John Brownstein Explained

John Brownstein
Birth Name:John S. Brownstein
Birth Place:Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Fields:Epidemiology Informatics
Workplaces:Harvard Medical School Boston Children’s Hospital
Alma Mater:McGill University
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Awards:Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, 2010
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John Brownstein is a Canadian epidemiologist and Professor of Medicine at the Harvard Medical School[1] as well as the Chief Innovation Officer at Boston Children’s Hospital.[2] [3] His research focuses on development of computational methods in epidemiology for applications to public health also known as computational epidemiology or e-epidemiology[4] He is also the founder of several global public health surveillance systems including HealthMap. He is most known for his work on global tracking of disease outbreaks.[5] [6]

Early life and education

Brownstein is the son of Veronica (Coleman) and Stephen Brownstein,[7] [8] and his sister is Jessica Mulroney.[9] He is a descendant of the founders of Browns Shoes.[9] He grew up in Montreal and obtained his bachelor's degree in biology from the McGill University in 1999.[10] He received a Ph.D. in epidemiology in 2004 from Yale University for work on the emergence of Lyme disease[11] and West Nile virus[12] in the United States.

Career and research

Brownstein joined the faculty at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital in 2005, where he focused on the intersection of epidemiology and computer science. He directs the Computational Epidemiology Group at Boston Children’s Hospital and the Innovation and Digital Health Accelerator also at Boston Children.[13] He was appointed as full Professor of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics at Harvard Medical School in 2015; tenured at age 36, he was one of the youngest professors to receive tenure in the modern history of Harvard Medical School. He received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2010 and the Lagrange Prize in 2016. He was honored with the 40 under 40 award by Boston Business Journal in 2015[14] and by Medtech Boston in 2016.[15]

Brownstein’s pioneered the creation of Computational epidemiology and E-epidemiology- utilizing diverse digital data sources to understand populations.[16] [17] He has published 200 peer-reviewed papers, all focused on new methods and applications in public health surveillance. Overall, his research agenda aims to facilitate the control and prevention of disease through better epidemiologic understanding of factors influencing disease risk, improved practice of public health and engaging the public around critical health issues. As part of this work, he has built and maintains several patient facing public health systems, including HealthMap, an internet-based global infectious disease intelligence system.[18] [19] [20] [21]

During the H1N1 pandemic, his research made important contributions to our understanding of the emergence of the virus in Mexico and its subsequent global spread.[22] [23] [24]

His work is credited with supporting early detection and surveillance of Cholera in 2010,[25] [26] Ebola in 2014,[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] Zika in 2015.[32] [33] His work has led to the application of crowdsourcing in health; a field termed "participatory epidemiology". .[34] [35] His work has been funded from diverse array of sources including The U.S. Department of Defense, Google.org and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[36] Along with Sachin H. Jain he coined the term "Digital Phenotype" in a seminal paper in Nature Biotechnology.

On December 30, 2019, the HealthMap system led by Brownstein was the first electronic disease surveillance program to issue an alert for an unknown pneumonia in Wuhan, China.[37] Following identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease, Brownstein coauthored numerous papers on nopharmaceutical interventions,[38] socioeconomic disparities,[39] and participatory surveillance[40] [41] related to the global pandemic. Brownstein also coauthored a controversial paper that analyzed satellite image data and search engine traffic data and speculated that COVID-May 19 have started as early as Fall 2019 in Wuhan.[42] This claim received widespread media coverage[43] [44] including reports and an academic commentary that questioned the academic rigour of the study.[45] [46] Brownstein also published one of the first empirical manuscripts that showed the usage of face masks were effective at decreasing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. population.[47]

Vaccines.gov

In 2009, in response to the H1N1 pandemic, Google.org launched a web application to help people find their closest vaccination site. The free portal partnered with pharmacy chains and vaccine providers to provide real-time availability of seasonal influenza and H1N1 vaccinations.[48] In 2012, this vaccine-finding system merged with the Healthmap team to become VaccineFinder.org where, under Brownstein's leadership, it would expand to include a more diverse selection of vaccines and providers.[49] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the system would expand further to include all US providers of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.[50] In partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Department of Health and Human Services, Brownstein's team transitioned VaccineFinder to power the newly announced US government SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-finding website, Vaccines.gov.[51] The revamped and rebranded website included a Spanish mirror site (Vacunas.gov), a 24/7 hotline and text-messaging assistance service.

