Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome explained

Hyper-IgE syndrome
Synonyms:	HIES

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome^[1] (HIES), of which the autosomal dominant form is called Job's syndrome or Buckley syndrome, is a heterogeneous group of immune disorders. Job's is also very rare at about 300 cases currently in the literature.

Presentation

It is characterized by recurrent "cold" staphylococcal infections (due to impaired recruitment of neutrophils), unusual eczema-like skin rashes, severe lung infections that result in pneumatoceles (balloon-like lesions that may be filled with air or pus or scar tissue) and very high (> 2000 IU/mL or 4800 mcg/L)^[2] concentrations of the serum antibody IgE. Inheritance can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Many patients with autosomal dominant STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome have characteristic facial and dental abnormalities, fail to lose their primary teeth, and have two sets of teeth simultaneously.^[3]

Pathophysiology

Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis due to decreased production of interferon gamma by T lymphocytes is thought to cause the disease.^[4]

Both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance have been described:^{[5] [6]}

Autosomal dominant

• STAT3 may present as HIES with characteristic facial, dental, and skeletal abnormalities^[7] that has been called Job's Syndrome. A common mnemonic used to remember the symptoms is FATED: coarse or leonine facies, cold staph abscesses, retained primary teeth, increased IgE, and dermatologic problems [eczema]. The disease was linked to mutations in the STAT3 gene after cytokine profiles indicated alterations in the STAT3 pathway.^[8] This altered pathway directly reduces the modulation capacity of interleukins 6 and 10 which, respectively, inhibit the genesis of Th17 cells that, in tandem with CD4 cells, protect against bacterial and fungal infections, and foster the inappropriate immune responses exhibited by those with Job Syndrome.

Autosomal recessive

• DOCK8 - DOCK8 Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DIDS) presents primarily with immune effects including HEIS.^[9] Eczema is prominent, food^[10] and environmental allergies are common, and asthma and anaphylaxis has been variably reported.
• PGM3, a Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation, may present as HIES with neurocognitive impairment and hypomyelination. See PGM3 deficiency.^[11]
• SPINK5 may present as HIES with skin and hair effects such as trichorrhexis invaginata (bamboo hair). See Netherton Syndrome (NTS).
• TYK2 may present as HIES,^[12] although more often only with immunodeficiency.^[13]

Diagnosis

Elevated IgE is the hallmark of HIES. An IgE level greater than 2,000 IU/mL is often considered diagnostic.^[14] However, patients younger than 6 months of age may have very low to non-detectable IgE levels. Eosinophilia is also a common finding with greater than 90% of patients having eosinophil elevations greater than two standard deviations above the normal mean.^[15] Genetic testing is available for STAT3 (Job's Syndrome), DOCK8 (DOCK8 Immunodeficiency or DIDS), PGM3 (PGM3 deficiency), SPINK5 (Netherton Syndrome - NTS), and TYK2 genetic defects.^[16]

Types

HIES often appears early in life with recurrent staphylococcal and candidal infections, pneumonias, and eczematoid skin.^[17]

• Autosomal dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome caused by STAT3 defects, called Job Syndrome, have characteristic facial, dental, and skeletal abnormalities. Patients with STAT3 HIES may have either delay of or failure in shedding of primary teeth. The characteristic facial features are usually set by age 16. These include facial asymmetry, a prominent forehead, deep-set eyes, a broad nasal bridge, a wide, fleshy nasal tip, and mild prognathism. Additionally, facial skin is rough with prominent pores. Finally, some patients with STAT3 HIES have scoliosis, as well as bones that fracture easily.
• Autosomal recessive^[3]

Treatment

Most patients with hyper IgE syndrome are treated with long-term antibiotic therapy to prevent staphylococcal infections. Good skin care is also important in patients with hyper IgE syndrome. High-dose intravenous gamma-globulin has also been suggested for the treatment of severe eczema in patients with HIES and atopic dermatitis.^[18]

