| Honorific-Prefix: | His Lordship |
| The Count of Castelo Melhor | |
| Office: | Governor of the State of Brazil |
| Term Start: | 10 March 1650 |
| Term End: | 14 December 1654 |
| Predecessor: | António Teles de Meneses, 1st Count of Vila Pouca de Aguiar |
| Successor: | Jerónimo de Ataíde, 6th Count of Atouguia |
| Office1: | Military Governor of the Minho Province |
| Term Start1: | 1643 |
| Term End1: | 1645 |
| Monarch1: | João IV |
| Predecessor1: | Government Junta |
| Successor1: | Diogo de Melo Pereira (acting) |
| Term Start2: | 1646 |
| Term End2: | 1649 |
| Monarch2: | João IV |
| Predecessor2: | Francisco de França Barbosa (acting) |
| Successor2: | D. Francisco de Azevedo e Ataíde |
| Office3: | Military Governor of the Alentejo Province |
| Term Start3: | 1645 |
| Term End3: | 1646 |
| Monarch3: | João IV |
| Predecessor3: | João Mendes de Vasconcelos (acting) |
| Successor3: | Matias de Albuquerque, Count of Alegrete |
| Birth Date: | 1593 |
| Birth Place: | Kingdom of Portugal |
| Death Date: | 13 November 1658 |
| Death Place: | Ponte de Lima, Kingdom of Portugal |
| Spouse: | Mariana de Lancastre Vasconcelos e Câmara |
| Allegiance: | Kingdom of Portugal |
| Serviceyears: | 1640-1658 |
| Battles: | Portuguese Restoration War |
João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 2nd count of Castelo Melhor jure uxoris, was a Portuguese military officer and colonial administrator. He was lord of Valhelhas, Almendra, and Mouta Santa, and held the offices of alcaide-mor and comendador of Pombal, alcaide-mor of Penamacor, governador das armas (military governor) of the provinces of Entre-Douro-e-Minho and Alentejo, and member of the Council of War.[1]
On the death of his brother, he succeeded in the House of Vasconcelos and in the claim to marry the heiress of the House of Castelo Melhor, by virtue of a clause in the former's last will and testament.[2] He distinguished himself with patriotism during the period of the Portuguese Restoration War. When João IV of Portugal was proclaimed king, he undertook an ultimately unsuccessful but widely celebrated effort, along with D. Rodrigo Lobo and other noblemen, to return to his country the Portuguese galleys anchored in Cartagena. Once his plan was discovered by the Spanish, he was arrested along with some of his co-conspirators, stoicly resisting the suffering imposed upon him in order to not denounce his remaining accomplices. When he was being returned in custody to Castile, Dutch corsairs rescued him at the request of King João IV, and led him back to Portugal.[3]
Welcomed with honours by the new monarch, he was appointed to the offices of Military Governor of the Provinces of Minho and Alentejo, as well as to a seat in the Council of War.[4]
He left Lisbon on November 4, 1649, at the command of the first Fleet of the General Commerce Company of Brazil, as appointed Governor-General of Brazil, having as his second-in-command admiral, future Viscount of Fonte Arcada. He took office in Bahia on January 4, 1650.
Returning to Portugal, and accompanied by his son, Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, he still fought in the 1658 campaign of the Portuguese Restoration War against the Spanish dominion over the Kingdom of Portugal.[5]