Other Efforts

Brownstein is co-founder of Epidemico[52] a commercial spinoff of Boston Children’s Hospital that was acquired by Booz Allen Hamilton in 2014.[53] [54]

He is also the official advisor to Uber on healthcare applications where he started the UberHealth initiative.[55] [56] [57] From that work, he founded the company Circulation[58] which was acquired by Logisticare in 2018.[59]

He joined ABC News as a Medical Contributor as part of their COVID-19 pandemic coverage.[60] [61] He won an Emmy as part of the team behind the ABC special The Shot: Race for the Vaccine, a documentary on the making of the COVID vaccine.[62]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: John Brownstein. Harvard Department of Biomedical Informatics. July 25, 2023. August 20, 2016. November 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161119154629/http://dbmi.hms.harvard.edu/person/faculty/john-brownstein. live.
  2. Web site: Boston Children's taps John Brownstein as Chief Innovation Officer. June 15, 2015. August 20, 2016. August 25, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160825234722/http://mobihealthnews.com/44382/boston-childrens-taps-john-brownstein-as-chief-innovation-officer/. live.
  3. Web site: Meet the new CIO of Boston Children's Hospital John Brownstein .
  4. Web site: Computational Epidemiology Lab. www.compepi.org.
  5. News: Tracking Diseases Globally. Boston.com. August 20, 2016. January 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125211429/http://archive.boston.com/news/health/articles/2009/09/14/tracking_disease_globally/. live.
  6. Web site: When big tech companies want to get into health, they call this Harvard researcher. CNBC. July 8, 2017 .
  7. News: Meet the new Mulroneys. The Globe and Mail. January 2008. Pearce. Tralee. June 13, 2020. August 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802175305/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/meet-the-new-mulroneys/article17977410/. live.
  8. Web site: Donalda DOYLE-COLEMAN's Obituary on The Gazette. The Gazette. May 18, 2018. May 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120433/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montrealgazette/obituary.aspx?n=donalda-doyle-coleman&pid=160755185. live.
  9. Web site: Duchess Meghan Markle's BFF Jessica Mulroney Has A New Show On Netflix — All The Details!. Your Tango. Bernadette. Giacomazzo. October 14, 2019. June 13, 2020. June 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613044904/https://www.yourtango.com/2019328823/who-jessica-mulroney-duchess-meghan-markle-best-friend-new-netflix-show. live.
  10. Web site: 1999 Yearbook: McGill University, page 226. January 5, 2018. October 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151006142104/http://yearbooks.mcgill.ca/viewbook.php?campus=downtown&book_id=1999#page/230/mode/2up. live.
  11. Brownstein. John S.. Holford. Theodore R.. Fish. Durland. Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America. EcoHealth. 2. 1. 2005. 38–46. 1612-9202. 10.1007/s10393-004-0139-x. 19008966. 2582486.
  12. Brownstein. John S.. Holford. Theodore R.. Fish. Durland. Enhancing West Nile Virus Surveillance, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10. 6. 2004. 1129–1133. 1080-6040. 10.3201/eid1006.030457. 3323153. 15207069.
  13. Web site: Home. IDHA. July 1, 2024. July 2, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240702181317/https://accelerator.childrenshospital.org/. live.
  14. Web site: Here are the BBJ's 40 Under 40 honorees for 2015.
  15. Web site: THE 2016 MEDTECH BOSTON 40 UNDER 40 HEALTHCARE INNOVATORS. August 20, 2016. January 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170126005938/https://medtechboston.medstro.com/blog/2016/05/02/the-2016-medtech-boston-40-under-40-healthcare-innovators/7/. live.
  16. Brownstein. John S.. Freifeld. Clark C.. Madoff. Lawrence C.. Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web for Public Health Surveillance. New England Journal of Medicine. 360. 21. 2009. 2153–2157. 0028-4793. 10.1056/NEJMp0900702. 19423867. 2917042.
  17. Jain. Sachin H. Powers. Brian W. Hawkins. Jared B. Brownstein. John S. The digital phenotype. Nature Biotechnology. 33. 5. 2015. 462–463. 1087-0156. 10.1038/nbt.3223. 25965751. 2318642.
  18. Web site: Disease Sleuths Surf for Outbreaks Online. NPR. February 24, 2012. Cole. Adam. April 5, 2018. August 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180810105133/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/02/07/146519243/disease-sleuths-surf-for-outbreaks-online. live.
