John Harrison Mills Explained

John Harrison Mills (January 11, 1842 – October 23, 1916) was an American artist, businessman and philanthropist who worked in Buffalo, New York, and in Colorado. While he considered himself to be foremost a painter, he also worked in sculpture, sketches, poetry and other writings. His primary occupation was an engraver, making illustrations for publications of the day. He was a partner in a lithography business and an engraving/publishing business, and founded a shipping company for artists.

As a young man, Mills was badly injured in the Second Battle of Bull Run, and he was involved with veterans' groups for the rest of his life, primarily the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). He was a member of numerous artists' groups, some of which he founded, and he arranged exhibitions and taught art classes. In his later life, Mills became a supporter of the emerging Baháʼí Faith which he helped to establish in Buffalo.

Mills's artworks are known for capturing the time in which he lived. His work depicts the US Civil War and its lasting effects, wilderness landscapes, portraiture, and life scenes. He won a few prizes for his art, pieces of which are in the collections of the Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, and the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy.

Early life and education

John Harrison Mills was born January 11, 1842, in the hamlet of Bowmansville, New York. He was the first son of Aaron P. Mills[1] [2] and Abigail, both from Otsego County. They were a farming family, which grew with children Daniel W., Elvira,[3] and Aaron T. (born).[4] All the children worked on the farm and were raised with a Baptist sensibility of serious-mindedness.

As a child, Mills was known to mold with clay. Early biographer Benedict R. Maryniak wrote:

Abigail had died by late 1855. In 1857, at age 15, Mills moved to Buffalo to become an artist. Maryniak believed Mills's father endorsed this as a step towards developing business sense. Mills became an apprentice bank-note engraver to Jack Jamison, but suffered eye strain. He then took up marble work with sculptor William Lautz and painting with Lars Gustav Sellstedt and, with encouragement from William H. Beard, began doing portraits.[5] At age 17, Mills painted a portrait of his father. He camped along the Niagara River 1859–1860 and sold paintings. That year in the fall he was noted as a member of the Nameless Club and had given a talk.[6] By December 1860, Mills had rented rooms for a studio in Buffalo,[7] in the Weed Block building.[8]

War experience

After the April 1861 Battle of Fort Sumter, Mills enlisted for the Union in the Civil War,[9] aged 19.[10] On May 8, he mustered out with the 21st New York Volunteer Infantry, which joined the Army of the Potomac for the duration of the war.[11] By May 21, they had established "Camp Buffalo" and then "Fort Buffalo" at Washington, DC. Mills carried out the record keeping of the regiment in the early days of their deployment. He also painted some portraits of soldiers and camps. They took part in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, during which Mills was a private of Company D.[12] [13]

He next fought on August 30, 1862, in the Second Battle of Bull Run. He later recorded personal details of the battle in his Chronicles.[14]

Mills's company began to engage in hand-to-hand combat at the front line when he was struck down,[15] and evacuated by ambulance as a retreat was called. One report stated that his leg had been shattered, and Mills later called it a knee injury, but it was a bullet lodged through the front of his pelvis which was removed from the back side. "They cut where I told them and when they pulled it out the suction made a noise... a sort of whistle that I will never forget." Some reports were that he nearly died and Mills gained the title "the name who would not die". He was registered as totally disabled.

Mills spent four months recovering and made some drawings which he sold on return to Buffalo. While convalescing, he began the work that led to the Chronicles of the 21st Regiment.[16] He also visited the old Smithsonian Institution during this time and saw George Catlin's Indian and war paintings.[17] Mills was discharged December 22, 1862, and filed paperwork for his military pension, marked as an invalid.[18]

Artistic career

Establishment

Mills returned to Buffalo and wrote his first notable work, Chronicles of the 21st Regiment of New York. The first edition was published in six parts, from August 1863[19] to July 1866.[20] Some of the writing was delayed due to complications from his injury[21] and a further serious illness.[22] During this time, Mills continued to paint and was awarded a bronze medal from the New York State Agricultural Society for a painting of a bull.

The funeral train of Abraham Lincoln came to Buffalo on April 27, 1865. Mills was an honor guard for the coffin in St. James Hall, despite looking out of place due to his disability and his hair being in the long fashion of an artist rather than a soldier. For two hours while a reception area was being finished, Mills was allowed to sketch Lincoln. From these he made a bust[23] of plaster about ten inches tall. Some gray-tinted copies were made,[24] which were mass reproduced in the fall of 1865. In 1865, Mills was described by the president of the Buffalo Nameless Club (of which he had been a member for more than five years) as "equally at home in sculpture, poesy, and painting. His bust of Abraham Lincoln, his poem of 'Booths', and twin pictures 'A dream of life' each are master pieces of conception and composition."[25]

In 1867, Mills sketched scenes of the Angola Horror railroad disaster for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper.[26] [27] In 1869, Mills became a partner in a lithography business.[28]

