Jinju Formation Explained

Jinju Formation
Type:	Geological formation
Period:	Albian
Age:	Albian ~
Prilithology:	Shale
Otherlithology:	Sandstone
Namedfor:	Jinju
Namedby:	Chang, 1975^[1]
Region:	Gyeongsang Province
Coordinates:	35.1°N 128.1°W
Paleocoordinates:	44.3°N 122.7°W
Unitof:	Shindong Group
Underlies:	Chilgog Formation, Iljig Formation
Overlies:	Hasandong Formation
Thickness:	1000-
Extent:	Gyeongsang Basin

The Jinju Formation is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.^[2] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.^[3] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.^[4] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.

A diverse arthropod fauna, including freshwater arthropods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils. Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.^[5]

Fossil content

Flora

Plants of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Cupressinocladus	C. sp.^[6]				The presence of this conifer indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
Ruffordia	R. sp.				Schizaeaceae ferns
Cladophlebis	C. sp.
Sphenopteris	S. sp.
Onychiopsis	O. elongata^[7]				leptosporangiate ferns
Brachyphyllum	B. japonicum

Spiders

Spiders of the Jinju Formation^[8]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Korearachne	K. jinju				likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops	K. samsiki				a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops	J. dalingwateri				a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae	indeterminate
Araneomorphae	indeterminate
Palpimanoidea	indeterminate
"Cribellate Entelegynae"	"species 1" "species 2"

Insects

Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc.

Blattodea

Cockroaches of the Jinju Formation^[9]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Rhipidioblattina	R. sp. cf. R. radipinguis R?. sp. cf. R. jilinensis R. sp. A
Mesoblattina	M. sp. A M. sp. B M. sp. C M. sp. D
Samaroblatta	S. sp. cf. S. rhypha
Blattula	B. sp. cf. B. exetenuata B. sp. A
Mesoblattula	M. sp.
Indeterminate	A total of 13 indeterminate species

Coleoptera

Beetles of the Jinju Formation^[10]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Coptoclava^[11]	C. sp			Both nymph and adult fossils are known	A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex.
Megalithomerus^[12]	M. magolhalmii				A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus	K. jinju
Cretosaja^[13]	C. jinjuensis				A member of Silphidae
Notocupes^[14]	N. premeris				A member of Archostemata
Asiana^[15]	A. pax
Brochocoleus	B. sacheonensis				A member of Ommatidae
	B. cf. punctatus
Omma	O. sp.
Zygadenia	Z. cornigera
Laetopsia^[16]	L. leei				A member of Hydrophiloidea
	L. cf. hydraneoides
	L. sp.
Cretotaenia	C. pallida

Dermaptera

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea^[17]	indeterminate

Diptera

Flies of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Buccinatormyia^[18]	B. gangnami				A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Heteroptera

Heteropterans of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Jinjupopovina	J. eosahwae^[19]				A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Korehelorus	K. jinjuensis^[20]				A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis	H. haeretica^[21]				A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae

Odonata

Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Hemeroscopus	H. baissicus^[22]

Orthoptera

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Panorpidium	P. spica^[23]				A member of Elcanidae

Raphidioptera

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Mesoraphidia^[24]	M. koreensis M. phantasma				A member of Mesoraphidiidae

Neuroptera

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Tachinymphes^[25]	T. koraiensis				A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.

Termites

Termites of the Jinju Formation
Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Sclerotermes^[26]	S. samsiki				Known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement

Crustaceans

Isopoda

Isopods of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Archaeoniscus^[27]	A. coreaensis				A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus

Ostracoda

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation^[28]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Scabriculocypris	S. yanbianensis	Jeongcheon
Cypridea	C. jinjuria C. khandae C. samesi^[29]	C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon
Mongolocypris	M. kohi^[30]
Lycopterocypris	L. cf. celsa	Jeongcheon
Candona	C. sp.
Djungarica	D. sp.	Jeongcheon

Spinicaudata

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Yanjiestheria^[31]	Y. kyongsangensis Y. chekiangensis Y. cf. wannanensis Y. jinjuensis Y. sp.

Vertebrates

Source:^[32]

Actinopterygii

Fishes of the Jinju Formation^[33]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Wakinoichthys^[34]	W. aokii				An osteoglossiform
Jinjuichthys^[35]	J. cheongi				An ichthyodectiform
Albuliformes	indeterminate
Sinamia	S. sp.				An amiiform
Lepidotes	L. sp.				Largest fish found in this formation, reaching in total length.
Lepisosteiformes	indeterminate
Elopiformes	indeterminate				A small fish, reaching in total length.

Archosauria

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Crocodyliformes indet.^[36]		Goryeong		a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet.^[37]		Sacheon and Goryeong		teeth	A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet.^[38] ^[39]		Goryeong		teeth	While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.^[40] ^[41]

Mollusks

Bivalvia

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation^[42]

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Plicatounio	P. naktongensis
Nagdongia	N. soni				The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some.
Trigonioides	T. jaehoi

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation

Genus	Species	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Brotiopsis	B. kobayashi				Dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara	T. sp.
Viviparus	V. sp.

