The American guitarist Jimi Hendrix intended to release his fourth studio album as a double or triple LP before Christmas 1970. From June to August 1970, he made good progress on the realization of the planned album in his new Electric Lady Studios. Many songs were mixed on 20, 22 and 24 August. Four of these mixes were regarded as definitive versions and were presented at the opening party of Electric Lady on 26 August. Hendrix died on 18 September that year, leaving behind an enormous number of unreleased recordings in various stages of completion. It is impossible to know what Hendrix would have changed and what he actually would have released, but there is some documentation of the album configurations he had in mind. While a good amount of the designated tracks only needed some finishing touches, others only existed as rough recordings, and for some titles no recordings are known to exist. The Cry of Love (1971), Voodoo Soup (1995) and First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997) are officially released attempts to reconstruct the planned album. First Rays of the New Rising Sun is usually regarded as closest to Hendrix's vision, but features a track that was probably never part of Hendrix's plans and omits some tracks that were definitely considered. All but one of the tracks that are known to have been recorded for the album have eventually been released in some form on official albums.
After finishing the double album Electric Ladyland in 1968, Hendrix recorded quite obsessively in several studios. The extensive sessions for Electric Ladyland had been a reason for Chas Chandler to quit his role of producer, and also soured Hendrix's relation with bass player Noel Redding.[1] Redding eventually quit the band at the end of June 1969. Hendrix had already started recording with old-time friend and bass player Billy Cox. For much of 1969 and 1970 Hendrix was troubled by the constant touring, disappointment in the new band line-ups (first the Gypsy Sun and Rainbows—despite a successful performance at the Woodstock festival—and then the Band of Gypsys), demands of manager Michael Jeffrey, girlfriend troubles, the pressure of fame, heavy drug use and personal as well as professional insecurities. Hendrix's extensive use of hired studio time became very expensive and was not always fruitful. In 1969, plans for Hendrix's own nightclub in New York City were converted into a plan for his own recording studio. Electric Lady's Studio A was designed to serve as Hendrix's personal creative space; an inspiring environment where he could develop his music from demos to final mixes, with a supportive team and the best equipment available. After being under construction for 13 months, the first session at Electric Lady's Studio A took place on 15 June 1970, while Studio B was still unfinished. The studio finally provided creative continuity in a safe haven, but also a place where he could find some rest. There was 24-hour security and engineer Eddie Kramer set strict rules to stop having hordes of guests in the studio. Despite the lack of pay for the sessions, Hendrix was mostly joined by the current Experience band members Billy Cox and Mitch Mitchell. Mitchell even had to battle Jeffrey for back royalties and tour receipts and it may initially have been unpleasant for him that many tracks that were worked on had Buddy Miles's drum parts, but eventually Mitchell got into the creative spirit of working on the album as much as Cox. Hendrix and his team soon showed much progress in the creation of a new album, so the studio time of August 1970 was almost exclusively used for mixing and overdubbing sessions to finish the recorded songs. On 26 August 1970, four complete songs with final mixes were presented at the Electric Lady opening party. The next morning, Hendrix left for Europe to perform at a couple of festivals and would never see his studio again: he died in London on 18 September 1970.
A 24 June 1970 memo by Hendrix listed 11 songs "having backing tracks completed", with the last entries "Drifter's Escape" and "Burning Desire" receiving question marks. This memo also noted to get the tape of "Highway Chile".
An expanded list of 25 titles was handwritten by Hendrix (reportedly on 14 August 1970)[2] under the heading "Songs for L.P. Strate Ahead". The running order is the same for the 11 tracks of the previous list, but many tracks are added in between. The songs with complete backing tracks were marked with crosses. The list also had songs marked with ticks and dashes, but the meaning of those marks is unknown.
"Message to Love", "Power of Soul", and "Machine Gun" had been recorded in the studio before live versions were released on the Band of Gypsys (1970). Hendrix seemed to think that releasing studio versions of these songs would be regressive and not in tune with his ideas for the new album. Nonetheless, mixes of "Power of Soul" (with a new delay effect in the intro)[3] and "Message to Love" were created on 22 August 1970.[4]
Another list in someone else's handwriting on a tape box detailed the configuration for three sides of a double album with the title First Rays of the New Rising Sun. Side D was left blank and two tracks appeared twice, on different sides of the LP.[5] [6]
Although work in August 1970 was reserved for finalizing tracks for the album with overdubs and mixes, several tracks that were not on the lists received attention during these sessions (possibly because new recordings were made after the lists were compiled).
