewis lives on in the generations of young staffers he empowered . . July 28, 2020 . July 31, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728123210/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/we-are-legacy-john-lewis-lives-generations-young-staffers-he-n1235038.
45. Web site: The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom . July 18, 2020 . Library of Congress . October 10, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200109202657/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html . January 9, 2020 . live.
46. News: Mann. Robert. August 24, 2013. March on Washington reflected optimism and outrage. The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. July 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204548/https://www.nola.com/opinions/article_87a3401f-b8eb-5854-a799-7ff8de67d412.html. July 31, 2020.
47. Web site: Jones. William P.. February 19, 2016. Book Discussion on The March on Washington. July 31, 2020. C-SPAN 2.
48. Web site: 2014. March on Washington: The World Hears of Dr. King's 'Dream'. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731205218/http://www.core-online.org/History/washington_march.htm. July 31, 2020. July 31, 2020. Congress of Racial Equality.
49. Book: Hale, Jon N.. The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement. June 7, 2016. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-54182-4. 72–75. en. July 18, 2020. July 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200726161102/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMZ1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72. live.
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53. News: Page . Susan . 50 years after Selma, John Lewis on unfinished business . April 20, 2020 . . February 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200301180115/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/02/24/capital-download-john-lewis-selma-50th-anniversary/23935047/ . March 1, 2020 . live.
54. News: July 18, 2020. Civil rights icon and congressman John Lewis dies. en-GB. BBC News. live. July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200718044207/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53454169. July 18, 2020.
55. News: Joseph. Peniel E.. Perspective John Lewis leaves behind a powerful legacy of social justice. en-US. The Washington Post. January 2, 2021. 0190-8286. December 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201222112345/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/19/john-lewis-leaves-behind-powerful-legacy-social-justice/. live.
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61. Web site: Voter Education Project . Georgia Encyclopedia . April 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200602125300/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/voter-education-project . June 2, 2020 . live.
62. Web site: John Lewis . Encyclopedia of Alabama . April 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191221161052/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1841 . December 21, 2019 . live.
63. Web site: GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200713/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31297 . October 29, 2013 . live.
64. Web site: GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191811/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31302 . October 29, 2013 . live.
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66. News: Press . Robert M. . Civil rights veteran John Lewis still marches to unmistakable drumbeat . April 18, 2020 . . Boston . February 28, 1985 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103544/http://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0228/alew.html . October 3, 2015 . live.
67. Web site: People – Lewis, John . GeorgiaInfo . University System of Georgia . April 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200531203243/https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/people/article/civil-rights-activists/john-lewis . May 31, 2020 . live.
68. Web site: GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191616/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388755. October 29, 2013. live.
69. Web site: GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192722/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388754. October 29, 2013. live.
70. Web site: The Way of John Lewis. The Bitter Southerner. Tucker. Cynthia. 2020. Cynthia Tucker. June 22, 2020. July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200718103059/https://bittersoutherner.com/2020/the-way-of-john-lewis-cynthia-tucker-black-lives-matter. live.
71. News: Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff . Dudley . Clendinen . . September 3, 1986 . August 16, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150820063819/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html . August 20, 2015. live.
72. Web site: GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192925/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=38194 . October 29, 2013 . live.
73. Web site: GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194206/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28773 . October 29, 2013 . live.
74. Web site: Congressman John Lewis . American Civil Liberties Union . July 18, 2020 . August 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200803021522/https://www.aclu.org/congressman-john-lewis . live .
75. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2004 . 16 . . July 18, 2020 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013513/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/2004election/ . live .
76. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2006 . 11 . . July 18, 2020 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013513/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/2006election/ . live .
77. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2008 . 16 . United States House of Representatives . July 18, 2020 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013513/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/2008election/ . live .
78. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2014 . 12 . United States House of Representatives . July 18, 2020 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013513/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/2014election/ . live .
79. Web site: Statistics of the Congressional Election, 2018 . 12 . United States House of Representatives . July 18, 2020 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013514/https://historycms2.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/2018election/ . live .
80. Web site: GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 21, 1992 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193651/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=513779 . October 29, 2013 . live.
81. Web site: GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Jul 15, 2008 . Our Campaigns . July 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164420/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=384597 . September 24, 2015 . live.
82. Web site: Issues 2000 Lewis . Issues2000. June 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215725/http://issues2000.org/GA/John_Lewis.htm. May 13, 2012. live.
83. News: Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future. Peter. Carlson. The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.. June 9, 1998. 01.
84. News: John Lewis: 'Conscience' carries clout: Civil rights icon's moral authority enhanced . Kemper . Bob . . May 21, 2006.
85. Web site: The Tuesday Ten: An Interview with Rep. John Lewis . Asher . Smith . . April 21, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090124225545/http://emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=25537 . January 24, 2009.
86. News: Mideast Trip Strengthens Georgia Lawmakers' Resolve . Mike . Christensen . . January 11, 1991 . A7.
87. News: Tour labors in opposition to NAFTA . Colin . Campbell . . February 19, 1998 . F02.
88. Web site: The China trade vote: A Clinton triumph; House, in 237–197 vote, approves normal trade rights for China . Eric . Schmitt . Joseph . Kahn . . May 25, 2000 . February 27, 2011 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013515/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/25/world/china-trade-vote-clinton-triumph-house-237-197-vote-approves-normal-trade-rights.html?pagewanted=all . live .
89. Social programs: world report. The wreck of the gravy train . Canada and the World Backgrounder . Taylor Publishing Consultants . Waterloo, Ontario, Canada . 62 . 2 . October 1996 . 3–34.
90. News: President faces strong opposition in Congress . Sharon . Schmickle . Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota . September 16, 1994 . 1.
91. Web site: Congressional Record Volume 140, Number 144 . October 6, 1994 . govinfo.gov . U.S. Government Printing Office . January 22, 2023.