From 1869 to 1872, Mills was on the staff of the Buffalo Morning Express, starting as a copy reader and rising to assistant editor under Samuel Clemens. For a time Mills was responsible for converting drawings into wood-stock for printing,[29] and he reworked Clemen's illustrations for a Buffalo Express series of articles spoofing coverage of a tightrope walker crossing Niagara Falls. During this time, Mills and Clemens were both members of the "Nameless Club" of war veterans.[30] By December 1869, Mills was an elected senior vice-commander of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) veterans' association of Post Chaplin in Buffalo.[31]

Mills had married Henrietta Fell, a Canadian, on August 25, 1865.[32] Their first child, Harrison Winthrop, was born, followed by Margaret Elvira about a year later.[33] Another daughter Bertha was born in 1869 but died after a few months. The family lived in the home of Henrietta's father, a civil engineer.[34] Henrietta suffered illnessand in summer 1872,[35] due to concerns for her health, the family movedto Colorado, where Mills's brother Aaron[36] [37] had an engraving company.[38]

Frontier artist

Mills bought 5 acres of land in town.He took a prize at the Art Department of Colorado's Agricultural Fair, and painted a sheep for a stockmen's show. A poem of his was published in Denver's Rocky Mountain News.[39] In 1873, Mills was joined by Buffalo artist Hamilton Hamilton,[40] and together they sold art during the year.[41] They went on the Upper Arkansas expedition invited by the Chain & Hardy Bookshop owners. Mills took other horse trips into the mountains to paint water colors, and by 1873 offered art classes in Denver.[42] [43]

Mills continued to sell paintings and contributed art and articles to publications,[44] [45] while periodically travelling into the mountains to sketch.As his wife's health improved, they bought a wagon and began to travel the lands. They made a trip to the Colorado Basin, called "Middle Park", and found a place to make a homestead. Around 1874 they were living in what was then called Hot Sulphur Springs, where Henrietta held a school.[46] This later became the subject of his painting "First School in Middle Park". However, while the scenery was rich and inspiring, there was no local market for his art and it was a difficult life. At one point, Mills suffered from rheumatic fever and had to be rescued by hunters.

In 1876, the family moved into a brick house in Denver and Mills took a studio at what later grew to become the Tabor Grand Opera House. Mills organized short-lived art schools and associations. He was also appointed a probate judge,[47] seemingly on his reputation for mediating differences between whites and Ute people, and also became secretary of the local Republican party.[48]

Engraving was his success in these times. Mills sold wood engravings and writing to Scribner's Monthly and Harper's Magazine.[49] In particular, a 12-page article in Scribner's with mostly his own sketches with the story "Hunting the Mule-Deer in Colorado" was published in September 1978.[50] He sold another illustrated article for the October 1879 Scribner's titled "The Camp of the Carbonates".[51] Mills was commissioned by George Crofutt to do illustrations and wood-engravings for several guidebooks, among which the 1881 "Colorado Springs, Pike's Peak Sunset", was called his greatest wood-engraving. The engraving/publishing company Mills was a partner in expanded in 1881,[52] and Mills was also co-owner of a publishing shop in Denver.[53]

In January 1882, Mills's painting "Frontier School" was reported sold to Wolfe Londoner, later mayor of Denver, for $1000[54] [55] (more than $25,000 in 2020 dollars[56]). Mills did multiple "pioneer-life dugout" paintings including "News from Home" (1882) which is now in the Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum.[57] As president of the Academy of Fine Arts of Colorado, Mills worked with state senator and mining tycoon Horace Tabor to set up the Mining and Industrial Exposition in the summers of 1882 and 1883.[58] [59] Mills taught through the Academy as well, holding meetings in the Tabor Opera House building. Among his students was political caricaturist Albert Wilbur Steele.[60] Despite the short-lived nature of some groups he founded – such as the Colorado Academy of Design, which suffered from conflicts – Mills had great influence in developing artists and an art market in Colorado.

Henrietta's health returned and she bore a third child – John Eghert – on June 19, 1882.In July 1883, Henrietta was a delegate from the Denver chapter of the Ladies Auxiliary to the national meeting.[61] The Woman's Relief Corps was established by the GAR at Farragut Post, chartered with Mills present.[62] Henrietta was a charter member and founded the Colorado state chapter in the Mills home in Denver, becoming its first president. (It was named the Farragut Corps [after Farragut Post].)[63] In October, Mills wrote an article reporting on the organization and local militia groups.[64] [65] In mid-December Mills aided the organization of the GAR corp in Delta, Colorado,[66] and in late December Mills was elected commander of the Farragut GAR corps.[67]

Exhibition organizer

Exhibitions at the American Art Association in New York City [68] [69] spread Mills's reputation and he moved to Manhattan where he was invited to the founding of the New York Art Guild, becoming its general manager under president Thomas Moran.In 1889, the American Fine Arts Society was incorporated in New York with Mills among the trustees.[70] He held a similar position when the New York Art Guid incorporated in 1891.[71] Mills commented at this time that he was too busy for more than brief trips into the countryside for inspiration.[72]