History

HIES was first described by Davis et al. in 1966 in two girls with red hair, chronic dermatitis, and recurrent staphylococcal abscesses and pneumonias.^[19] They named the disease after the biblical figure Job, whose body was covered with boils by Satan. In 1972, Buckley et al. described two boys with similar symptoms as well as coarse facies, eosinophilia, and elevated serum IgE levels. These two syndromes are thought to be the same and are under the broad category of HIES.^[20]

See also

• Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency
• List of cutaneous conditions
• List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions

Further reading

• U.S. NIH Genetic Test Registry
• National Organization for Rare Disorders: Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome Autosomal Recessive Hyper IgE Syndrome
• U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH): Clinical Research Studies: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (observational) study number 00-I-0159: Natural History, Management, and Genetics of the hyperimmunoglobulin E Recurrent Infection syndrome (HIES) - NCT00006150

Notes and References

1. Book: Rapini, Ronald P. . Bolognia, Jean L. . Jorizzo, Joseph L. . Dermatology: 2-Volume Set . Mosby . St. Louis . 2007 . 978-1-4160-2999-1 .
2. Web site: Hyper-IgE Syndrome . Merck Manual . Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp . 3 August 2021.
3. Freeman . Alexandra F. . Holland . Steven M. . The Hyper-IgE Syndromes . Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America . Elsevier BV . 28 . 2 . 2008 . 0889-8561 . 10.1016/j.iac.2008.01.005 . 277–291. 18424333 . 2683262 .
4. Borges WG, Augustine NH, Hill HR . Defective interleukin-12/interferon-gamma pathway in patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome . The Journal of Pediatrics . 136 . 2 . 176–80 . February 2000 . 10657822 . 10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70098-9 .
5. Rael EL, Marshall RT, McClain JJ . The Hyper-IgE Syndromes: Lessons in Nature, From Bench to Bedside . The World Allergy Organization Journal . 5 . 7 . 79–87 . July 2012 . 23283142 . 3651150 . 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31825a73b2 .
6. Freeman AF, Holland SM . Clinical manifestations, etiology, and pathogenesis of the hyper-IgE syndromes . Pediatric Research . 65 . 5 Pt 2 . 32R–37R . May 2009 . 19190525 . 2919366 . 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819dc8c5 .
7. Rael EL, Marshall RT, McClain JJ . The Hyper-IgE Syndromes: Lessons in Nature, From Bench to Bedside . The World Allergy Organization Journal . 5 . 7 . 79–87 . July 2012 . 23283142 . 3651150 . 10.1097/WOX.0b013e31825a73b2 .
8. Holland SM, DeLeo FR, Elloumi HZ, Hsu AP, Uzel G, Brodsky N, Freeman AF, Demidowich A, Davis J, Turner ML, Anderson VL, Darnell DN, Welch PA, Kuhns DB, Frucht DM, Malech HL, Gallin JI, Kobayashi SD, Whitney AR, Voyich JM, Musser JM, Woellner C, Schäffer AA, Puck JM, Grimbacher B . 6 . STAT3 mutations in the hyper-IgE syndrome . The New England Journal of Medicine . 357 . 16 . 1608–19 . October 2007 . 17881745 . 10.1056/NEJMoa073687 . free .
9. Zhang Q, Davis JC, Lamborn IT, Freeman AF, Jing H, Favreau AJ, Matthews HF, Davis J, Turner ML, Uzel G, Holland SM, Su HC . 6 . Combined immunodeficiency associated with DOCK8 mutations . The New England Journal of Medicine . 361 . 21 . 2046–55 . November 2009 . 19776401 . 2965730 . 10.1056/NEJMoa0905506 .
10. Boos AC, Hagl B, Schlesinger A, Halm BE, Ballenberger N, Pinarci M, Heinz V, Kreilinger D, Spielberger BD, Schimke-Marques LF, Sawalle-Belohradsky J, Belohradsky BH, Przybilla B, Schaub B, Wollenberg A, Renner ED . 6 . Atopic dermatitis, STAT3- and DOCK8-hyper-IgE syndromes differ in IgE-based sensitization pattern . Allergy . 69 . 7 . 943–953 . 2014-05-20 . 24840882 . 10.1111/all.12416 .