  19. News: Social Media Join Toolkit for Hunters of Disease. The New York Times. June 13, 2011. Garrity. Bronwyn. February 25, 2017. January 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170126045855/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/health/research/14social.html?_r=0. live.
  20. Outbreak.com: Using the Web to Track Deadly Diseases in Real Time. Time. August 20, 2016. May 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160529010010/http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2088868,00.html. live.
  21. News: Outbreaks: A Tool to Track Animal Diseases May Help to Protect Humans. The New York Times. February 7, 2011. Mcneil. Donald G. Jr.. February 25, 2017. January 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125224205/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/health/08glob.html?_r=4&adxnnl=1&ref=science&adxnnlx=1297167020-9XfVyIo4D0iE5RaD//9Xbw&. live.
  22. Brownstein. John S.. Freifeld. Clark C.. Chan. Emily H.. Keller. Mikaela. Sonricker. Amy L.. Mekaru. Sumiko R.. Buckeridge. David L.. Information Technology and Global Surveillance of Cases of 2009 H1N1 Influenza. New England Journal of Medicine. 362. 18. 2010. 1731–1735. 0028-4793. 10.1056/NEJMsr1002707. 2922910. 20445186.
  23. Brownstein. John S.. Freifeld. Clark C.. Madoff. Lawrence C.. Influenza A (H1N1) Virus, 2009 — Online Monitoring. New England Journal of Medicine. 360. 21. 2009. 2156. 0028-4793. 10.1056/NEJMp0904012. 19423868. 2922951.
  24. Web site: Tracking Swine Flu? There's an app for that. NBC NightlyNews. August 20, 2016. August 14, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160814212406/http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/32884960#32884960. live.
  25. Web site: Texts, maps battle Haiti cholera outbreak. CNN. August 20, 2016. August 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215516/http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/innovation/10/29/haiti.cholera.tech/. live.
  26. Chunara. R.. Rumi Chunara. Andrews. J. R.. Brownstein. J. S.. Social and News Media Enable Estimation of Epidemiological Patterns Early in the 2010 Haitian Cholera Outbreak. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 86. 1. 2012. 39–45. 0002-9637. 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0597. 3247107. 22232449.
  27. Meet the Bots That Knew Ebola Was Coming. Time. August 20, 2016. September 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910031135/http://time.com/3086550/ebola-outbreak-africa-world-health-organization/. live.
  28. Web site: Ebola Mappers Track Epidemic in Real Time. NBC News. November 23, 2014. August 20, 2016. July 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240707050131/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-mappers-track-epidemic-real-time-n252951. live.
  29. Web site: Smart Machines Join Humans in Tracking Africa Ebola Outbreak. Scientific American.
  30. Web site: Want to spot an outbreak before your friends? Look at this map. PBS. July 3, 2015. September 1, 2017. July 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240707050131/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/want-to-spot-an-outbreak. live.
  31. Zinszer. Kate. Morrison. Kathryn. Anema. Aranka. Majumder. Maimuna S. Brownstein. John S. The velocity of Ebola spread in parts of west Africa. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 15. 9. 2015. 1005–1007. 1473-3099. 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00234-0. 26333328. free.
  32. Web site: Dr. John Brownstein's HealthMap Tracks Zika Virus. WGBH. February 5, 2016. August 20, 2016. July 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240707050136/https://www.wgbh.org/. live.
  33. Majumder. Maimuna S. Santillana. Mauricio. Mekaru. Sumiko R. McGinnis. Denise P. Khan. Kamran. Brownstein. John S. Utilizing Nontraditional Data Sources for Near Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Dynamics During the 2015-2016 Colombian Zika Virus Disease Outbreak. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2. 1. 2016. e30. 2369-2960. 10.2196/publichealth.5814. 4909981. 27251981 . free .
  34. iPhone App Finds Disease Outbreaks Near You. Wired. March 8, 2017. April 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043824/https://www.wired.com/2009/09/outbreaksnearme/. live.
  35. Freifeld. Clark C.. Chunara. Rumi Chunara. Rumi. Mekaru. Sumiko R.. Chan. Emily H.. Kass-Hout. Taha. Ayala Iacucci. Anahi. Brownstein. John S.. Participatory Epidemiology: Use of Mobile Phones for Community-Based Health Reporting. PLOS Medicine. 7. 12. 2010. e1000376. 1549-1676. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000376. 21151888. 2998443 . free .