92. "Shared power, foreign policy, and Haiti, 1994. Public memories of war and race." Goodnight, G. Thomas; Olson, Kathryn M.; Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9. 4 (Winter 2006): 601–634.
93. News: Georgia delegation divided on strategy; Some back force, others doubt military action is a real solution . Mark . Sherman . The Atlanta Constitution . February 12, 1998 . A14.
94. News: Congress using religious compass in decisions . Melanie . Eversley . . October 7, 2001 . 7.
95. Web site: War Resisters: 'We Won't Go' To 'We Won't Pay' . Felicia R. . Lee . . August 3, 2002 . March 1, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113085527/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/03/arts/war-resisters-we-won-t-go-to-we-won-t-pay.html. November 13, 2013. live.
96. Web site: Davis . Charles . Rep. John Lewis, civil rights icon, was a powerful voice against war with Iraq . July 18, 2020 . . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718050049/https://www.businessinsider.com/john-lewis-was-a-lonely-voice-against-war-with-iraq-2020-7 . live .
97. Web site: The I-Word is Gaining Ground . Katrina . Vanden Heuvel . January 2, 2006 . The Nation. February 29, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071120065321/http://www.thenation.com/blogs/edcut?pid=45006. November 20, 2007. live.
98. Web site: Skene. Gordon. 2020-07-18. John Lewis – Address At The March On Washington – August 1963 – John Lewis (1940–2020). live. 2021-07-16. Past Daily. en-US. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422181314/https://pastdaily.com/2020/07/18/john-lewis-address-at-the-march-on-washington-august-1963-john-lewis-1940-2020/.
99. Web site: Marina Walker. Guevara. Lobbyists tag along on civil rights tour. publicintegrity.org. The Center for Public Integrity. Washington, D.C.. June 8, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20160829024959/https://www.publicintegrity.org/2006/06/08/5606/lobbyists-tag-along-civil-rights-tour . August 29, 2016.
100. News: House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent . . June 4, 2011. December 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230234050/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/world/africa/04policy.html?_r=1. December 30, 2018. live.
101. Web site: H.Res.292 – Declaring that the President shall not deploy, establish, or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya, and for other purposes. . Library of Congress . 2011 . December 31, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194241/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/292/actions . December 31, 2018 . live.
102. News: I have a dream for peace in the Middle East. January 21, 2002. San Francisco Chronicle. February 2, 2021. February 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210206002835/https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/I-have-a-dream-for-peace-in-the-Middle-East-2880295.php. live.
103. News: Rep. John Lewis backs the right to boycott Israel — even though he opposes BDS . . July 27, 2019 . August 6, 2020 . August 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808034457/https://www.timesofisrael.com/john-lewis-backs-the-right-to-boycott-israel-even-though-he-opposes-bds/ . live .
104. News: Merida . Kevin . So Close, So Far: A Texas Democrat's Day Without Sunshine . The Washington Post . January 21, 2001 . January 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170117032230/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24413-2001Jan20.html . January 17, 2017 . live.
105. Web site: Final Vote Results for Roll Call 7: On Agreeing to the Objection. U.S. House of Representatives. December 24, 2012. January 6, 2005. May 3, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080503021334/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll007.xml. live.
106. News: Tens of Thousands March Against Iraq War. https://web.archive.org/web/20170118042718/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/us/threats-and-responses-dissent-tens-of-thousands-march-against-iraq-war.html. January 18, 2017. Lichtblau. Eric. The New York Times. March 16, 2003. 1.
107. News: Kemper . Bob . May 17, 2006 . Lewis, 6 other lawmakers arrested in embassy protest . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . 3 .
108. Web site: U.S. lawmakers arrested in Darfur protests at Sudan embassy . CNN . April 27, 2009 . April 27, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090430065243/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/27/us-lawmakers-arrested-in-darfur-protest-at-sudan-embassy/ . April 30, 2009 . live.
109. Web site: Democratic lawmakers arrested during immigration protest . NBC News . October 8, 2013 . November 9, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131122081738/http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/08/20874725-democratic-lawmakers-arrested-during-immigration-protest?lite . November 22, 2013 . live.
110. News: May 6, 2010 . Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton . October 12, 2007 . CNN Political Ticker . https://web.archive.org/web/20090406175833/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/10/12/rep-lewis-endorses-clinton/ . April 6, 2009 . live.
111. News: Black Leader, a Clinton Ally, Tilts to Obama . Jeff. Zeleny . Patrick. Healy . February 15, 2008 . Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention. . . February 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170311195613/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/politics/15clinton.html . March 11, 2017 . live.
112. Web site: Awaiting Lewis . Ben . Smith . February 15, 2008 . Politico . August 1, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195727/http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0208/Awaiting_Lewis.html . October 29, 2013 . live.
113. Web site: February 28, 2008 . Civil rights leader John Lewis switches to Obama . The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.' . February 28, 2008 . Associated Press . Los Angeles Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20080304010308/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28%2C1%2C3290763.story . March 4, 2008 . dead.
114. News: May 6, 2010 . Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama . February 27, 2008 . CNN Political Ticker . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311075152/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/02/27/lewis-switches-from-clinton-to-obama/. March 11, 2010. live.
115. Web site: Black lawmakers emotional about Obama's success . June 4, 2008 . Hearn . Josephine . . June 5, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080608073714/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0608/10858.html . June 8, 2008 . live.
116. News: A New Campaign Charge: You Supported Clinton . Raymond. Hernandez. July 1, 2008 . . February 17, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091011/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/us/politics/01dems.html?ref=politics . January 4, 2017 . live.
117. Web site: Congressman Rebukes McCain for Recent Rallies . . Elisabeth . Bumiller . October 12, 2008. February 17, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123650/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/us/politics/12lewis.html?_r=1&ref=johnlewis. February 8, 2018. live.
