Judaism by country explained

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At the end of 2023, the world's Jewish population was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. Israel hosts the largest Jewish population in the world, with 7.1 million, followed by the United States with 6.3 million.[1] Other countries with core Jewries above 100,000 include France (440,000), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), Australia (117,000) and Brazil (107,000).[2] The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 25.5 million.[3] [4]

Two countries account for 81% of those recognized as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51% and Israel with 30% along with population centers in Israeli settlements in the West Bank with 2%. An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), UK (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the only country that Jews control and the only explicit Judaic-country.[5]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 16.6 million. Almost half the Jewry of the World lived in the Americas and Poland.[6] Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust, this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.[7] [8] [9] The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low fertility rates and assimilation of Jews.[8] From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewry grew 0.63% annually on average, while world's population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.[10] This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.[11]

Trends

Israel

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in Israeli Jewry and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the diaspora). Aliyas to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 Tanzimat reforms; between 1840 and 1880, Palestinian Jewry rose from 9,000 to 23,000.[12] In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the Population of Palestine.[13] [14] Through the first five phases of Aliyah, the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,[15] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period. Current Demographics of Israel are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[16] The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.[17] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people get out off Judaism versus strangers to Judaism.Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. Palestine has a positive immigration balance (called aliyah in Hebrew). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jews from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s,[18] and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.[19]

Rest of the world

In general, the modern English-speaking world has seen an increase in its share of the diaspora since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic diaspora Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[20] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, at around 500,000,[21] [22] but has shown an increasingly negative trend. As a long-term trend, intermarriage has reduced its "core" Jewish population and increased its "connected" and "enlarged" Jewries. More recently, migration loss to Israel amongst French Jews reached the tens of thousands between 2014 and 2017, following a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[23] [24] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.4 million in 2060.[25]

Debate over American numbers

The number of Jews in the United States has been much debated because of questions about counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified their estimate with concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[26] Drawing on their work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[27] These figures are in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio Della Pergola's number of 5,425,000, also in 2012.[28] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable”. However, he revised the United States Jewish number to 5.7 million in subsequent years.[29] [28] This controversy followed a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a United States Jewish estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[28] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting the number of Jewish Americans.

In 2020, the Pew Research Center's Jewish Americans 2020 study estimated there were 5.8 million adult Jews in the United States and 1.8 million children of at least one Jewish parent being raised as Jewish in some way, for a total of 7.5 million Jews, 2.5% of the national population.[30] According to Sergio Della Pergola's narrower definition, which count children and adult Jews without religious affiliation only if they have two Jewish parents, this corresponds to 4.8 million Jewish adults and 1.2 million Jewish children in 2020.[31] The American Jewry Project at Brandeis University, which synthesizes survey data from the 50 states and DC, estimates there are 7.63 million American Jews, 6 million adults and 1.6 million children.[32]

By country

Definition

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Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country. All data below, except the last column, are from the Berman Jewish DataBank at Stanford University in the World Jewish Population (2020) report coordinated by Sergio DellaPergola at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Jewish DataBank figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis:

Core, connected and enlarged population

CountriesCore populationConnected populationEnlarged population
TotalTotalTotal
scope=row 735,000765,000785,000
scope=row style=text-align:left 17,32024,30930,386
scope=row 6,9108,48310,026
scope=row 10,50012,02314,695
scope=row style=text-align:left 4,3704,9395,537
scope=row 3,9905,7796,891
scope=row 1,0602,1883,146
scope=row 4,6605,1345,726
scope=row 1,4201,8052,708
scope=row 440574717
scope=row 8901,1061,276
scope=row 4,8307,67510,233
scope=row 1,0702,1403,329
scope=row 320360400
scope=row 1,2501,5632,188
scope=row 2,5303,0533,490
scope=row 450560676
scope=row 2,1602,5692,919
scope=row 4,6905,6856,822
scope=row 8401,0501,260
scope=row 1,4601,9472,433
scope=row 180234259
scope=row 280345409
scope=row 1,1601,5771,915
scope=row 2,3702,6072,844
scope=row 110122139
scope=row 460672879
scope=row 9001,8002,647
scope=row 1,5101,7111,913
scope=row 7201,0501,550
scope=row 1,1001,2891,461
scope=row 210350420
scope=row
scope=row 2,3504,1786,267
scope=row 120187267
scope=row 380482556
scope=row 370474617
scope=row 296334382
scope=row
scope=row 90186248
scope=row style=text-align:left 5507331,019
scope=row 480665849
scope=row 140269364
scope=row 490549608
scope=row 8601,6842,688
scope=row 405367
scope=row 607180
scope=row 290580870
scope=row 5401,0802,132
scope=row 1,4302,0322,634
scope=row 607695
scope=row 420593766
scope=row 3807601,267
scope=row 490653817
scope=row 200300400
scope=row 240295351
scope=row 240295369
scope=row 150177218
scope=row 90108126
scope=row 101214
scope=row 506783
scope=row 160178213
scope=row 22,86025,71828,575
scope=row 1,1301,4531,776
scope=row 304050
scope=row 405672
scope=row 140224308
scope=row 4080120
scope=row style=text-align:left 3,8105,7156,668
scope=row 180108144
scope=row 60105150
1,2501,5632,188
scope=row 101723
scope=row 240320400
scope=row
scope=row style=text-align:left 5101,2751,785
scope=row 330660990
scope=row
scope=row 306090
scope=row 102030
scope=row 3090150
scope=row style=text-align:left 1,5403,0804,620
scope=row 4080120
scope=row
scope=row style=text-align:left 3507001,050
scope=row 102030
scope=row
scope=row 204060
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row 200400600
scope=row 4080120
scope=row
scope=row style=text-align:left 50100150
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row 50100150
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row
style=text-align:left style=text-align:right
15,700,000
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 1,920style=text-align:right
18,030,900
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 2,341style=text-align:right
21,005,700
style=text-align:right 100style=text-align:right 2,727