| Title | Status | Last studio work | Tape box note placement | Strate Ahead placement | 24 June memo placement | Live performances | Availability | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Ezy Ryder" | Final mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | B1 | 01 | 01 | 23x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997) - track 7 | Presented at Electric Lady opening party (1970-08-26) | |
| "Room Full of Mirrors" | Almost finished mix | 1970-08-20 (mix) | A3 | 02 | 02 | 19x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 5 | The unaltered rough mix of 1970-08-20 was first released on Rainbow Bridge in 1971 | |
| "Earth Blues" | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | - | 03 | 03 | - | The Jimi Hendrix Experience (2000) - disc 4, track 2 | A new mix by Kramer and John Jansen was released on Rainbow Bridge in 1971 | |
| "Valleys of Neptune" | Unfinished | 1970-08-22 (mix) | - | 04 | - | - | Valleys of Neptune (2010) - track 2 | The available version is a 2010 mix by Kramer that combines two different recordings | |
| "Straight Ahead (Have You Heard)" | Final mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | B4 | 05 | 04 | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 12 | Presented at Electric Lady opening party (1970-08-26), possibly in Kramer's 1970-08-20 mix. The mix attempt by Hendrix and Kramer from 1970-08-22 was discarded. | |
| "Cherokee Mist" (instrumental) | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | C5 | 06 | - | - | The Jimi Hendrix Experience - disc 4, track 9 | The available version is a 1999 mix by Kramer of a 1970-06-24 recording. The 1970-08-22 mix is confusingly titled Cherokee Mist (Valleys of Neptune) in the official accounts. | |
| "Freedom" | Almost finished mix | 1970-08-24 (mix) | A5/B5 | 07 | 05 | 23x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 1 | Hendrix wanted to replace eight seconds of rhythm guitar | |
| "Stepping Stone" | Almost finished | 1970-06-26 | - | 08 | 06 | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 10 | While a single version had been released, Hendrix had Miles's drumming replaced by Mitchell, overdubbed a vocal and kept overdubbing guitar parts | |
| "Izabella" | Complete | 1970-06 | - | 09 | 07 | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 2 | Released as a single, but quickly withdrawn (see below). Hendrix wanted a new mix that would incorporate the replaced drums and guitar overdubs recorded in June. | |
| "Astro Man" | Almost finished mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | B2 | 10 | 08 | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 15 | A few finishing touches were planned | |
| "Drifter's Escape" | Almost finished mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | C2 | 11 | 10 | - | South Saturn Delta (1997) - track 14 | Hendrix intended to perfect some guitar overdubs | |
| "Angel" | Rough mix | 1970-08-20 (mix) | C6 | 12 | - | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 4 | Hendrix wanted to further refine the song. In November 1970, Kramer made a new mix with drum overdubs by Mitchell. | |
| "Bleeding Heart" | Rough mix | 1970-06 | - | 13 | - | - | South Saturn Delta - track 12 | ||
| "Burning Desire" | Unfinished | 1970-01-23 | - | 14 | 11 | - | West Coast Seattle Boy (2010) - disc 4, track 2 | Hendrix was uncertain whether the backing track was complete on 1970-06-24. An instrumental take from 1970-01-16 is available on West Coast Seattle Boy and a December 1969 rehearsal with vocals on The Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions (2002). | |
| "Night Bird Flying" | Final mix | 1970-08-24 (mix) | A2/C1 | 15 | 09 | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 3 | Presented at Electric Lady opening party (1970-08-26), mastered for a planned single release. | |
| "Electric Lady" | Unidentified | - | 16 | - | - | Hendrix marked it as "slow" | |||
| "Getting My Heart Back Together Again (Hear My Train A Comin')" | Unfinished | 1969-05-21 | - | 17 | - | 50x | People, Hell and Angels (2013) - track 3 | Recorded several times without achieving a definitive master, Kramer tagged the end of take 2 onto take 3 (both from 1969-05-21) in a mix for the 2013 release | |
| "Lover Man" | Rough mix | 1970-07-20 | - | 18 | - | 24x | The Jimi Hendrix Experience - disc 4, track 7 | The rough mix of 20 July was not very satisfying, but Hendrix seems not to have worked on the song afterward. The available version is a new mix by Kramer. | |
| "Midnight Lightning" | Unfinished | - | 19 | - | 1x | South Saturn Delta - track 15 | |||
| "Heaven Has No Tomorrow" | Unfinished | 1970-06-26 | - | 20 | - | A solo demo of "Heaven Has No Sorrow" remains unreleased | |||
| "Sending My Love" | Unfinished | 1970-01-16 | - | 21 | - | Both Sides of the Sky (2018) - track 12 | a.k.a. "Send My Love to Linda" (presumably) | ||
| "This Little Boy" | Unidentified | - | 22 | - | - | ||||
| "Local Commotion" | Unfinished | - | 23 | - | Appears on the tracklisting for Black Gold, but remains unreleased | ||||
| "Dolly Dagger" | Final mix | 1970-08-24 (mix) | A1 | 24 | - | 2x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 6 | Presented at Electric Lady opening party (1970-08-26), mastered for a planned single release | |