  36. Web site: Children's Hospital and Google team up to track disease outbreaks. Bostinno. August 20, 2016. September 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160917110815/http://bostinno.streetwise.co/2011/05/31/childrens-hospital-boston-and-google-team-up-to-track-disease-outbreaks/. live.
  37. Web site: Cho. Adrian. May 12, 2020. Artificial intelligence systems aim to sniff out signs of COVID-19 outbreaks. August 31, 2020. Science AAAS. en. February 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220225051621/https://www.science.org/content/article/artificial-intelligence-systems-aim-sniff-out-signs-covid-19-outbreaks. live.
  38. Kraemer. Moritz U. G.. Yang. Chia-Hung. Gutierrez. Bernardo. Wu. Chieh-Hsi. Klein. Brennan. Pigott. David M.. Group†. Open COVID-19 Data Working. Plessis. Louis du. Faria. Nuno R.. Li. Ruoran. Hanage. William P.. May 1, 2020. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science. en. 368. 6490. 493–497. 10.1126/science.abb4218. 0036-8075. 32213647. 7146642. 2020Sci...368..493K.
  39. Rader. Benjamin. Astley. Christina M.. Sy. Karla Therese L.. Sewalk. Kara. Hswen. Yulin. Brownstein. John S.. Kraemer. Moritz U. G.. Geographic access to United States SARS-CoV-2 testing sites highlights healthcare disparities and may bias transmission estimates. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2020. 27. 7. en. 10.1093/jtm/taaa076. 32412064. 7239151.
  40. Chan. Andrew T.. Drew. David A.. Nguyen. Long H.. Joshi. Amit D.. Ma. Wenjie. Guo. Chuan-Guo. Lo. Chun-Han. Mehta. Raaj S.. Kwon. Sohee. Sikavi. Daniel R.. Magicheva-Gupta. Marina V.. July 1, 2020. The COronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology (COPE) Consortium: A Call to Action. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. en. 29. 7. 1283–1289. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0606. 1055-9965. 32371551. 7357669.
  41. Chan. Andrew T.. Brownstein. John S.. August 13, 2020. Putting the Public Back in Public Health — Surveying Symptoms of Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 383. 7. e45. 10.1056/NEJMp2016259. 32501663. 219329797. 0028-4793. free.
  42. Nsoesie. Elaine Okanyene. Rader. Benjamin. Barnoon. Yiyao L.. Goodwin. Lauren. Brownstein. John. June 8, 2020. Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data in Wuhan China indicates early disease activity in the Fall of 2019. en-US. July 16, 2020. July 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715191432/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42669767. live.
  43. News: June 9, 2020. Satellite images may suggest virus hit Wuhan earlier. en-GB. BBC News. July 16, 2020. June 26, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200626040250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52975934. live.
  44. Web site: Shelby Lin Erdman. Satellite images of Wuhan may suggest coronavirus was spreading as early as August. July 16, 2020. CNN. June 9, 2020. July 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200710131215/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/08/health/satellite-pics-coronavirus-spread/index.html. live.
  45. News: Fact-checking claims coronavirus might have started earlier . BBC News . June 15, 2020 . August 17, 2020 . December 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201225716/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53005768 . live .
  46. Chen. Hao. Du. Zi-Ming. Kang. Yu. Lin. Zhenyu. Ma. William. 2020. Comment on "Analysis of hospital traffic and search engine data in Wuhan China indicates early disease activity in the Fall of 2019" by Nsoesie et al.. en-US. July 16, 2020. November 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118032925/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42689379. live.
  47. Rader. Benjamin. White. Laura F.. Burns. Michael R.. Chen. Jack. Brilliant. Joseph. Cohen. Jon. Shaman. Jeffrey. Brilliant. Larry. Kraemer. Moritz U. G.. Hawkins. Jared B.. Scarpino. Samuel V.. January 19, 2021. Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Digital Health. 3. 3. e148–e157. English. 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30293-4. 2589-7500. 33483277. 7817421. free.
  48. Huston. Jane E.. Mekaru. Sumiko R.. Kluberg. Sheryl. Brownstein. John S.. 2015-04-16. Searching the Web for Influenza Vaccines: HealthMap Vaccine Finder. American Journal of Public Health. 105. 8. e134–e139. 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302466. 0090-0036. 4503243. 25880945.