118. News: John McCain equal to George Wallace? Barack Obama says 'no,' and John Lewis says he's been misunderstood . October 11, 2008 . May 11, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604113319/http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/shared-blogs/ajc/politicalinsider/entries/2008/10/11/ . . June 4, 2011 . live.
119. Remnick . David . The President's Hero . July 19, 2020 . . en-us . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202722/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/02/02/090202taco_talk_remnick . October 29, 2013 . live.
120. Web site: Bade . Rachael . Democrats stage sit-in on House floor to force gun vote . Politico . June 22, 2016 . June 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160622215704/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/democrats-stage-sit-in-on-house-floor-to-force-gun-vote-224656 . June 22, 2016 . live.
121. News: For Rep. John Lewis, African American Museum was a recurring dream . McGione . Peggy . June 28, 2016 . January 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170216134746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/for-rep-john-lewis-african-american-museum-was-a-recurring-dream/2016/06/28/fc05c81c-34b6-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html . February 16, 2017 . live . The Washington Post.
122. News: Rep. Lewis softens dismissal of Sanders . February 13, 2016 . Meg . Kinnard . . . February 25, 2019 . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013515/https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2016/02/13/rep-lewis-softens-dismissal-sanders/80344896/ . live .
123. News: Hillary Clinton's secret weapon: John Lewis . Patrick . Temple-West . February 15, 2016 . . February 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064320/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/after-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307 . May 3, 2019 . live.
124. Web site: John Lewis: I did not mean to 'disparage' Bernie Sanders' civil rights activism. TheGuardian.com. February 13, 2016. August 25, 2020. February 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220214131350/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/john-lewis-congressional-black-caucus-bernie-sanders-civil-rights-movement. live.
125. Web site: Rep. John Lewis speaks out against Trump's divisive rhetoric during L.A. visit . Panzar . Javier . January 23, 2016 . I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really [and] we shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people. . . February 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190611125950/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html . June 11, 2019 . live.
126. Web site: Todd . Chuck . Bronston . Sally . Rivera . Matt . Rep. John Lewis: 'I don't see Trump as a legitimate president' . . January 14, 2017 . July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20170113233912/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/john-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676. January 13, 2017. live.
127. News: Nicholas. Loffredo. John Lewis, Questioning Trump's Legitimacy, Among Dems Skipping Inauguration. https://web.archive.org/web/20170114211654/http://www.newsweek.com/john-lewis-trump-legitimacy-dems-skipping-inauguration-542819. January 14, 2017. Newsweek. January 14, 2017.
128. Web site: Dawsey . Josh . Cheney . Kyle . Morin . Rebecca . Trump rips John Lewis as Democrats boycott inauguration . Politico . January 14, 2017. July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115140853/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-233630. January 15, 2017. live.
129. Web site: Qiu . Linda . Trump's exaggerated claim that John Lewis' district is 'falling apart' and 'crime infested' . . January 15, 2017 . February 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180206142907/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-john-lewis-crime-invested-atlanta/. February 6, 2018. live.
130. Web site: Smith . David . Donald Trump starts MLK weekend by attacking civil rights hero John Lewis . January 15, 2017 . . London, England. January 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170115022142/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/14/donald-trump-john-lewis-mlk-day-civil-rights . January 15, 2017 . live.
131. News: In Trump's Feud With John Lewis, Blacks Perceive a Callous Rival . . January 15, 2017 . January 16, 2017 . Yamiche . Alcindor . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013520/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/15/us/politics/trumps-race-john-lewis.html?smid=pl-share . live .
132. News: The Washington Post. January 15, 2017 . In feud with John Lewis, Donald Trump attacked 'one of the most respected people in America' . Cleve R. Jr. . Wootson. https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/15/in-feud-with-john-lewis-donald-trump-attacked-one-of-the-most-respected-people-in-america/?wpisrc=nl_most-draw14&wpmm=1 . September 16, 2017.
133. News: Trump maintains feud with Lewis: He also boycotted Bush 43 . . Nolan D. . McCaskill . January 17, 2017. August 6, 2018 . en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212514/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-john-lewis-feud-tweets-233685. July 23, 2018. live.
134. Web site: Democratic congressman John Lewis rejects Trump, will skip inauguration for first time in 30 years . . Global News Network. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. January 14, 2017 . . February 7, 2018 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20180207184420/https://globalnews.ca/news/3181210/democratic-congressman-john-lewis-rejects-trump-will-skip-inauguration-for-first-time-in-30-years/. February 7, 2018. live.
135. Web site: Trump inauguration boycott grows . . August 1, 2020 . January 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180812053028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38636136 . August 12, 2018 . live.
136. Web site: Jacobson . Lewis . John Lewis wrong on whether he has skipped an inauguration . PolitiFact. January 17, 2017 . February 7, 2018 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182934/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/17/john-lewis/john-lewis-wrong-whether-he-skipped-inauguration-d/ . February 7, 2018 . live.
137. Web site: John Lewis endorses Biden . Caputo . Mark . . April 7, 2020 . July 19, 2020 . April 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200407113504/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/07/john-lewis-endorses-biden-170884 . live .
138. Web site: John Lewis . Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives . April 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200529130835/https://clerkpreview.house.gov/members/L000287 . May 29, 2020 . live.
139. Web site: Committees and Caucuses . johnlewis.house.gov . April 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200427141915/https://johnlewis.house.gov/john-lewis/committees-and-caucuses . April 27, 2020 . live.
140. Web site: Caucus Members . Congressional Progressive Caucus . January 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190427164818/https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=71&sectiontree=2,71 . April 27, 2019 . live.
141. Web site: Membership . Congressional Arts Caucus . March 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120195207/https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership . January 20, 2019 . dead.