Eligible population and national official

CountriesEligible populationNational official
TotalTotalYear
36,4632024[33]
scope=row 779,3862024[34]
scope=row 11,568
scope=row 18,7022024[35]
scope=row 4,1032010[36]
6,1362024[37] [38] [39]
scope=row 8,002
scope=row 3,3092011[40]
scope=row 4,7562001[41]
scope=row 8612011
scope=row 6,3192021[42]
scope=row 13,3032011
scope=row 1,4462016[43]
scope=row 5202010
scope=row 2,8132016[44]
scope=row 791
scope=row 3,926
scope=row 3,4942019[45]
scope=row 2,920
scope=row 3,2692011
scope=row 7,959
scope=row 1,4702002
scope=row 284
scope=row 474
scope=row 2,0502009
scope=row 2,2522001
scope=row 1,0342011
scope=row 8,3562019[46]
scope=row 4902010[47] [48]
scope=row 3,081
scope=row 1512016
scope=row 3472011[49]
scope=row 2,1142018
scope=row 3,7632011
scope=row 3101989[50]
scope=row 2,8422014
scope=row 1,633
scope=row 5322009
scope=row 2011[51]
scope=row 7592021[52]
scope=row 1,1602011[53]
scope=row 1,9002014
2014[54]
scope=row 649
1,3242016[55]
scope=row 1,1082019[56]
scope=row 4782,910 – 15,0002021[57] [58]
scope=row 86
scope=row 3,3872019[59]
scope=row 9392011
scope=row
scope=row 111
scope=row 5002011
scope=row 666
scope=row 89
scope=row 980
scope=row 4622021[60]
scope=row
scope=row 4062017[61]
scope=row 160
scope=row 2592002
scope=row 100
scope=row 144
scope=row 16
scope=row 2252018[62]
scope=row 249
scope=row 3922013[63]
scope=row 2,099
scope=row 60
scope=row 31,4332012
scope=row 88
2,2952010
scope=row 30
2,813
7,620
scope=row 1,3202012[64]
scope=row 1201995[65]
scope=row 40
scope=row 2102011[66]
scope=row 480
scope=row 1802011
scope=row
6,1602010
scope=row 160
scope=row
1,4002011
scope=row 40
scope=row
scope=row 80
scope=row
scope=row 800
scope=row 160
scope=row
2002021[67]
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row 2002001
scope=row
scope=row
scope=row
2018
scope=row 2017[68]
2020[69]
2018
2020[70]
scope=row 2020[71]
2018
2020[72]
scope=row 2018
2018
2018
23,809,100
1003,091

pct = percent of total world Jewish population

pmp = per million people in country

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  14. Book: Mendel, Yonatan. The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel. 5 October 2014. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 978-1-137-33737-5. 188. Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, Israel/Palestine, Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124..
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Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, including in the Islamic/Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in all Islamic/Muslim countries; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a Jewry of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.[73] Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents Zebulon Simintov and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September[74] and October 2021,[75] [76] respectively.

In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[77] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[78] [79] In Yemen due to the ongoing civil war, Yemen's Jews have faced persecution by Houthis, who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.[80] On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elder Jews in Yemen.[81] [82] According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).[83]

See also

External links

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Judaism by country".

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