  49. Sheffer. Joe. 2012-09-01. HealthMap Vaccine Finder: Charting a path to immunization services. Pharmacy Today. English. 18. 9. 34. 10.1016/S1042-0991(15)31687-X. 1042-0991. July 12, 2021. July 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240707050135/https://login.personifygo.com/prodapha/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2Fprodapha%2Fconnect%2Fauthorize%2Fcallback%3Fnonce%3Dapha%26response_type%3Dcode%26scope%3Dopenid%2520profile%26redirect_uri%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.pharmacist.com%252Fsso_login%26state%3D%252Fpublications%252Fpharmacy-today%252Farticle%252Fs1042-0991(15)31687-x%252Fabstract%26client_id%3D6d097ce2-16a0-40fc-b021-13d800f681c6. live.
  50. Rader . Benjamin . Astley . Christina M. . Sewalk . Kara . Delamater . Paul L. . Cordiano . Kathryn . Wronski . Laura . Rivera . Jessica Malaty . Hallberg . Kai . Pera . Megan F. . Cantor . Jonathan . Whaley . Christopher M. . 2021-06-12 . Spatial Accessibility Modeling of Vaccine Deserts as Barriers to Controlling SARS-CoV-2 . en . 10.1101/2021.06.09.21252858v1.
  51. Web site: Government rolls out new ways to find COVID-19 vaccine with website, text messaging service. 2021-07-12. ABC News. en. July 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210712150215/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/government-rolls-ways-find-covid-19-vaccine-website/story?id=77427955. live.
  52. Web site: epidemico.com - Domain Name For Sale. Dan.com. July 1, 2024. July 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240707050133/https://epidemico.com/. live.
  53. Web site: Five ways a Boston Children's Hospital spin-off is using social media for public health. Mobihealthnews. April 2, 2015. August 20, 2016. April 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160421025449/http://mobihealthnews.com/42072/five-ways-a-boston-childrens-hospital-spin-off-is-using-social-media-for-public-health. live.
  54. News: Booz Allen buys Boston health analytics start-up Epidemico . Jayakumar, Amrita . Washington Post . October 29, 2014 . August 20, 2016 . January 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120184726/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/booz-allen-buys-boston-health-analytics-start-up-epidemico/2014/10/29/0e55061a-5ed3-11e4-91f7-5d89b5e8c251_story.html . live .
  55. Web site: Outsmart the Flu with UberHEALTH. Uber. November 17, 2015. August 20, 2016. May 30, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160530213326/https://newsroom.uber.com/uberhealth/. live.
  56. Web site: The Uber Will See You Now. Buzzfeed. November 21, 2015. August 20, 2016. September 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160901095447/https://www.buzzfeed.com/stephaniemlee/heres-how-uber-wants-to-shake-up-health-care. live.
  57. Web site: Now there's an Uber for flu shots. The Today Show. October 23, 2014. August 20, 2016. August 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160822171517/http://www.today.com/money/now-theres-uber-flu-shots-1D80236935. live.
  58. Web site: A sit-down interview with Circulation Co-founder, John Brownstein . www.circulation.com . August 1, 2018 . Papp, Jonathan . November 7, 2020 . September 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200930092431/https://www.circulation.com/blog/an-interview-with-circulation-co-founder-john-brownstein . live .
  59. Web site: Circulation acquired by NEMT broker Logisticare for $46 million . MobiHealthNews . www.mobihealthnews.com . September 18, 2018 . November 7, 2020 . December 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201205220552/https://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/circulation-acquired-nemt-broker-logisticare-46-million . live .
  60. Web site: John Brownstein. ABC News. November 7, 2020. November 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225851/https://abcnews.go.com/author/john_brownstein. live.
  61. Web site: Latest updates on COVID-19: July 20, 2020 . July 20, 2020 . November 7, 2020 . July 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052245/https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/news/video/latest-updates-covid-19-july-20-2020-71882634 . live .
  62. Web site: WINNERS FOR THE NEWS CATEGORIES OF THE 42nd ANNUAL NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY® AWARDS ANNOUNCED . 6 July 2024 . November 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211116012425/https://theemmys.tv/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/newsdoc-42nd-news-programming-winners-rev-10.26.21.pdf . live .

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