In 1892, Mills was coordinating the New York component of the country's contribution to the World of Art exhibition at the Smithsonian in Washington, where Henrietta hosted a White House reception for the artists.[73] Mills had also opened a shipping company for artists[74] (which was taken over by his son Harrison by 1898[75]).In June, Mills contributed the painting "On the Croquet Ground of Central Park" toward fundraising for Grant's Tomb.[76] He exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.[77] Mills organized many art exhibitions during this time, including the 1898 "Art Kalendarium" exhibition series for the New York Art Guild.[78]

In 1895, Mills organized a retreat for art students at a summer home in Rothesay, New Brunswick,[79] then organized an art school and student's exhibition series.[80] [81] In August 1897, a bicyclist ran into Mills and his arm was broken.[82]

By April 1901, Mills had moved to Westford, New York, where Henrietta had formed a branch of the Sunshine Society club[83] (a service club which often worked with the blind[84]). In 1902, Mills won a $100 prize from the New York Herald for best poem on the anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.[85] His poem, "The Third Day", did not have universal critical acclaim,[86] but it was widely circulated and brought Mills considerable publicity.[87] It ends:

Buffalo artistic community

In 1904, Mills and his wife moved back to Buffalo. Now in his sixties, Mills hosted artists, and held artists' meetings and exhibitions in his house, often on a weekly basis.[88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] A profile of Mills in the 1905 Artists Year Book, published in Chicago, noted that he had exhibited at the National Academy of Design in New York and was a member of professional arts clubs including New York's Salmagundi Club and some Philadelphia clubs.[94] Mills continued to paint[95] [96] largely creating portraits at this time.[97] He also taught a class on clay modeling[98] and exhibited the work of his art students.[99]

Mills became a founding director of the Artists and Illustrators Club of Buffalo,[100] and joined the Buffalo Historical Society.[101] [102] Mills was also active with the Buffalo Society of Artists,[103] with which he exhibited some paintings.[104] Mills exhibited several times at the Albright Gallery.[105] [106] [107] Among the groups the Mills hosted was the Progressive Thought League. Its 1908 business meeting was held at their home, and Mills was listed as the vice-president.[108]

In January 1910, Mills presented a painting of the new commander of the Chapin Post at a GAR reception.[109] In 1911, Mills visited Bull Run for the 50th anniversary of the battles there, and made some commemorative portraits.[110] Mills wrote a memorial poem for Gettysburg, "To the devoted departed".[111] He was honored at a GAR gathering for Gettysburg,[112] and later at a reunion of veterans of the 21st Regiment.[113] He remained an elected officer of the GAR corps until his death.[114]

Mills joined the Guild of Allied Arts in January 1916.[115] In March, Mills wrote a booklet on the early artists of Colorado.[116] [117]

Promotion of Buffalo Baháʼí community

Mills stated that had been interested in the Baháʼí Faith since 1898, when he was living in New York City.[118] Mills may have been introduced to the religion through his daughter Margaret's husband, Charles Sprague, who had been an active Baháʼí in New York in 1900.[119] Margaret moved to Buffalo in March 1906,[120] and a series of talks by her the following month were the first mentions of the Baháʼí Faith in local newspapers.[121] This was about the time that the first meetings of the Baháʼís were later credited as beginning.[122] [123]

The Mills sought to have more Baháʼís to work with. Religious scholar Robert Stockman summarized a November 1906 letter to Henrietta from the Baháʼí House of Spirituality of Chicago (a precursor of the Baháʼí administrative institution the Local Spiritual Assembly) as: "We don't know of any believers there."[124]

Margaret spoke at the Progressive Thought League[125] (organized that year by Elizabeth Marney Conner and Grace Carew Sheldon[126] [127]),and presented a paper which was published in the local newspaper.[128] [129] By mid-July, Margaret was vice-president of the League.[130]

Through August 1906, the Mills hosted Baháʼí Alma Knobloch,[131] [132] who promoted that faith through publications in local newspapers and meetings[133] held at the Mills home.[134]

Margaret wrote to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, the head of the religion, expressing her wish for martyrdom.[135] Before she received a reply, Margaret suffered a night of hysteria and broke her arm while running from her parents' house; she was placed in a state hospital.[136]

In April and May 1907, Mills gave the talks: "Bahais at home and abroad"[137] and a talk on the religion's "mission as a unifier of all faiths".[138] The following year he gave an extended talk at the League, "Basis of the Bahai Faith" which was published in the Buffalo Times.[139] Mills counted some 35 people as the Buffalo Baháʼí community, and called the faith the "cord which binds all faiths in God as One".Baháʼí literature could be obtained free from Mills's home.[140]

Mills represented the Buffalo Baháʼís at the national convention[141] in March 1909,[142] [143] where he voted for the precursor of the national organization of Baháʼís.[144] Regular Baháʼí meetings continued at the Mills home.[145] He was described as the president of the local Baháʼí community[146] and his meetings were listed in first editions of Star of the West (the national Baháʼí magazine).[147] In June 1912, Mills received ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Buffalo.[148] The meetings at the home continued after Mills's death, and some visitors from abroad referred to it as the "Bahai center".[149]

Death and remembrance

Mills died on October 23, 1916.[150] His absence was noted in a poem published in November.[151] The Art Institute of Chicago exhibition showed his work in December.[152] A group of Civil War veterans marched the following summer in remembrance of Mills and others who had been lost.[153]

Biographer Nelson A. Reiger called Mills a "highly intelligent, deeply caring, sensitive man, greatly motivated, widely experience[d]". An exhibition on Mills with newspaper clippings and art was held at the Denver Public Library in the early 1930s.

