Jewish population by country explained

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the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. Israel hosts the largest core Jewish population in the world with 7.2 million, followed by the United States with 5.7 million. Other countries with core Jewish populations above 100,000 include France (440,000), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), and Australia (117,200). The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 25.5 million.[1] [2]

Two countries account for 81% of those recognised as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51% and Israel with 30% (including population centres in Judea & Samaria with 2%). An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), the United Kingdom (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the only Jewish-majority country and the only explicitly Jewish state.[3]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 16.6 million. Almost half the Jewish population lived in America and Poland.[4] Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.[5] [6] [7] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.[6] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewish population grew 0.63% annually on average, while world population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.[8] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.[9]

Trends

Israel

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, the Jewish population of Palestine rose from 9,000 to 23,000.[10] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the population of the Palestine region.[11] [12] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of the state of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,[13] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period. Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[14] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[15] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.Immigration trends also favour Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,[16] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.[17]

Rest of the world

In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[18] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,[19] [20] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long-term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewish populations. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[21] [22] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.[23]

Debate over United States numbers

The number of Jews in the United States has been much debated because of questions about counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[24] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[25] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[26] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable”. However, he revised the United States Jewish number to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[27] [26] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[26] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting the number of Jewish Americans.

In 2020, the Pew Research Center's Jewish Americans 2020 study estimated there were 5.8 million adult Jews in the United States and 1.8 million children of at least one Jewish parent being raised as Jewish in some way, for a total of 7.5 million Jews, 2.5% of the national population.[28] According to Sergio Della Pergola's narrower definition, which count children and adult Jews without religious affiliation only if they have two Jewish parents, this corresponds to 4.8 million Jewish adults and 1.2 million Jewish children in 2020.[29] The American Jewish Population Project at Brandeis University, which synthesizes survey data from the 50 states and DC, estimates there are 7.63 million American Jews, 6 million adults and 1.6 million children.[30]

By country

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Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis:

Table

CountriesCore populationConnected populationEnlarged populationEligible populationNational
official
TotalTotalTotalTotal
scope=row 732,000754,238779,386779,386nowrap
[31] (2024)
scope=row style=text-align:left 17,32024,30930,38636,463nowrap
[32] (2024)
scope=row 6,9108,48310,02611,568
scope=row style=text-align:left 140,280141,901143,489143,489
scope=row 10,50012,02314,69518,702nowrap
[33] (2024)
scope=row style=text-align:left 4,3704,9395,5376,136nowrap
[34] [35] [36] (2024)
scope=row 3,9905,7796,8918,002
scope=row 1,0602,1883,1464,103nowrap
[37] (2010)
scope=row 4,6605,1345,7266,319nowrap
(2021)[38]
scope=row 1,4201,8052,7083,309nowrap
[39] (2011)
scope=row 440574717861nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 8901,1061,2761,446nowrap
[40] (2016)
scope=row 4,8307,67510,23313,303nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 1,0702,1403,3294,756nowrap
[41] (2001)
scope=row 320360400520nowrap
(2010)
scope=row 1,2501,5632,1882,813nowrap
[42] (2016)
scope=row 2,5303,0533,4903,926
scope=row 450560676791
scope=row 2,1602,5692,9193,269nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 4,6905,6856,8227,959
scope=row 8401,0501,2601,470nowrap
(2002)
scope=row 1,4601,9472,4332,920
scope=row 180234259284
scope=row 280345409474
scope=row 1,1601,5771,9152,252nowrap
(2001)
scope=row 2,3702,6072,8443,081
scope=row 110122139151nowrap
(2016)
scope=row 4606728791,034nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 9001,8002,6473,494nowrap
(2019)
scope=row 1,5101,7111,9132,114nowrap
(2018)
scope=row 7201,0501,5502,050nowrap
[43] (2009)
scope=row 210350420490nowrap
[44] [45] (2010)
scope=row 1,1001,2891,4611,633
scope=row nowrap
[46] (2011)
scope=row 2,3504,1786,2678,356nowrap
[47] (2019)
scope=row 120187267347nowrap
[48] (2011)
scope=row 380482556649
scope=row 370474617759nowrap
[49] (2021)
scope=row 296334382478nowrap 2,910
(2021)[50] - 15,000[51]
scope=row
scope=row 90186248310nowrap
[52] (1989)
scope=row style=text-align:left 5507331,0191,324nowrap
[53] (2016)
scope=row 4806658491,108nowrap
[54] (2019)
scope=row 140269364532nowrap
(2009)
scope=row 490549608666
scope=row 8601,6842,6883,763nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 40536786
scope=row 60718089
scope=row 2905808701,160nowrap
[55] (2011)
scope=row 5401,0802,1322,842nowrap
(2014)
scope=row 1,4302,0322,6343,387nowrap
[56] (2019)
scope=row 607695111
scope=row 420593766939nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 3807601,2671,900nowrap
(2014)
scope=row 490653817980
scope=row 200300400500nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 240295351406nowrap
[57] (2017)
scope=row 240295369462nowrap
[58] (2021)
scope=row 90108126144
scope=row 10121416
scope=row 150177218259nowrap
(2002)
scope=row 506783100
scope=row 160178213249
scope=row 30405060
scope=row 22,86025,71828,57531,433nowrap
(2012)
scope=row 1,1301,4531,7762,099
scope=row 40567288
scope=row 140224308392nowrap
[59] (2013)
scope=row 4080120160
scope=row style=text-align:left 3,8105,7156,6687,620
scope=row 60105150225nowrap
[60] (2018)
scope=row nowrap
[61] (2017)
scope=row style=text-align:left 5101,2751,7852,295nowrap
(2010)
scope=row 10172330
scope=row style=text-align:left 1,2501,5632,1882,813
scope=row 180108144180nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 3306609901,320nowrap
[62] (2012)
scope=row
scope=row 306090120nowrap
[63] (1995)
scope=row 10203040
scope=row 3090150210nowrap
[64] (2011)
scope=row style=text-align:left 1,5403,0804,6206,160nowrap
(2010)
scope=row 4080120160
scope=row
scope=row 240320400480
scope=row style=text-align:left 3507001,0501,400nowrap
(2011)
scope=row 10203040
scope=row
scope=row 20406080
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row 200400600800
scope=row 4080120160
scope=row
scope=row style=text-align:left 50100150200nowrap
[65] (2021)
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row 50100150200nowrap
(2001)
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
[66] (2014)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
(2018)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
(2018)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
[67] (2020)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
(2018)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
[68] (2020)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
[69] (2020)
scope=row nowrap
(2018)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
(2018)
scope=row nowrap
[70] (2020)
scope=row style=text-align:left nowrap
(2018)
style=text-align:left style=text-align:right
15,700,000
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 1,920style=text-align:right
18,030,900
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 2,341style=text-align:right
21,005,700
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 2,727style=text-align:right
23,809,100
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 3,091

pct = percent of total world Jewish population

pmp = per million people in country

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Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[71] Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zablon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September[72] and October 2021,[73] [74] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[75] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[76] [77] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, the Yemenite Jews have faced persecution by the Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.[78] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.[79] [80] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[81]

See also

External links

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Jewish population by country".

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