142. Web site: Black Americans in Party Leadership Positions, 1977–present . US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives . en . January 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161214151938/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Data/Black-Americans-in-Party-Leadership-Positions/ . December 14, 2016 . live.
143. Web site: 1999: John Lewis with Michael D'Orso . live. July 18, 2020 . Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights . en-us. https://web.archive.org/web/20180615124612/https://rfkhumanrights.org/people/1999-john-lewis-with-michael-dorso. June 15, 2018.
144. Web site: December 3, 2012 . John Lewis . July 18, 2020 . Congressman John Lewis . en. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603112419/https://johnlewis.house.gov/john-lewis. June 3, 2020. live.
145. Book: O'Connor, Maureen . Life Stories: A Guide to Reading Interests in Memoirs, Autobiographies, and Diaries . August 23, 2011 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-61069-146-8 . 423 . en . July 18, 2020 . August 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804061524/https://books.google.com/books?id=UtnpJBOxYZwC&pg=PA423 . live .
146. Web site: Notable Books of 1998 . live. July 18, 2020 . The New York Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402200020/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/reviews/notable-nonfiction.html. April 2, 2019.
147. Web site: Straszheim . Deborah . April 20, 1999 . A Story Worth Telling . July 18, 2020 . Daily Press . en-US . December 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201202134135/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19990420-1999-04-20-9904200688-story.html . live .
148. Web site: Newsweek 50 Books for Our Times | Book awards | LibraryThing . www.librarything.com. July 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20191213104732/http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Newsweek+50+Books+for+Our+Times. December 13, 2019. live.
149. News: McGrory . Mary . June 14, 1998 . A Man of Consequence . The Washington Post . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718123943/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/06/14/a-man-of-consequence/7e702487-4772-4ff3-8e43-db8ea20d4903/ . July 18, 2020 . dead .
150. News: Nelson . Jack . December 20, 1998 . Memoir: Walking with the Wind . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718101238/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-dec-20-bk-63242-story.html . July 18, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
151. Across That Bridge: Life Lessons and a Vision for Change" (review). Publishers Weekly. March 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012062909/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4013-2411-7 . October 12, 2016 .
152. Brenda Jones: The Wordsmith and Whisperer to John Lewis . Kimberly . Railey . May 20, 2015 . . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170829235055/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/brenda-jones-the-wordsmith-and-whisperer-to-john-lewis/435459/. August 29, 2017. live.
153. News: Cavna . Michael . In the graphic novel 'March,' Rep. John Lewis renders a powerful civil rights memoir . October 25, 2013 . . August 12, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204717/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel . October 29, 2013.
154. Book: March: Book Three . John . Lewis . Andrew . Aydin . August 2, 2016 . Top Shelf Productions . 978-1-60309-402-3.
155. Web site: U.S. Rep. John Lewis Discusses His Graphic Novel "March" . Cartoonician. September 8, 2014 . September 8, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004656/http://cartoonician.com/u-s-rep-john-lewis-discusses-his-graphic-novel-march/. September 9, 2014. dead.
156. News: Best Sellers . . February 8, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140326194424/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2013-09-01/paperback-graphic-books/list.html . March 26, 2014. live.
157. Web site: Coretta Scott King Book Awards – All Recipients, 1970–present . American Library Association . December 4, 2014 . April 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316004911/http://www.ala.org/emiert/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present. March 16, 2015. live.
158. Web site: MacDonald . Heidi . March Book One is first graphic novel to win the RFK Book Award . Comics Beat . March 21, 2014. April 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113933/http://www.comicsbeat.com/march-book-one-is-first-grahpic-novel-to-win-the-rfk-book-award/. March 4, 2016. live.
159. Web site: About the Book . City of East Lansing & Michigan State University . December 14, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150112213251/http://www.onebookeastlansing.com/Home/2014Works.aspx . January 12, 2015.
160. Web site: Fall 2014 Selection . Georgia State University . December 4, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141220200840/http://success.students.gsu.edu/first-year-programs/first-year-book/fall-2014-nominations/ . December 20, 2014.
161. Web site: About the Book . Marquette University, Office of Student Development . December 4, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111003625/http://www.marquette.edu/osd/reading/about.shtml. November 11, 2014. live.
162. News: Paperback Graphic Books . The New York Times . November 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161004045820/http://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2016/09/25/paperback-graphic-books/. October 4, 2016. live.
163. News: Rep. John Lewis's National Book Award win is a milestone moment for graphic novels . November 17, 2016 . Michael. Cavna . The Washington Post. January 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170201054343/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/11/17/rep-john-lewiss-national-book-award-win-is-a-milestone-moment-for-graphic-novels/. February 1, 2017. live.
164. Web site: American Library Association announces 2017 youth media award winners . American Library Association . January 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170124051155/http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2017/01/american-library-association-announces-2017-youth-media-award-winners. January 24, 2017. live.
165. Web site: Carter G. Woodson Book Award and Honor Winners . . Silver Spring, Maryland. February 25, 2019 . June 3, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20190427204823/https://www.socialstudies.org/awards/woodson/winners. April 27, 2019. live.
166. Web site: Chris. Arrant. REP. JOHN LEWIS' RUN Pulled From Schedule. Newsarama. July 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226225414/https://www.newsarama.com/41108-rep-john-lewis-run-pushed-back-to-april-2019-release.html . February 26, 2020 .
167. Web site: John Lewis finished this graphic memoir as he died. He wanted to leave a civil rights 'road map' for generations to come.. Cavna, Michael. The Washington Post. August 2, 2021. August 18, 2021. August 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210802130435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/08/02/john-lewis-graphic-novel-run/.
168. News: 'Run' Follows Award-Winning Graphic Novel 'March' in Civil-Rights Chronicle . Rappaport . Michael . April 11, 2018 . . April 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180412041609/https://www.wsj.com/articles/run-follows-award-winning-graphic-novel-march-in-civil-rights-chronicle-1523455321 . April 12, 2018 . live.