There was renewed interest in Mills with the rediscovery of When Mark Twain lived in Buffalo, and his "Campsite in the Rockies" painting was included in the Western America: Landscapes and Indians collection for 1994–1998. Biographies began to appear. "From Bowmansville and back: the odyssey of John Harrison Mills" (1999) and[154] "The Most Humane of Humans: Mark Twain and John Harrison Mills" (2002) were published in the Buffalo area.[155] The review says that Mills's original text When Mark Twain lived in Buffalo, remains unknown except for the excerpts printed in newspapers. These excerpts were reprinted by the Western New York Heritage Institute's magazine. A 2004 biographical review of Mark Twain noted Mills.[156]

In 2009, a biography of Mills's early years as a Colorado painter was published. The Huntington Library in San Marino, California, exhibited a painting of Mills in 2011.

The holdings of Mills's work continue to be found at Albright-Knox Gallery and Colorado Springs Pioneers Museums.[157]

Notable works

Poetry

Other writings

Sculpture

Paintings

Sketches and illustrations

Engravings

Notes and References

  1. Web site: One Funeral Makes Another;Buffalo Civil War Round Table . Benedict R. Maryniak . Lancaster Historical Society . 2020. Jan 25, 2020.
  2. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 14 . 27 Oct 1916 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  3. Web site: John H Mills United States Census . FamilySearch.org . 1850. Jan 18, 2020.
  4. Web site: John H Mills New York State Census . FamilySearch.org . 1855. Jan 18, 2020.
  5. Book: Lee M. Edwards. Domestic Bliss: Family Life in American Painting, 1840–1910. 1986. Hudson River Museum. 74–. GGKEY:RGJYX4BZ64G.
  6. Olmsted . John B. . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society . Josephys Nelson Larned . 19 . Frank H. Severance . 1915 . 7 . 755039818.
  7. News: Going to Buffalo . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 8 Dec 1860 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  8. Web site: The Buffalo You Should Know: Grover Cleveland was here. Steve Cichon . Buffalo Stories Archives & Blog . 2020. Jan 25, 2020.
  9. News: Names of the volunteers . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 16 Apr 1861 . Jan 16, 2020.
  10. Book: John Harrison Mills. Chronicles of the Twenty-first Regiment New York State Volunteers. 1887. 21st Reg't. Veteran Association of Buffalo. 1041815042.
  11. Web site: Battle Unit Details; Union nes York Volunteers; 21st Regiment, New York Infantry . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior . 2020 . Jan 25, 2020 .
  12. Web site: Soldier: Mills, John H. . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior . 2020. Jan 25, 2020.
  13. Web site: John H. Mills United States Civil War Soldiers Index, 1861–1865 . FamilySearch.org . 1861. Jan 18, 2020.
  14. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 12 . 31 Oct 1916 . Jan 16, 2020.
  15. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 14 . 2 Nov 1916 . Jan 16, 2010 .
  16. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 6 . 28 Oct 1916 . Jan 16, 2020.
  17. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 8 . 7 Nov 1916 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  18. Web site: John H Mills United States General Index to Pension Files, 1861–1934 . FamilySearch.org . 1862. Jan 18, 2020.
  19. News: Chronicles of the Twenty-First Regiment . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 19 Aug 1863 . Jan 16, 2020.
  20. News: July 23d, 1866 – fifty years ago today . Grace Carew Sheldon. Grace Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 16 . 23 Jul 1916 . Jan 22, 2020.
  21. News: Mr. John H. Mills… . Buffalo Evening Post . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 28 Nov 1863 . Jan 16, 2020.
  22. News: This day in Buffalo's history – fifty years ago today . Grace Carew Sheldon. Grace Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 24 Feb 1914 . Jan 22, 2020.
  23. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 14 . 10 Nov 1916 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  24. News: 'News' story recalls missing Lincoln bust . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 11 . 3 May 1915 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  25. Severance . Frank Hayward . Frank Hayward Severance . (Revised) Random notes on the authors of Buffalo; Paper read before the society March 18 and April 15, 1889/1896 . Cornell Library New York State Historical Literature . 4 . 353, 364–5 . Buffalo Historical Society . Buffalo, NY . 1993 . 1896 . Jan 25, 2020 .
  26. Book: Charity Vogel. The Angola Horror: The 1867 Train Wreck That Shocked the Nation and Transformed American Railroads. 15 August 2013. Cornell University Press. 978-0-8014-6975-6. 189.
  27. News: Scenes and incidents of the railroad disaster at Angola, NY – Sketched by our Special Artist, Mr. J. Harrison Mills . Frank Leslie's Weekly . January 11, 1868 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  28. News: Notice of Copartnership . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 8 Jan 1869 . Jan 2, 2020.
