List of Jewish prayers and blessings explained

Listed below are some Hebrew prayers and blessings that are part of Judaism that are recited by many Jews. Most prayers and blessings can be found in the Siddur, or prayer book. This article addresses Jewish liturgical blessings, which generally begin with the formula:

Transliteration

Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam...

Translation

"Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe..."

Pronunciation

In the transliterations below, ' is used to refer to the sh'vah, which is similar/equivalent to ə; a mid-word aleph, a glottal stop; and a mid-word ayin, a voiced pharyngeal fricative ʕ similar/equivalent to Arabic Arabic: [[ع]]. Whenever ` is used, it refers to ayin whether word-initial, medial, or final. 'H/h' are used to represent both he, an English h sound as in "hat"; and ḥes, a voiceless pharyngeal fricative ħ equivalent to Arabic Arabic: [[ح]]. Whenever 'ḥ' is used, it refers to ḥet. Resh is represented by an 'r,' though it's equivalent to Spanish 'r,' Spanish 'rr,' or French 'r,' depending on one's dialect. In all other regards, transliterations are according to the modern Hebrew pronunciation, based on the Sephardi tradition.

Daily prayers

Waking up

Modeh AniModeh Ani is a short prayer recited first thing after waking in the morning. Thanking God for all he does.
Elohai NeshamahThanking God for restoring the soul in the morning. Said following washing the hands and Asher Yatzar blessings.
Blessings over the TorahThanking God for giving us the Torah and a blessing on the Torah that will be learned over the course of the day. Followed by some short passages from Torah and the Mishnah (in some customs, followed immediate by Seder Korbanot, which is also a selection of Torah passages).
Morning blessingsBlessings thanking God for most of the basic functions of our lives (sight, clothes, movement etc.)
Seder KorbanotRecounting the order of the day in the Temple service. Includes the description of the daily sacrifice from the Book of Numbers and chapter 5 of Zevachim that contains a list of all the types of sacrifices that were given.
13 midot of Rabi YishmaelA passage of learning from the Oral Law. It is a list of the 13 principles that Rabi Yishmael would use to interpret the Torah.

Pesukei d'zimra

This portion of the prayers acts as an introduction to the morning prayers. The following is the order of Nusach Ashkenaz:

Mizmor ShirPsalm 30. Recited in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite at the beginning of Pesukei Dezimra. In the Western Ashkenazic rite, as well as according to the custom of the Vilna Gaon, it is not recited in Pesukei D'Zimra at all.
Baruch SheamarThe first blessing of Pesukei Dezimra
Songs of thanksgivingA series of paragraphs in Pesukei Dezimra. Includes Psalm 100
Yehi kevodA series of verses recited during Pesukei Dezimra
AshreiRecited three times daily: during Pesukei Dezimra, preceding Uva Letzion, and at the beginning of Mincha (in the Ashkenazic rite, it is recited instead in Ne'ila on Yom Kippur)
Hallel (pesukei dezimra)Includes Ashrei and Psalms 146, 147, 148, 149, and 150
Baruch Hashem L'OlamRecited as a blessing after concluding Hallel
Vayivarech DavidFrom Chronicles Book I, Chapter 29, verses 10–13
Ata Hu Hashem L'VadechaFrom Book of Nehemiah, Chapter 9, verses 6–11
Az YashirFrom Book of Exodus 15:1–18
YishtabachConcluding blessing of Pesukei Dezimra

Shema and its blessings

The Shema prayers is said every day in Shacharit and Maariv. There are always two blessings before the Shema, but after the Shema in the day there is only one blessing, and at night there are two (or three in some communities).

Yotzer ohrThe first blessing recited prior to Shema during Shacharit
Maariv AravimThe first blessing recited prior to Shema during Maariv
Ahava RabbahThe second blessing recited prior to Shema during Shacharit (some communities begin this blessing with "Ahavat Olam")
Ahavat OlamThe second blessing recited prior to Shema during Maariv
Shema YisraelA centerpiece of Jewish prayer services which affirms belief and trust in the One God, the Shema is composed of three sections taken from the Torah.
Emet VeyatzivThe only blessing recited following the Shema during Shacharit
Emet V'EmunahThe first blessing recited following the Shema during Maariv
HashkiveinuThe second blessing recited following the Shema during Maariv
Baruch Adonai L'OlamThe third blessing recited following the Shema during Maariv. This blessing is only said by some communities, mostly outside of Israel. It is omitted in the vast majority of communities in Israel, and it is not said today by anyone on Shabbat or Yom Tov, although historically it was said in some communities on the Sabbath.

Amida

The "standing [prayer]", also known as the Shemoneh Esreh ("The Eighteen"), consisting of 19 strophes on weekdays and seven on Sabbath days and 9 on Rosh haShana Mussaf. It is the essential component of Jewish services, and is the only service that the Talmud calls prayer. It is said three times a day (four times on Sabbaths and holidays, and five times on Yom Kippur). The source for the Amida is either as a parallel to the sacrifices in the Temple, or in honor of the Jewish forefathers.