169. Web site: RAPHAEL . shannon . John Miles-Lewis Is the Only Child of the Late U.S. Representative, John Lewis . Distractify . July 30, 2020 . 10 February 2023.
170. News: Michelle . Shaw . Rep. John Lewis' wife, Lillian, dies . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . January 3, 2013 . June 8, 2021 . June 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210608230620/https://www.ajc.com/news/local-obituaries/lillian-miles-lewis-wife-adviser-rep-john-lewis/xVff5GSZZAiolGRhhj765O/ . live .
171. News: John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Has Pancreatic Cancer . Cochrane . Emily . December 29, 2019 . The New York Times . December 30, 2019 . en-US . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230001014/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/us/politics/rep-john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer.html . December 30, 2019 . live.
172. Web site: Remnick . David . The Ongoing Struggle of John Lewis . December 31, 2019 . en . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230232628/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-ongoing-struggle-of-john-lewis . December 30, 2019 . live . The New Yorker.
173. News: LeBlanc . Paul . Civil rights icon Rep. John Lewis announces he has stage 4 pancreatic cancer . December 30, 2019 . CNN . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230000425/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/29/politics/john-lewis-pancreatic-cancer/index.html . December 30, 2019 . live.
174. News: US Rep John Lewis of Georgia says he has pancreatic cancer . December 30, 2019 . WTOP News . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230002208/https://wtop.com/national/2019/12/us-rep-john-lewis-of-georgia-says-he-has-pancreatic-cancer/ . December 30, 2019 . live.
175. News: July 17, 2020 . John Lewis, Georgia Congressman and Civil Rights Icon, Dies at 80 . WCAU News . July 17, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718034614/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/national-international/rep-john-lewis-dies-at-80/2470531/ . live .
176. News: King . Tom Vanden Brook, Deborah Barfield Berry and Ledyard . Rep. John Lewis, a civil rights icon who began pushing for racial justice in the Jim Crow south, has died . July 18, 2020 . USA Today . en-US . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718033826/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/17/rep-john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-original-freedom-rider-has-died/795340002/ . live .
177. Georgia congressman and civil rights icon John Lewis dies at age 80 . Sonam . Sheth . Ellen Cranley . Business Insider . July 18, 2020 . March 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303101835/https://www.businessinsider.com/rep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7 . live .
178. News: McFadden . Robert D. . July 17, 2020 . C.T. Vivian, Martin Luther King's Field General, Dies at 95 . en-US . The New York Times . July 19, 2020 . 0362-4331 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718220330/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/ct-vivian-dead.html . live .
179. News: Trump tweets he's 'saddened' by John Lewis' death, world leaders pay tribute . William . Mansell . ABC News . July 19, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721023028/https://abcnews.go.com/US/world-leaders-politicians-pay-homage-civil-rights-icon/story?id=71854525 . live .
180. News: International community pays homage to American civil rights icon John Lewis . The Hill . July 18, 2020 . Axelrod . Tax . July 21, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721222609/https://thehill.com/policy/international/507943-international-community-pays-homage-to-american-civil-rights-icon-john . live .
181. News: Irish president pays tribute to civil rights hero John Lewis . Irish Central . July 19, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . O'Brien . Shane . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721091604/https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irish-president-tribute-civil-rights-hero-john-lewis . live .
182. News: Maryland . Kimberly . July 27, 2020 . Alabama honors the legacy of John Lewis . en-US . Alabama News Center . July 30, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729102514/https://www.alabamanewscenter.com/2020/07/27/alabama-honors-the-legacy-of-john-lewis/ . live .
183. Web site: Li . Cohen . John Lewis' death sparks surge in support to rename Edmund Pettus Bridge, the site of Bloody Sunday, in his honor . CBS News . July 18, 2020 . July 19, 2020 . July 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719044755/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-lewis-death-sparks-surge-in-support-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-the-site-of-bloody-sunday-in-his-honor/ . live .
184. News: Support swells for renaming Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma to honor John Lewis after his death . Morgan . Gstalter . July 18, 2020 . The Hill . July 19, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718161548/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/507939-support-swells-for-renaming-edmund-pettus-bridge-in-selma-to-honor-john-lewis . live .
185. News: Selma Helped Define John Lewis's Life. In Death, He Returned One Last Time . Rick . Rojas . The New York Times . July 26, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . July 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200727230107/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/us/selma-john-lewis-memorial.html . live .
186. News: Civil rights icon John Lewis remembered in Alabama . Fernando . Alfonso III . CNN . July 26, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050025/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/john-lewis-memorial-07-26-2020/index.html . live .
187. Web site: Clark . Dartunorro . Late Rep. John Lewis to lie in state at Capitol next week . NBC News . July 24, 2020 . en . July 23, 2020 . July 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200724063617/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/late-rep-john-lewis-lie-state-capitol-next-week-n1234771 . live .
188. News: Foran . Clare . John Lewis is first Black lawmaker to lie in state in US Capitol Rotunda . July 28, 2020 . CNN . July 27, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728010024/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/27/politics/john-lewis-lies-in-state-capitol/index.html . live .
189. News: How to Pay Your Respects to Congressman John Lewis at the US Capitol . Daniella . Byck . . July 27, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728121051/https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/07/27/how-to-pay-your-respects-to-congressman-john-lewis-at-the-us-capitol/ . live .
190. News: John Lewis Lies in State at US Capitol . UPI . July 28, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728143828/https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/6a18bfd85ed62db8cfe0fedd7aa3c740/John-Lewis-Lies-in-State-at-US-Capitol/ . live .
191. News: 30 Photos from John Lewis's Funeral at the United States Capitol . Kelly . Sherin . Jack . Holmes . . July 27, 2020 . July 28, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729082558/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/g33436304/john-lewis-funeral-photos/ . live .