  29. Book: Thomas J. Reigstad. Scribblin' for a Livin': Mark Twain's Pivotal Period in Buffalo. 19 March 2013. Prometheus Books. 978-1-61614-592-7.
  30. News: Clubs of… . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 7 . 27 Nov 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
  31. News: G. A. R. . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 18 Dec 1869 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  33. Web site: J H Mills United States Census . FamilySearch.prg . 1880. Jan 18, 2020.
  35. News: Mr. J. Harrison Mills… . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 6 Jul 1872 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  36. News: A. T. Mills, Texas pioneer engraver, dies at age of 72 . San Antonio Light . San Antonio, TX . 29 . Mar 28, 1924 .
  37. News: Denver Gossip; The Mills Engraving and Publishing… . Colorado Daily Chieftain . Pueblo, CO . 2 . June 15, 1882 . Jan 21, 2020 .
  38. See entries Mills, J. Harrison and longer Mills, John Harrison – Book: Bromwell , Henrietta E. . Henrietta Bromwell . Colorado portrait and biography index. Mills, John Harrison . Western History Dept., Denver Public Library . 1933 . Denver, CO. . 57(of pdf) . http://worldcat.org/digitalarchive/content/server16079.contentdm.oclc.org/DPL/p16079coll54/RecordVolume1/CO_Portrait_Bio_Index_Bromwell_Part2.pdf . 866018890 .
  39. News: In Memoriam . J. Harrison Mills . For Everybody . Buffalo, New York . 17 . 1 Jan 1873 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  40. News: Portfolio and easel; Farewell . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 1 . 29 Jan 1873 . Jan 16, 2020.
  41. Web site: History of Colorado Art, from Traditional through Modern . Kirkland Museum. Hugh Grant . 2020. Jan 25, 2020.
  42. Web site: Alexander Phimister Proctor and Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney: Sculptor in Buckskin and American Princess . Sarah E. Boehme . Buffalo Bill Center of the West (Originally published in Points West magazine) . Apr 17, 2016 . 2004. Jan 25, 2020 .
  43. Web site: Big Horn Mountain Sheep (comment) . Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art . 2020. Jan 25, 2020 .
  44. News: Life and scenes in Denver, Colorado — from sketches by J. Harrison Mills HARRISON MILLS, and Photographs by W. G. Chamberlain . Frank Leslie's Weekly . October 25, 1873 . Jan 16, 2020.
  45. News: A street scene – buying outfits for the mountains and the mines — sketched by J. Harrison Mills . Frank Leslie's Weekly . October 25, 1873 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  46. News: First houses at sulphur springs . Routt County Sentinel . Colorado . 5 . June 18, 1915 . Jan 15, 2020 .
  47. News: General items; J. Harrison Mills, our Middle Park artist… . Colorado Miner (Weekly) . Georgetown, Clear Creek County, CO . 3 . April 15, 1876 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  48. News: Hot Sulpher Springs, Col, Aug 31, 1876 . N. L. Parkonian . Colorado Miner (Weekly) . 3 . September 9, 1876 . Jan 16, 2020.
  49. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 10 . 8 Nov 1916 . Jan 16, 2020.
  50. News: Hunting the Mule-Deer in Colorado . J. Harrison Mills . Scribner's Monthly . 610–622 . Sep 1878 . 16 . 5 . Jan 16, 2020.
  51. News: Camp of the Carbonates – ups and downs in Leadville . Scribner's . 801–24 . Oct 1879 . 18 . 6 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  52. News: The Mills engraving company . Leadville Daily Herald . Leadville, CO . 1 . January 1, 1881 . Jan 16, 2020.
  53. News: Messrs. Cullier and Mills… . Colorado Daily Chieftain . 8 . 2092 . Pueblo, CO . 4 . February 18, 1879 . Jan 16, 2020.
  54. News: State News; Wolf Londoner… . Colorado Miner (Weekly) . Georgetown, CO . 2 . January 7, 1882 . Jan 16, 2020.
  55. News: The Art Gallery… . Lake City Mining Register . Lake City, CO . 1 . September 8, 1882 . Jan 16, 2020 .
  56. See Web site: US Inflation Calculator . USInflationCalculator.com . 2020. Jan 25, 2020 .
  57. Web site: News From Home . Harrison Mills . Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum . 2020. Jan 25, 2020.
  58. Allen. Holly Carol . 2007 . Early Colorado women artists . MA History . U. of Colorado at Denver . 244584515 . 22 . Jan 25, 2020.
  59. News: Art notes; Denver, Col… . National Republican . Washington City, D.C. . 4 . July 10, 1882 . Jan 16, 2020.
  60. Book: The Artists Year Book. 1905. Art League Publishing Association. 189.
  61. News: The Colorado Delegates . The National tribune . Washington, D.C. . 2 . July 19, 1883 . Jan 16, 2020.
  62. News: This Day in Buffalo's history fifty years ago today . Gracie Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 10 . 9 Nov 1916 . Jan 16, 2020.
  63. News: The new Denver Relief Corps . The National tribune . Washington, D.C. . 2 . October 4, 1883 . Jan 16, 2020.
  64. News: Armed Auxiliaries . J Harrison Mills . The National Tribune . Washington, DC . 7 . 25 Oct 1883 . Jan 16, 2020.
  65. News: We print in another… . The National tribune . Washington, D.C. . 4 . October 25, 1883 . Jan 16, 2020.