| "The New Rising Sun (Hey Baby)" | Incomplete | 1970-07-01 | - | 25 | - | 16x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 13 | A take with a guide vocal was posthumously released on Rainbow Bridge, but this recording was far from finished | |
| "Belly Button Window" | Roughly mixed solo demo | 1970-08-24 (mix) | A4 | - | - | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 17 | A basic track was recorded with the new Experience on 1970-07-23 and a rough mix was created on 20-08-1970, but Hendrix and Kramer were very fond of this very different solo demo, and made a rough mix on 1970-08-24 | |
| "Drifting" | Rough mix | 1970-08-20 (mix) | B3 | - | - | - | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 8 | Hendrix considered adding vibraphone chords or another rhythm guitar. In late 1970, Kramer made a mix incorporating vibes played by Buzzy Linhart and Mitchell replaced his drum parts. | |
| "Come Down Hard on Me" | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | C3 | - | - | - | The Jimi Hendrix Experience - disc 4, track 10 | ||
| "Beginnings" | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | C4 | - | - | 3x | First Rays of the New Rising Sun - track 9 | Recordings and a rough mix were made on 1970-08-22. The available version is a 1972 mix by Kramer and Jansen. | |
| "In From the Storm" | Nearly finished mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | - | - | - | 5x | West Coast Seattle Boy - disc 4, track 7 | Lead guitar and vocal overdubs were recorded on 1970-08-20, mixed several times afterward, but none approved as final (the available mix is from 1970-08-20.) | |
| "Power of Soul" | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | - | - | - | 6x | Both Sides of the Sky - track 6 | A mix was created by Hendrix and either engineer Bob Hughes or Kramer on 1970-08-22. A live recording had already been released on Band of Gypsys. | |
| "Message to Love" | Rough mix | 1970-08-22 (mix) | - | - | - | 6x | West Coast Seattle Boy - disc 3, track 11 | A mix was created by Hendrix and Kramer on 1970-08-22. A live recording had already been released on Band of Gypsys. |
Almost all the recordings at Electric Lady were made with the planned album in mind, but some were incidental jams or compositions that were abandoned:
Hendrix had preferred the title First Rays of the New Rising Sun since January 1969. Kramer believed this would have been the definitive title and it was used for the official reconstructed album release in 1997.
Hendrix christened his 1970 tour The Cry of Love Tour in an interview. During the tour, "Lover Man", "Hear My Train A Comin'", "Freedom", "Hey Baby (Land of the New Rising Sun)", "Ezy Ryder", "Machine Gun", "The Star-Spangled Banner", "Straight Ahead", "Midnight Lightning", "Dolly Dagger", "Room Full of Mirrors", and "In from the Storm" were performed, along with tracks from his previous albums and singles. Hendrix's first posthumous studio album, released in 1971, was named after the tour.
When work in his Electric Lady Studios advanced, Hendrix imagined the album could become a triple, under the title People, Hell and Angels. In 2013, this title was used for a compilation of unreleased material.
A memo from August 1970 in his handwriting had 25 titles under the heading "Songs for L.P. Strate Ahead".
On 13 April 1970, Reprise Records released "Stepping Stone" b/w "Izabella" as a 7-inch single credited to "Hendrix Band of Gypsys". It was reportedly recalled because it could interfere with the sales of the Band of Gypsys live album that was delivered to Capitol Records to fulfill a contractual obligation.
A single with "Dolly Dagger" b/w "Night Bird Flying" was mastered on 26 August 1970 and test pressings were cut and taken by Kramer and Hendrix for review.[7] The planned release by Reprise was cancelled after Hendrix's death.
Of the ten tracks on The Cry of Love, nine songs were on Hendrix's lists and/or were being prepared for the album by Hendrix during the mixing sessions in August 1970. The other track, "My Friend", was recorded in 1968. After Jeffrey had decided to hold back "Dolly Dagger" and "Room Full of Mirrors" for release on Rainbow Bridge, the tracks "My Friend" and "Straight Ahead" were selected instead. Kramer and Mitchell provided some finishing touches to "Drifting", "Angel" and "In from the Storm". A rough mix of a demo for "Belly Button Window" was included without alterations.
Voodoo Soup (1995) was producer Alan Douglas' attempt to compile the unfinished album. First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997) is the officially released attempt by Experience Hendrix (his family estate's company), in collaboration with Kramer, to reconstruct the planned double album. It is a compilation of 17 songs that previously appeared on The Cry of Love, Rainbow Bridge and War Heroes (1972). Like The Cry of Love, it includes the 1968 recording of "My Friend", while the other 16 tracks were more clearly intended for the album.
Many of the tracks have been released over the years in several different versions, including mixes that Hendrix made during the sessions of 20, 22 and 24 August 1970.