192. News: Georgia governor hails John Lewis as an American hero, 'a titan of the civil rights movement' . Nicquel Terry . Ellis . Chris . Woodyard . USA Today . July 29, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729104630/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2020/07/29/john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-lie-state-georgia-state-capitol/5521043002/ . live .
193. News: Siddiqui . Sabrina . July 30, 2020 . At John Lewis's Funeral, Obama, Clinton and Bush Pay Tribute . en-US . The Wall Street Journal . July 30, 2020 . 0099-9660 . subscription . July 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730211756/https://www.wsj.com/articles/former-presidents-pay-tribute-at-john-lewiss-funeral-11596130170 . live .
194. News: Toone . Stephanie . What to know about the place where John Lewis will be buried . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . July 29, 2020 . en . July 30, 2020 . July 31, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731110504/https://www.ajc.com/news/what-to-know-about-the-place-where-john-lewis-will-be-buried/B5PFWUGC25C55I4EH7SKXO27BE/ . live .
195. News: Lewis . John . July 30, 2020 . Opinion - John Lewis: Together, You Can Redeem the Soul of Our Nation . en-US . The New York Times . August 4, 2020 . 0362-4331 . August 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200803191532/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/opinion/john-lewis-civil-rights-america.html . live .
196. News: Forgey . Quint . July 30, 2020 . 'Now it is your turn': John Lewis issues call to action in posthumous op-ed . en . August 4, 2020 . August 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804103946/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/30/john-lewis-posthumous-op-ed-387770 . live .
197. Web site: Four Freedoms Award . Roosevelt Institute . April 4, 2015 . dead . March 25, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards.
198. Web site: December 8, 2012 . John Lewis . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20120912184347/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients/John-Lewis-2001.aspx. September 12, 2012. live.
199. Web site: NAACP Spingarn Medal . April 19, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners . August 2, 2014.
200. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. March 18, 2020. June 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608012051/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service. live.
201. Web site: 2004 . 2004 Summit Highlights Photo . Awards Council member and actor James Earl Jones presents the Academy’s Golden Plate Award to Congressman John Lewis during the introductory evening of the 2004 International Achievement Summit in Chicago, Illinois. . December 11, 2020 . September 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235315/https://achievement.org/summit/2004/ . live .
202. Web site: National Winners | public service awards . Jefferson Awards.org . November 9, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. November 24, 2010. dead.
203. Web site: October 12, 2008 . Civil Rights Movement Pioneer to receive Dole Leadership Prize . Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, University of Kansas . September 26, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031804/http://doleinstituteblog.org/civil-rights-movement-pioneer-to-receive-dole-leadership-prize/ . December 7, 2008.
204. Web site: Rep. John Lewis Honored as Civil Rights Champion with First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award . April 3, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114333/http://www.utexas.edu/news/2010/11/17/lewis_john/. July 19, 2011. dead.
205. News: February 15, 2011 . Obama Honors Buffett, George H.W. Bush With Medal of Freedom . February 15, 2011 . Bloomberg . Julianna . Goldman. https://web.archive.org/web/20110218174519/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-15/obama-honors-buffett-george-h-w-bush-with-medal-of-freedom.html. February 18, 2011. live.
206. Web site: Secretary of the Navy Announces First Ship of Next Generation Fleet Replenishment Oilers . U.S. Department of Defense. December 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191230013307/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/639487/secretary-of-the-navy-announces-first-ship-of-next-generation-fleet-repenishmen/. December 30, 2019. live.
207. Web site: Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony for 1965 Voting Rights Marches Foot Soldiers | C-SPAN.org. www.c-span.org. July 17, 2022. August 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210830233859/https://www.c-span.org/video/?405070-1%2Fcongressional-gold-medal-ceremony-1965-voting-rights-marches-foot-soldiers. live.
208. News: Selma marchers get Congressional Gold Medal . Jonathan D. . Salant . February 25, 2016 . . Newark, NJ . July 28, 2020 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729181429/https://www.nj.com/politics/2016/02/selma_marchers_get_congressional_gold_medal_with_b.html . live .
209. Web site: John Lewis to receive 2016 Liberty Medal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921024800/http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2016/06/john-lewis-to-receive-2016-liberty-medal/ . September 21, 2016 . National Constitution Center . June 2, 2016 .
210. News: William . Bender . John Lewis honored with the Liberty Medal . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921184515/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160920_John_Lewis_honored_with_the_Liberty_Medal.html . September 21, 2016 . . September 20, 2016.
211. Web site: Lewis . John . National Book Awards - 2016 . Speakola.com . November 29, 2016 . March 14, 2021 . May 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184105/http://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016 . live .
212. Wayne State, UAW honor civil rights legend Rep. John Lewis . February 5, 2020 . Wayne State University . February 8, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718121241/https://today.wayne.edu/news/2020/02/05/wayne-state-uaw-honor-civil-rights-legend-rep-john-lewis-35309 . live .
213. Herbowy, Greg (Fall 2014). "Q+A: Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin & Nate Powell." Visual Arts Journal. pp. 48–51.
214. Web site: May 20, 2016 . John Lewis' 2016 Commencement address at Washington University in St. Louis - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis . June 12, 2022 . The Source . en-US . February 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226012652/https://source.wustl.edu/2016/05/john-lewis-2016-commencement-address-washington-university-st-louis/ . live .
215. Web site: March 30, 2016 . Civil rights champion John Lewis to deliver Commencement address May 20 - The Source - Washington University in St. Louis . June 12, 2022 . The Source . en-US . March 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220304133700/https://source.wustl.edu/2016/03/civil-rights-champion-john-lewis-deliver-commencement-address-may-20/ . live .