  66. News: Comrade J. Harrison Mills . Delta Independent . Delta County, CO . 1 . December 18, 1903 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  67. News: Farragut Post… . Castle Rock Journal . Castle Rock, Douglas County, CO . 1 . December 26, 1883 . Jan 16, 2020.
  68. News: The Oil sketches . The New York Times . New York, New York . 10 . 18 Jan 1885 . Jan 27, 2020.
  71. News: New York Art Guild . New York Herald . New York, NY . 6 . Mar 11, 1891 .
  72. News: Seeking Rural Scenes . New York Tribune . New York, NY . 16 . Jun 15, 1890 . Jan 27, 2020 .
  74. News: New York Artists' Packing and Shipping Co . The Sun . New York, New York . 33 . 9 Oct 1892 . Jan 27, 2020.
  75. News: Artists' Packing and Shipping Company . The New York Times . New York, New York . 9 . 22 Apr 1898 . Jan 18, 2020.
  76. News: Artists Contribute To The Fund . New York Tribune . New York, NY . 4 . Jun 2, 1892 . Jan 27, 2020.
  77. Book: Carolyn Kinder Carr. National Museum of American Art (U.S.). National Portrait Gallery (Smithsonian Institution). Revisiting the white city: American art at the 1893 World's Fair. March 1993. National Portrait Gallery. 978-0-937311-01-1. 370. 311720871.
  78. Book: The Nation. 1898. J.H. Richards. 370.
  79. News: J. Harrison Mills… . The New York Times . New York, New York . 4 . 15 May 1895 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  80. News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 9 . 24 Aug 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 13 Nov 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 20 Nov 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 1 Dec 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 8 Dec 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 15 Dec 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 22 Dec 1895 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 1 Jan 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 12 Jan 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 19 Jan 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 26 Jan 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 2 Feb 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Normal Art School . The New York Times . New York, New York . 7 . 23 Feb 1896 . Jan 18, 2020.
  82. News: Ran into Mills to save himself . The sun . New York, N.Y. . 1 . August 1, 1897 . Jan 18, 2020.
  83. News: Sunshine Society; New branch . New-York tribune . New York, NY . 5 . April 6, 1901 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  84. Web site: Guide to the Records of the International Sunshine Society, Department of the Blind 1917, 1926–1928 MS 3055 . New-York Historical Society . June 5, 2018. Jan 25, 2020 .
    • News: The melancholy author . Ambrose Bierce . The San Francisco Examiner . San Francisco, California . 14 . 8 Aug 1902 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: The melecholy author . Ambrose Bierce . The Butte Miner . Butte, Montana . 4 . 16 Aug 1902 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: The melancholy author . Ambrose Bierce . Star Tribune . Minneapolis, Minnesota . 8 . 1 Sep 1902 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: The New York Herald… . John Harrison Mills . Muncie Evening Press . Muncie, Indiana . 4 . 9 Jul 1902 . Jan 18, 2020 .
    • News: Views of state editors . The Indianapolis News . Indianapolis, Indiana . 4 . 12 Jul 1902 . Jan 18, 2020 .
    • News: The Third Day . John Harrison Mills . Gettysburg Compiler . Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . 1 . 15 Jul 1902 . Jan 18, 2020 .
    • News: The New York Herald . The Parsons Daily Sun . Parsons, Kansas . 2 . 18 Jul 1902 . Jan 18, 2020 .
    • News: As announced… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 3 Oct 1904 . Jan 23, 2020.
    • News: J. Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 17 . 31 Oct 1904 . Jan 18, 2020.
  89. News: Mr and Mrs. Mills at home . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 19 . 8 Dec 1904 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  94. Book: The Artists Year Book. 1905. Art League Publishing Association.. 133–4.
  95. News: Mr. John Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 11 Jul 1905 . Jan 18, 2020.
  96. News: Two new pictures… . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 20 Nov 1905 . Jan 18, 2020.
  97. News: Mr. John Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 15 . 26 Sep 1905 . Jan 18, 2020.
  98. News: Teaching Clay Modeling… . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 18 Dec 1905 . Jan 18, 2020.
  99. News: Mr. J. Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 24 . 4 Feb 1906 . Jan 18, 2020.
  100. News: Buffalo has new art club . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 4 . 1 Feb 1906 . Jan 18, 2020.
  101. News: Annual meeting . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 17 Sep 1907 . Jan 19, 2020.
  102. Book: Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association, ninth and tenth annual meetings . Proceedings of the ninth annual meeting of the New York State Historical Association, held at Buffalo, Sept 17, 1907 . 8 . 1909 . 5 . The Association . https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101072334350&view=1up&seq=11 . 982610617 . 978-1-331-23060-1.
