| John Hemphill | |
| Office: | Member of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from Texas |
| Term Start: | February 4, 1861 |
| Term End: | January 4, 1862 |
| Predecessor: | Constituency established |
| Successor: | Constituency abolished |
| Jr/Sr1: | United States Senator |
| State1: | Texas |
| Term Start1: | March 4, 1859 |
| Term End1: | July 11, 1861 |
| Predecessor1: | Sam Houston |
| Successor1: | Morgan Hamilton (1870) |
| Birth Date: | 18 December 1803 |
| Birth Place: | Chester District, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Richmond, Virginia, C.S. |
| Party: | Democratic |
| Education: | Jefferson College (BA) |
| Signature: | Signature of John Hemphill (1803–1862).png |
John Hemphill (December 18, 1803 – January 4, 1862) was an American politician and jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas from 1841 to 1846 and of the Supreme Court of Texas until 1858, and a United States senator from Texas from 1859 to 1861. A member of the Democratic Party, he was one of the signatories of the Confederate States Constitution.
Hemphill's father was a Presbyterian minister, The Reverend John Hemphill, who emigrated to the United States from County Londonderry, Ireland. His mother, Jane Lind, was also Scots-Irish but was born in Pennsylvania, where they met and married. John Hemphill the younger was born in South Carolina. He was educated at Jefferson College, graduating in 1825. He studied or "read the law" with David McCloud and was admitted to the bar in South Carolina in 1829. Several years later, in 1838 Hemphill moved his practice to Texas after it became an independent republic. Realizing that it was strongly influenced by Spanish law, he learned Spanish and studied its laws in order to be successful in this new environment.[1]
A friend of Sam Houston, Hemphill was appointed and served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas from 1841 to 1846 and of the Supreme Court of Texas from 1846 to 1858, serving as the top jurist in the Republic of Texas and then in the State of Texas.[2] During this period, Texas was an independent republic and then a state in the United States before the Civil War.
He was called the "John Marshall of Texas" for the role he played in the development of Texan law from the republic's early years, "laying the foundation of its judiciary system".[3] [1] The challenges were far beyond the law; Hemphill became known for an incident in which he fought Indian warriors who had attacked him in a courtroom while his court was in session.
Hemphill was considered an expert on Spanish and Mexican law, and he considered Spanish civil law to be superior to common law in many areas, especially in relation to the property. He is remembered for expanding women's rights so that women could inherit equally. He also supported homestead rights in adoption of principles of Spanish civil law.[1] Hemphill was elected in 1858 to replace Sam Houston as United States senator from Texas when Houston would not support the assertion that states have a right to secede from the United States. He served from 1859 to 1861.
As Texas was one of the first seven states to secede from the Union, Hemphill was among the fourteen United States senators expelled by Congressional resolution in 1861. He was subsequently chosen as a Texas delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress, a position he held until his death in Richmond, Virginia.
Hemphill never married. He lived with his slave Sabina for more than a decade and had two daughters with her. He arranged for their education, sending them in the late 1850s to the newly founded Wilberforce College in Ohio, considered a "training ground" for abolitionists before the Civil War.[2] John Hemphill was a cousin of Charles Hare Hemphill, Lord Hemphill through his father, The Reverend John Hemphill.
The city of Hemphill, Texas, and Hemphill County, Texas, are named after him.