| John Anthony Copeland Jr. | |
| Birth Place: | Raleigh, North Carolina, United States |
| Death Cause: | Hanging |
| Education: | Oberlin Collegiate Institute (preparatory division) |
| Known For: | Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Raid on Harpers Ferry |
John Anthony Copeland Jr. (August 15, 1834 – December 16, 1859) was born free in Raleigh, North Carolina, one of the eight children born to John Copeland Sr. and his wife Delilah Evans, free mulattos, who married in Raleigh in 1831. Delilah was born free, while John was manumitted in the will of his master.[1] In 1843 the family moved north, to the abolitionist center of Oberlin, Ohio, where he later attended Oberlin College's preparatory (high school) division. He was a highly visible leader in the successful Oberlin-Wellington Rescue of 1858, for which he was indicted but not tried. Copeland joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry; other than Brown himself, he was the only member of John Brown's raiders that was at all well known. He was captured, and a marshal from Ohio came to Charles Town to serve him with the indictment. He was indicted a second time, for murder and conspiracy to incite slaves to rebellion. He was found guilty and was hanged on December 16, 1859. There were 1,600 spectators.[2] His family tried but failed to recover his body, which was taken by medical students for dissection, and the bones discarded.
Copeland's parents were John Anthony Copeland, who was born into slavery in 1808, near Raleigh, North Carolina, and Delilah Evans, born a free black in 1809. Copeland Sr. was emancipated as a boy about 1815 by the will of his owner, who was also his father.[3] As a young man, he married Evans and they lived near Hillsborough, North Carolina, until 1843, when the family fled racial persecution, first to Cincinnati, Ohio, and then to Oberlin. Some of his wife's brothers and their families also settled there. The Copelands lived on the southeast corner of Professor and Morgan Streets,[4] but then moved to a small farm just outside the village on West Hamilton St. John Sr. worked as a carpenter and a joiner, and also acted as a Methodist preacher.[3]
The son became a carpenter and briefly attended the preparatory division of Oberlin College. His high quality of literacy and self-expression was demonstrated by later letters to his family (see below). According to Ralph Plumb, he was well-educated.[5] He was also described as "east-going, ingratiating, and assimilated.[6] As a young man, he became involved in the Oberlin Anti-Slavery Society.[7]
In 1859, in reporting on the raid, a Dayton newspaper reported that Copeland "has been long a resident of our goodly city."[8]
Together with his maternal uncles, Henry and Wilson Bruce Evans, in September, 1858, Copeland was a leader of the thirty-seven men involved in the incident known as the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, freeing John Price, a runaway slave who had been captured and held by authorities under the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. The men freed the slave and helped him escape to Canada. Copeland was indicted but escaped arrest, and was himself a fugitive at the time he joined John Brown's team.
In September 1859 Copeland was recruited to participate in John Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry by his uncle and fellow raider, Lewis Sheridan Leary. Copeland's role in the Harpers Ferry assault was to seize control of Hall's Rifle Works, along with John Henry Kagi, a white raider. Kagi and several others were killed while trying to escape from the Rifle Works by swimming across the Shenandoah River. Copeland was captured alive, taken in the middle of the river.
Copeland, Brown, and five others were held for trial by the state of Virginia. He was also visited by marshals seeking him for the Wellington rescue indictment. He made a full confession to the marshals.[9] [10]
At the trial, Copeland was found guilty of murder and conspiracy to incite slaves to rebellion, and sentenced to death by hanging.[11] A charge of treason was dropped, as his attorney, George Sennott, citing the Dred Scott decision, successfully argued that since Copeland was not a citizen under that Supreme Court ruling, he could not commit treason.[12]
The barn and stables of Walter Shirley, foreman of the jury that convicted Copeland, were burned on the night of his conviction.[13]
Copeland wrote to his family to make meaning from his sacrifice. Six days before his execution, he wrote to his brother, referring to the American Revolution:
And now, brother, for having lent my aid to a general no less brave [than George Washington], and engaged in a cause no less honorable and glorious, I am to suffer death. Washington entered the field to fight for the freedom of the American people—not for the white man alone, but for both black and white. Nor were they white men alone who fought for the freedom of this country. The blood of black men flowed as freely as the blood of white men. Yes, the very first blood that was spilt was that of a negro... But this you know as well as I do, ...the claims which we, as colored men, have on the American people.[14]
Another letter reflected the religious influence of his Oberlin upbringing. In a December 16 letter, Copeland wrote to console his family:
The family allowed the letters to be published in the abolitionist press.
Speaking of Copeland, the trial's prosecuting attorney, Andrew Hunter, said:
Copeland was executed at Charles Town, Virginia, on December 16, 1859. On his way to the gallows he reportedly said, "If I am dying for freedom, I could not die for a better cause. I had rather die than be a slave."[15]
There were five Blacks who died in the raid or were executed shortly afterwards. None received a proper burial; two, Shields Green and Copeland, were dissected by medical students, and their remains discarded.
Copeland was the only one of the five whose family—his parents—tried to recover and bury the body. At their request, Oberlin Mayor A. N. Beecher telegraphed Gov. Henry Wise of Virginia to ask for their son's body. Wise replied that as free Blacks they could not enter Virginia, but the body would be given by General Taliaferro to "any white person".[16]
Abolitionists had also written to Governor Wise seeking the bodies of both Copeland and Green; George Stearns, one of Brown's backers, wanted to erect a memorial to them in Auburn Cemetery. Nevertheless, either Wise went back on his word, or he allowed someone else to assume authority,[17] for no sooner than the bodies were in the ground than they were almost immediately dug up and taken to Winchester Medical College, for use by students studying anatomy. The use of criminals' bodies for this purpose was legal.
There are conflicting reports about the white person who tried to help the Copelands recover their son's body. According to a newspaper report, at the parents' request a "pro-slavery man" went from Washington to claim the body, but he was arrested, held 12 hours, and put on the train home.[18] Since all agree there was only one white person involved, one must give preference to the first-person account of Professor James Monroe of Oberlin College, a friend of the Copelands. The professors at the Winchester Medical College were willing to turn the body over to Monroe for burial by the parents, but medical students visited Monroe, told him the body belonged to the students, not the faculty—they were the ones who had dug the bodies up—and warned him of consequences if he persisted, a warning which the professors supported. The students had broken into the dissection room, and stolen and hid the body. Monroe, to his surprise, found instead the body of Green, whom he recognized.[19] [20], WCPN Radio, Aired February 21, 2001 (text and audio versions) accessed May 20, 2007. "We visited the dissecting rooms. The body of Copeland was not there, but I was startled to find the body of another Oberlin neighbor whom I had often met upon our streets, a colored man named Shields Greene."[21]
After Monroe's return in failure, he gave his report to 3,000 mourners at an Oberlin church, with an empty casket on display.[19]
"These colored citizens of Oberlin, the heroic associates of the immortal John Brown, gave their lives for the slave. Et nunc servitudo etiam mortua est, laus deo. (And now slavery is finally dead, thanks be to God.)
S. Green died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 23 years.
J. A. Copeland died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 25 years.
L. S. Leary died at Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct 20, 1859, age 24 years."