  103. News: The 12th annual exhibition… . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 9 . 28 Apr 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  106. News: The Society of Artists' thumb-box reception . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 16 Nov 1907 . Jan 19, 2020.
  108. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo, a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 46 . 19 Jan 1908 . Jan 19, 2020.
    • News: Chapin Post . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 11 . 22 Jan 1910 . Jan 20, 2020.
    • News: Commander Orr . The National Tribune . Washington, DC . 3 . 24 Feb 1910 . Jan 20, 2020.
  110. News: Personal notes of artists and art; Mr. John Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 8 . 23 Dec 1911 . Jan 22, 2020.
  111. News: To the devoted dead . John Harrison Mills . Larned Chronoscope . Larned, Kansas . 4 . 30 May 1912 . Jan 22, 2020.
  112. News: Leave tomorrow for Gettysburg . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 10 . 28 Jun 1913 . Jan 22, 2020.
  113. News: 21st regiment veterans meet . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 4 . 29 Nov 1913 . Jan 22, 2020.
  115. News: Byrant Fleming heads Guild of Allied Arts . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 15 . 21 Jan 1916 . Jan 23, 2020 .
  116. Book: John Harrison Mills . Letter concerning early art in Colorado . March 1916 . Buffalo, NY . Western History Department of the Denver Public Library . 19604065.
  117. Book: Nelson A. Reiger . Ellsworth L. Mills III . John Harrison Mills – pioneer painter of Colorado . Pikes Peak Heritage Art Gallery . 2009 . Colorado Springs, CO . 1001297410 .
  118. News: Latest cult of Behaism . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 7 . 8 May 1907 . Jan 18, 2020.
  119. Book: Horace Holley . The Baha'i (sic) World . Current Baha'i (sic) Activities . Baháʼí Publishing Committee . A Biennial International Record . 9 . 1945 . Wilmette, IL . 23 . https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume9.pdf&page=52 .
  121. News: Mrs. Charles Sprague… . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 3 . 19 Apr 1906 . Jan 18, 2020.
  122. News: Abdul Baha (sic) leaves today . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 7 . 12 Sep 1912 . Jan 22, 2020.
  123. News: The Bahai (sic) Assembly . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 20 . 25 Apr 1912 . Jan 22, 2020 .
  124. Web site: Chicago House of Spirituality Records 1905, Notes from the National Baháʼí Archives on the Chicago House of Spirituality . Robert Stockman . Bahai-Library.com . 1986 . Jan 25, 2020 .
  125. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo, a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 34 . 17 Jun 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  128. News: To read a paper . The Buffalo Commercial . Buffalo, New York . 16 . 19 Jun 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  129. See Web site: Brittingham, Isabella . Robert Stockman . 1995 . Bahai-Library.com; Written for possible inclusion in The Baháʼí Encyclopedia. Posted with permission of both the author and of the editor of the Encyclopedia project . Jan 28, 2020.
  130. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo, a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 34 . 15 Jul 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  131. See Judy Hannen Moe . Pauline and Joseph Hannen Book Summary: "Aflame with Devotion" . video presentation . Wilmette Institute . Dec 15, 2019.
  132. News: Miss Aluea (sic) S. Knobloch… . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 24 . 29 Jul 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  133. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo, a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 34 . 29 Jul 1906 . Jan 19, 2020 .
  134. News: Bahaei (sic) meetings, Friday… . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 43 . 30 Sep 1906 . Jan 19, 2020.
  135. The names of the recipients was blanked in the original publications – see: Book: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá . Tablets of Abdul-Baha (sic) Abbas. 1916. Bahai (sic) Publishing Society. 556. However John Walbridge hand-annotated an edition of volumes 1–2, and 3, based on notes of Robert Stockman which had been posted to the internet – see the lead page of v. 1–2 for the later and the title page of volume 3 for the former as at Book: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Tablets of Abdul-Baha (sic) Abbas. 1916. Bahai (sic) Publishing Society.
  137. News: International Progressive League of Buffalo; a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 46 . 14 Apr 1907 . Jan 19, 2020.
  139. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo, a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 43 . 26 Jul 1908 . Jan 19, 2020.
  140. News: International Progressive Thought League (continued from page 38) . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 46 . 23 Jun 1907 . Jan 19, 2020.
  141. News: We are glad to know… . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 47 . 14 Mar 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