11. Yang L, Fliegauf M, Grimbacher B . 24566050 . Hyper-IgE syndromes: reviewing PGM3 deficiency . Current Opinion in Pediatrics . 26 . 6 . 697–703 . December 2014 . 25365149 . 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000158 .
12. Minegishi Y, Saito M, Morio T, Watanabe K, Agematsu K, Tsuchiya S, Takada H, Hara T, Kawamura N, Ariga T, Kaneko H, Kondo N, Tsuge I, Yachie A, Sakiyama Y, Iwata T, Bessho F, Ohishi T, Joh K, Imai K, Kogawa K, Shinohara M, Fujieda M, Wakiguchi H, Pasic S, Abinun M, Ochs HD, Renner ED, Jansson A, Belohradsky BH, Metin A, Shimizu N, Mizutani S, Miyawaki T, Nonoyama S, Karasuyama H . 6 . Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity . Immunity . 25 . 5 . 745–55 . November 2006 . 17088085 . 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.009 . free .
13. Kreins AY, Ciancanelli MJ, Okada S, Kong XF, Ramírez-Alejo N, Kilic SS, El Baghdadi J, Nonoyama S, Mahdaviani SA, Ailal F, Bousfiha A, Mansouri D, Nievas E, Ma CS, Rao G, Bernasconi A, Sun Kuehn H, Niemela J, Stoddard J, Deveau P, Cobat A, El Azbaoui S, Sabri A, Lim CK, Sundin M, Avery DT, Halwani R, Grant AV, Boisson B, Bogunovic D, Itan Y, Moncada-Velez M, Martinez-Barricarte R, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Alsina L, Kotlarz D, Klein C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Cormier-Daire V, Rose-John S, Picard C, Hammarstrom L, Puel A, Al-Muhsen S, Abel L, Chaussabel D, Rosenzweig SD, Minegishi Y, Tangye SG, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S . 6 . Human TYK2 deficiency: Mycobacterial and viral infections without hyper-IgE syndrome . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 212 . 10 . 1641–62 . September 2015 . 26304966 . 4577846 . 10.1084/jem.20140280 .
14. Book: Ochs. HD. Notarangelo. LD. Williams Hematology: Chapter 82. Immunodeficiency Diseases. 2010. McGraw-Hill Medical. New York. 9780071621519. 8th.
15. Grimbacher B, Holland SM, Gallin JI, Greenberg F, Hill SC, Malech HL, Miller JA, O'Connell AC, Puck JM . 6 . Hyper-IgE syndrome with recurrent infections--an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder . The New England Journal of Medicine . 340 . 9 . 692–702 . March 1999 . 10053178 . 10.1056/NEJM199903043400904 . free .
16. Yaakoubi . Roukaya . Mekki . Najla . Ben-Mustapha . Imen . Ben-Khemis . Leila . Bouaziz . Asma . Ben Fraj . Ilhem . Ammar . Jamel . Hamzaoui . Agnès . Turki . Hamida . Boussofara . Lobna . Denguezli . Mohamed . Haddad . Samir . Ouederni . Monia . Bejaoui . Mohamed . Chan . Koon Wing . Lau . Yu Lung . Mellouli . Fethi . Barbouche . Mohamed-Ridha . Ben-Ali . Meriem . Diagnostic challenge in a series of eleven patients with hyper IgE syndromes . Frontiers in Immunology . Frontiers Media SA . 13 . January 10, 2023 . 1664-3224 . 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057679 . 36703986 . 9871884 . free .
17. Web site: Hyper IgE syndrome . Immune Deficiency Foundation . August 9, 2023 . October 14, 2023.
18. Kimata H . High-dose intravenous gamma-globulin treatment for hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology . 95 . 3 . 771–4 . March 1995 . 7897163 . 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70185-0 .
19. Davis SD, Schaller J, Wedgwood RJ . Job's Syndrome. Recurrent, "cold", staphylococcal abscesses . Lancet . 1 . 7445 . 1013–5 . May 1966 . 4161105 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)90119-X .
20. Buckley RH, Wray BB, Belmaker EZ . Extreme hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and undue susceptibility to infection . Pediatrics . 49 . 1 . 59–70 . January 1972 . 10.1542/peds.49.1.59 . 5059313 . 245107427 .