Ichnofossils

Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.^[5]

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation

Ichnogenus	Ichnospecies	Region	Member	Material	Notes	Image
Grallator^[43]					Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus					Theropod track
Asianopodus					Theropod track
Dromaeosauriformipes^[44]	D. rarus				Didactyl tracks made by either juvenile dromaeosaur or very small species of trackmaker, represents the smallest non-avian dinosaur tracks known.
Dromaeosauripus^[45]	D. jinjuensis	Namhae^[46]			Didactyl tracks made by a tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis	I. seoungjoseoi^[47]				Bird Track
Jindongornipes	J. isp.				Bird Track
Koreasaltipes^[48]	K. jinjuensis	Jinju			Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides	N. innovatus^[49]				The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea.
cf. Chelichnus^[50]		Sacheon			Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.^[51]
Ranipes	indeterminate				Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus^[52]					First report of this ichogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus	B. grandis^[53]				Track made by a long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis. Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.^[54]
Minisauripus	M. isp.^[55]				One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea.
Pteraichnus	P. gracilis^[56] "P. seopoensis"^[57]				Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
Lockeia	L. gigantus^[58]				Resting bivalve trace fossils
Diplichnites	D. isp.				Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus	C. isp.^[59]				Trace by Annelida tracemakers
Radialimbricatus^[60]	R. bitoensis				Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia^[61]	P. dichotoma				First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly^[62]
Fictovichnus^[63]	indeterminate				Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites	C. isp.^[64]
Palaeophycus	P. tubularis
Helminthopsis	H. hieroglyphica
Skolithos	S. magnus
Taenidium	T. barretti
Torrowangea	T. rosei

See also

• (Gyeongsang Basin)
  • List of dinosaur- bearing rock formations
  • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils

References

Bibliography

• Lee . Tae-Ho . Park . Kye-Hun . Yi . Keewook . 2018 . Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea . . 166 . 19–31 . 10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. 2018JAESc.166...19L . 135061525 .
• Book: Weishampel . David B. . David B. Weishampel . Dodson . Peter . Peter Dodson . Osmólska . Halszka . Halszka Osmólska . 2004 . The Dinosauria . 2nd . Berkeley: University of California Press . 2019-02-21 . 0-520-24209-2.

Notes and References

1. Chang . Ki-Hong . Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Southeast Korea . Journal of the Geological Society of Korea . 1975 . 11 . 1 . 1-23.
2. https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displaySearchStrataResults?group_formation_member=Jinju Jinju Formation
3. Book: Weishampel . David B. . David B. Weishampel . Barrett . Paul M. . Rodolfo Coria . Coria . Rodolfo A. . Le Loueff . Jean . Xu Xing (paleontologist) . Xu . Xing . Zhao Xijin . Zhao . Xijin . Sahni . Ashok . Gomani . Emily M.P. . Noto . Christopher N. . 2004 . Dinosaur distribution . David B. Weishampel . Weishampel . David B. . Peter Dodson . Dodson . Peter . Osmólska . Halszka . The Dinosauria . limited . Second . Berkeley . University of California Press . 517–607 . 978-0-520-24209-8.
4. Chae. Yong-Un. Lim. Jong Deock. Kim. Cheong-Bin. Kim. Kyung Soo. Ha. Sujin. Lim. Hyoun Soo. 2020. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the uppermost Jinju Formation in the Natural Monument No. 534 'Tracksite of Pterosaurs, Birds, and Dinosaurs in Hotandong, Jinju', Korea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 41. 4. 367−380. 10.5467/JKESS.2020.41.4.367. 225332234 .
5. Paik. I.S.. The oldest record of microbial-caddisfly bioherms from the Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Korea: occurrence and palaeoenvironmental implications. 2005. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 218. 3−4. 301−315. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.020. 2005PPP...218..301P .
6. Kim . Jong-Heon . 2009 . New occurrence of Cupressinocladus sp. from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Shindong Group, Korea . Journal of the Korean Earth Society . 30 . 5 . 605−610 . 10.1666/11-131R.1 . 2012JPal...86..626P . 131617665 .
7. Kim. Jong-Heon. Nam. Kye-Soo. Lee. Seong-Bok. Jeon. Yeong-Seok. 2016. Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 37. 5. 295−308. 10.5467/JKESS.2016.37.5.295.
8. Park . Tae-Yoon S. . Nam . Kye-Soo . Selden . Paul A. . 2019-08-03 . A diverse new spider (Araneae) fauna from the Jinju Formation, Cretaceous (Albian) of Korea . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . en . 17 . 15 . 1271–1297 . 10.1080/14772019.2018.1525441 . 2019JSPal..17.1271P . 92137182 . 1477-2019.
9. Baek . Kwang-Seok . Yang . Seung-Yeong . 2004 . Cockroaches from the early Cretaceous of Korea (Blattaria: Mesoblattinidae) . Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea . Korean . 20 . 71–98 . DBpia.
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54. Kirkland. James I.. Paleojim. Jun 24, 2022. I am shocked at the degree of lumping needed to assign this ichnotaxon to Batrachopus... Over splitting is certainly a problem with tracks, but this goes a bit too far in the other direction. Otherwise a very interesting and important paper. Bipedal crocs.. 1540083436659933185.
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