  142. Book: Stockman , R. . Early Expansion, 1900–1912 . 2 . 1985 . The Baha'i (sic) Faith in America . George Ronald . Wilmette, Ill. . 978-0-87743-282-1 . 769906822.
  143. Book: Whitmore, Bruce W.. 1984. The Dawning Place: The Building of a Temple, the Forging of the North American Baháʼí Community . US Baháʼí Publishing Trust . . 0-87743-192-2 . 903363399 . 260.
  144. News: The Mashrak El Azcar . Gertrude Buikema . The Bahai (sic) Bulletin . New York, NY . 4 . May 1909 . 1. 6 . Jan 20, 2020 .
  145. News: International Progressive Thought League of Buffalo; a mental clearing house . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 55 . 23 May 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
  146. News: Will talk on Bahai (sic) . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 6 . 22 Jun 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
    • Buffalo . Star of the West . 14 . Mar 21, 1910 . 1 . 1 . Jan 20, 2020.
    • News: Buffalo . Star of the West . 6 . Apr 9, 1910 . 1. 2 . Jan 20, 2020.
    • News: Buffalo . Star of the West . 17 . Apr 28, 1910 . Albert Windust . Gertrude Buikema . 1. 3 . Jan 20, 2020.
  148. News: Persian Peace Apostle predicts war in Europe . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 7 . 11 Sep 1912 . Jan 22, 2020 .
  150. Web site: John H Mills New York, State Death Index, 1880–1956 . FamilySearch.org . 23 Oct 1916. Jan 18, 2020.
  151. News: Sign of thʻ livinʻ . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 4 . 10 Nov 1916 . Jan 23, 2020.
  152. Catalogue of the Twenty-ninth annual exhibition of American oil paintings and sculpture . Abstract and Surrealist American Art1947/48 . Art Institute of Chicago . December 7, 1916 . Chicago, IL . 95, 120 .
  153. News: Rain and cold fail to deter vets on outing . Grace Carew Sheldon. Grace Carew Sheldon . The Buffalo Times . Buffalo, New York . 4 . 10 Jul 1918 . Jan 23, 2020.
  154. Benedict Maryniak . From Bowmansville and back: the odyssey of John Harrison Mills . The Lancaster Legend . 6 . 6 . 1–2, 4 . Lancaster Historical Society . Lancaster, NY . Dec 1999 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  155. William H. Loos . The Most Humane of Humans: Mark Twain and John Harrison Mills . Western New York Heritage Illustrated . 1 . 4 . 4–21 . 1097-0568 . Western New York Heritage Institute . New York . 2002 . Feb 13, 2020.
  156. About Mark Twain: Bibliographic issue . Mark Twain Journal . 42 . 1 . 1–48 . 2004 . 41641540.
  157. Encyclopedia: Benezit Dictionary of Artists . Oxford University Press . 2011 . 10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00123104 . Mills, John Harrison .
  158. News: The Globe; Over the range . J. Harrison Mills . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 29 Dec 1874 . Jan 16, 2020 .
    • News: Over the range . J. Harrison Mills . The new North-west . Deer Lodge, Mont. . 1 . February 5, 1875 . Jan 16, 2020.
    • News: Over the range . J. Harrison Mills . Watertown republican . Watertown, Wis. . 6 . January 13, 1875 . Jan 16, 2020.
    • News: Over the range . J. Harrison Mills . Las Vegas gazette . Las Vegas, N.M. . 1 . June 19, 1875 . Jan 16, 2020.
  160. News: Songs and poems asked for . Buffalo Evening News . Buffalo, New York . 26 . 28 Feb 1906 . Jan 18, 2020.
    • News: Uplift . The Buffalo Enquirer . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 6 Jan 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
    • News: Daily Thought . The Wilkes-Barre Record . Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania . 8 . 11 Jan 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
  162. News: To the devoted dead. John Harrison Mills . The Hutchinson Times . Hutchinson, Kansas . 5 . 21 May 1909 . Jan 20, 2020.
  163. News: Indian Summer . J. Harrison Mills . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 4 . 26 Dec 1874 . Jan 16, 2020.
  164. Book: John Harrison Mills . When Mark Twain lived in Buffalo . Buffalo Evening News . 1910 . Buffalo, N.Y. . 51842847 .
  165. News: Art exhibits at Albright Gallery of great interest . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 29 . 16 Apr 1916 . Jan 23, 2020.
  166. Web site: On Tax Day—A Little Death, Drama, and Profanity . The Huntington Library Art Museum . April 15, 2011. Jan 25, 2020 .
  167. News: "Through fire and flood"… . Daily Denver Tribune . Denver, CO . 4 . July 16, 1878 . Jan 16, 2020.
  168. News: More about Buffalo artists . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 16 Oct 1887 . Jan 23, 2020.
  169. Book: Buffalo Fine Arts Academy. The Academy Blue Book: Constitution and By-laws, Report ... List of Members, Etc. 1906. 59.
  170. News: Among the artists; John Harrison Mills… . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 9 Apr 1906 . Jan 18, 2020 .
  171. News: Society of Artists . Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express . Buffalo, New York . 5 . 13 Apr 1908 . Jan 19, 2020.
  172. News: A humorus sketch . Buffalo Courier . Buffalo, New York . 2 . 19 Apr 1869 . Jan 16, 2020.

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