216. Web site: Civil Rights leader Rep. John Lewis to deliver 2016 Commencement address, joining honorands Lisa Genova '92, Daniel Gilbert and Robert Witt '62 . bates.edu. May 20, 2016 . April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160517053152/http://www.bates.edu/news/2016/04/01/civil-rights-leader-rep-john-lewis-to-deliver-2016-commencement-address-joining-honorands-lisa-genova-92-daniel-gilbert-and-robert-witt-62/. May 17, 2016. live.
217. Web site: Inkpot Award . comic-con.org . December 6, 2012 . September 9, 2021 . January 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170129155249/http://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot . live .
218. News: Name of busy Atlanta street will change to John Lewis Freedom Parkway. Becca J G. Godwin. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. July 30, 2018. December 19, 2020. June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618064010/https://www.ajc.com/news/local/john-lewis-deeply-moved-that-freedom-parkway-will-include-his-name/UEUeS1tkCT4lkHfWU6cNBO/. live.
219. News: Nashville street to be renamed after civil rights leader John Lewis. Tosin. Fakile. WSMV. November 6, 2020. December 19, 2020. November 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107144111/https://www.wsmv.com/news/nashville-street-to-be-renamed-after-civil-rights-leader-john-lewis/article_f5a2a69a-2023-11eb-a537-333515f7e112.html. live.
220. News: Metro Council approves renaming of Nashville's 5th Ave. to Rep. John Lewis Way. Laken. Bowles. WTVF. November 6, 2020. December 19, 2020. January 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220548/https://www.newschannel5.com/news/metro-council-approves-renaming-of-nashvilles-5th-ave-to-rep-john-lewis-way. live.
221. News: Nashville street renamed after late civil rights leader Rep. John Lewis. Natalie Neysa. Alund. The Tennessean. November 6, 2020. December 19, 2020. July 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013518/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2020/11/06/nashville-street-renamed-after-late-civil-rights-leader-john-lewis/6185291002/. live.
222. Web site: Fairfax County School Board Votes to Rename School John R. Lewis High School | Fairfax County Public Schools .
223. Web site: Support swells for renaming Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma to honor John Lewis after his death . Morgan . Gstalter . July 18, 2020 . www.msn.com . July 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719172121/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/support-swells-for-renaming-edmund-pettus-bridge-in-selma-to-honor-john-lewis-after-his-death/ar-BB16U9Ox . live .
224. Web site: Efforts growing to rename Edmund Pettus Bridge for John Lewis . Michael . King . July 18, 2020 . 11Alive.com . July 18, 2020 . en-US . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013517/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/efforts-growing-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-for-john-lewis/85-27a1b3a2-244b-4806-b620-ce9dcfde30d4 . live .
225. Web site: School Board Renames Robert E. Lee High School for Late Congressman John Lewis . Fairfax County Public Schools . July 23, 2020 . July 23, 2020 . July 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200723220833/https://www.fcps.edu/news/school-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis . live .
226. Web site: Board changes school's name from Robert E. Lee to John Lewis . AP News . July 23, 2020 . July 23, 2020 . August 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802183908/https://sports.yahoo.com/board-changes-schools-name-robert-223511003.html . live .
227. Web site: Allen Kim. A building at Troy University, named after a former governor with ties to the KKK, will be renamed after John Lewis. October 2, 2020. CNN. August 27, 2020 . August 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200829000408/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/27/us/john-lewis-troy-trnd/index.html. live.
228. News: Monuments to honor John Lewis' legacy in the works. Ernie. Suggs. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. August 1, 2020. December 27, 2020. January 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117190839/https://www.ajc.com/john-lewis/vine-city-statue-to-honor-john-lewis/36FWFBEWUFDONDRDATDPWAIPB4/. live.
229. Web site: April 22, 2021. Statue of late-Congressman John Lewis installed at Atlanta park. April 24, 2021. FOX 5 Atlanta. en-US. April 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210424133232/https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/statue-of-late-congressman-john-lewis-installed-at-atlanta-park. live.
230. News: Biden, lawmakers mark John Lewis's 81st birthday: 'May we carry on his mission'. The Hill. February 21, 2021. February 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210222002709/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/539800-biden-lawmakers-mark-john-lewiss-81st-birthday-may-we-carry-on-his-mission. live.
231. Web site: UC Santa Cruz advances commitment to social justice with College 10 naming in honor of John R. Lewis . Soergel . Allison . October 27, 2021. News University of Santa Cruz . University of Santa Cruz . October 27, 2021. The University of California at Santa Cruz announced today that College Ten—an undergraduate residential learning community founded on principles of social justice and community—will be named in honor of the late congressman and civil rights icon John R. Lewis. . October 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211028182639/https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/10/college-ten-announcement.html . live .
232. Web site: Bronze statue of John Lewis replaces more than 100-year-old Confederate monument. August 16, 2024. AP News.
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237. Web site: Commencement Program, 1999 . Open Archives: Digital Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston . University of Massachusetts Boston . May 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064019/http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15774coll21/id/966/rec/1. February 8, 2018. live.
238. Web site: Honorary Degrees, 1900-1999 . Knox College . July 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190517183634/https://www.knox.edu/about-knox/our-history/honorary-degrees/honorary-degrees-1900-1999. May 17, 2019. live.
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241. Summer 2003 . Sending the Class of 2003 on its way . Wooster Magazine . Wooster OpenWorks . The College of Wooster . July 20, 2020 . July 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200721021348/https://openworks.wooster.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=wooalumnimag_2001-2010 . live .
242. Web site: Honorary Degrees Awarded by Portland State University, 1993–2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719000449/https://www.pdx.edu/academic-affairs/sites/www.pdx.edu.academic-affairs/files/PSU%20Honorary%20Degrees%20Awarded_42016.pdf . dead . July 19, 2020 . Portland State University . April 18, 2020 .
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244. Web site: Congressman John Lewis to Deliver 2007 Commencement Address . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718131509/https://www.uvm.edu/newsstories/news/congressman_john_lewis_deliver_2007_commencement_address . dead . July 18, 2020 . . July 18, 2020 .
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246. Web site: Simmons among nine honorary degree recipients . Brown University . May 28, 2014 . May 16, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140228024136/http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/05/hdcitations#Lewis. February 28, 2014. live.
247. Web site: Penn's 2012 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients . Penn Almanac . University of Pennsylvania . January 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203212202/http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v58/n26/hd.html. February 3, 2016. live.
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249. Web site: Reitz . Stephanie . May 22, 2012 . UConn Law School Graduates Urged to Use Law to Benefit Society . live. July 18, 2020 . UConn Today . en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20151010031104/http://today.uconn.edu/2012/05/uconn-law-school-graduates-urged-to-use-law-to-benefit-society/. October 10, 2015.
250. Web site: U. S. Rep. John Lewis to be Honored at Judson College . Perry County Chamber of Commerce . November 5, 2016 . February 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20161106165652/http://www.perrycountyalabamachamber.com/event/u-s-rep-john-lewis-to-be-honored-at-judson-college/. November 6, 2016. live.
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252. Web site: Civil rights advocate U.S. Rep. John Lewis urges graduates to "get in the way" . Union College . November 22, 2015 . June 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108075015/http://www.union.edu/news/stories/2013/06/lewis.php. January 8, 2016. live.
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258. News: Peterson . Rick . Congressman John Lewis, Civil Rights Activist James Zwerg to Receive Honorary Degrees at Lawrence Commencement . April 18, 2020 . Lawrence University . March 5, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160802093847/http://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2015/03/congressman-john-lewis-civil-rights-activist-james-zwerg-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-lawrence-commencement.html . August 2, 2016 . live.
259. News: U.S. Rep. John Lewis to Deliver Commencement Keynote . April 20, 2020 . In the Loop . Goucher College . May 18, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180625051837/https://blogs.goucher.edu/intheloop/7508/congressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote/ . June 25, 2018 . live.
260. News: Congressman John Lewis tells HU Graduates to 'Get in the Way' . April 20, 2020 . HU News . Hampton University . https://web.archive.org/web/20150625030425/http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Congressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%27Get-in-the-Way%27 . June 25, 2015 . live .
261. Web site: Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU's Commencement . https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213951/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/03/10/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html . May 3, 2016 . live . NYU.edu . March 10, 2016 .
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264. News: Lewis, Latif, Berko Gleason and Stofan to Receive Honorary Degrees at Commencement . April 18, 2020 . Jay Connected . July 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013524/https://www.jayconnected.com/s/924/19/interior.aspx?sid=924&gid=1&pgid=2144&cid=4325&ecid=4325&crid=0&calpgid=1900&calcid=3863 . live .
265. Web site: Yale awards honorary degrees to eight individuals for their achievements . . May 18, 2017 . Yale News . Yale University. May 22, 2017 . From Freedom Rider to statesman, you have championed civil rights and public service for six decades. You have faced beatings, violence, and intimidation with steadfast nonviolence ... Devoted champion of America and of all of its people, in recognition of a lifetime of bold action and inspiring results, we are honored to present you with this Doctor of Laws degree.. https://web.archive.org/web/20170526072454/http://news.yale.edu/2017/05/18/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements. May 26, 2017. live.
266. Web site: May 8, 2017. Congressman John Lewis Inspires Graduates at Berea College Commencement. August 4, 2020. Berea College. en-US. June 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613183653/https://www.berea.edu/news/congressman-john-lewis-inspires-graduates-berea-college-commencement/. live.
267. News: Congressman John Lewis Honored at Graduate School of Education Commencement . April 18, 2020 . Bank Street College of Education . May 30, 2017 . August 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802183559/https://www.bankstreet.edu/news-events/news/congressman-john-lewis-honored-at-graduate-school-of-education-commencement/ . live .
268. News: Civil rights icon, Trump critic highlighting BU commencement . April 20, 2020 . wrbl.com . May 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180526150819/http://www.wrbl.com/news/national/civil-rights-icon-trump-critic-highlighting-bu-commencement/1190548468 . May 26, 2018 . live.
269. News: U.S. Rep. John Lewis is CCNY Commencement speaker, May 31 Commencement honors for Edward Plotkin '53 . April 18, 2020 . City College of New York . May 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200608014152/https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/us-rep-john-lewis-ccny-commencement-speaker-may-31-commencement-honors-edward-plotkin-%E2%80%9953 . June 8, 2020 . live.
270. News: Tulane: honorary doctorates for Cook, Baquet, Danner, Lewis . April 18, 2020 . Associated Press . May 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190511182714/https://apnews.com/40567563f90f487e878341215ffba1cc . May 11, 2019 . live.
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289. News: PBS Kids TV show 'Arthur' wishes John Lewis a 'speedy recovery' . Habersham . Raisa . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . December 31, 2019 . July 18, 2020 . August 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802163829/https://www.ajc.com/news/local/pbs-kids-show-arthur-wishes-john-lewis-speedy-recovery/aYbdufdPBGkjp13oLgOESJ/ . live .
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292. Web site: Congressman and Civil Rights legend John Lewis went to Comic-Con dressed as a real-life hero: Himself . Joshua . Rivera . July 15, 2015 . July 20, 2020 . . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718203423/https://www.businessinsider.com/john-lewis-march-comic-con-2015-7 . live .
293. News: Cavna . Michael . Michael Cavna . The real origin story behind how Rep. John Lewis became THE hit of Comic-Con . July 13, 2015 . July 20, 2020 . . July 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200720014907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/07/13/the-real-origin-story-behind-how-rep-john-lewis-became-the-hit-of-comic-con/ . live .