The prayer is divided into 3 sections, blessings of praise for God, requests for our needs (or exalting the holiness of the day for Shabbat and Yom Tov) and finally blessings of thanksgiving.

Praise

AvotFirst blessing of the Amidah, and describes God's choosing of the Jewish patriarchs, and God's protection of them. Many non-Orthodox communities include the matriarchs in this blessing and therefore give it the name Avot v'imahot, meaning "fathers and mothers."
GevurotSecond blessing of the Amidah, describing God's might and God's mastery over the natural world.
Kedushat HashemThird blessing of the Amidah, affirming the holiness of God. During the repetition of the Amida the Kedushah is added.

Middle blessings

On a regular weekday there are 13 blessings that ask God for our needs. A small number of rabbis, such as David Bar-Hayim based on fragments from the Cairo Geniza say only 12 blessings here.
On fast days in the times of the Talmud there were a number of additional blessings, and in communities today a 14th blessing is added to the Chazzan's repetition on fast days.

DaatAsking for wisdom and understanding.
TeshuvaAsking God to help us return to the Torah way of life.
SelichaAsking for God's forgiveness.
GeulaAsking for God to rescue the Jewish people from our travails. On fast days during the repetition of the Amida, Aneinu is said here.
RefuaAsking for good health.
Birkat HashanimAsking for a blessing for the produce of the earth. We also ask for the rain needed to sustain life. Broadly also asking for income. During times of drought a special prayer for rain is added here.
Kibutz GaluyotAsking God to bring the Jews back from the Exile into Israel.
MishpatAsking God to judge us justly and to restore the judges to Israel.
MinimAsking to destroy the heretical sects and informers. This blessing was a later addition to the Amida, and is the 19 blessing.
TzadikimAsking God to help and support righteous people.
Boneh YerushalayimAsking to have Jerusalem rebuilt and returned to its former glory. On Tisha B'av the Nachem prayer is added here.
Malchut bet DavidAsking for the monarchy to be reinstated and for David's descendants to become the kings. In the Palestinian tradition, this blessing was merged with the previous one to maintain 18 blessings.
Shome'a tefillaAsking God to answer our prayers. Any additional requests can be added in this blessing. On fast days Aneinu is added here in the silent prayer.

On Shabbat and Yom Tov there is only a single blessing.

Kedushat hayomDescribing the holiness of the particular day. In Mussaf it also describes the sacrifice that was brought in the Temple on that day.

During Mussaf of Rosh HaShana there are 3 blessings in the middle, each built around 10 verses from the Tanach around a particular theme.

MalchuyotDescribing how God was made king of the world on this day.
ZichronotMentioning the times that God has promised to remember the people of Israel.
ShofarotDescribing various times and occasions that the Shofar was blown.

Thanksgiving

AvodaThanking God for the Temple service and for accepting our prayers.
ModimGeneral thanksgiving. As the Chazan says this prayer in the repetition, the congregation reads a paragraph of thanksgiving silently.
ShalomThanking God for bringing peace into the world. When the Priestly Blessing is said it is added here.

Additions during the repetition

KedushahProclaiming the holiness of God. said during the repetition of the Amida
Modim d'rabananAdditional thanks to God, said while the Chazan is saying Modim during the repetition of the Amida.
Birkat KohanimThe "Priestly Blessing," recited by the Kohanim every day in Israel before the blessing for peace in Shacharit (and Mussaf on days with Mussaf). Outside of Israel, Ashkenazim and some Sephardim recite it only on Yom Tov, while other Sephardim recite it on Shabbat and Yom Tov or every day. Even in places where they do not recite it, the chazzan recites a mini version commemorating its recitation ('Eloheinu ve-Elohei avoteinu barkheinu ...') at any time when it could be recited (Shacharit, Mussaf, and on fast days at Mincha).

Concluding prayers

TachanunSupplicatory prayer said during Shacharit and Mincha. Not said on Shabbat, Yom Tov and other festive days.
HallelPsalms 113–118, recited as a prayer of praise and thanksgiving on Jewish holidays. Hallel is said in one of two forms: Full Hallel and Partial Hallel.
Shir shel yomDaily psalm. Each day has a different chapter to be said. There are also special chapters to be said on some special days.
Ein KeloheinuA lyrical prayer recited at the end of services, praising God's uniqueness. Some traditions say it only on Shabbat and festivals, while others say it every day
AleinuThe Aleinu praises God for allowing the Jewish people to serve him, and expresses their hope that the whole world will recognize God and abandon idolatry.

Kaddish

An Aramaic prayer which focuses on the idea of magnification and sanctification of God's name. There are five versions of kaddish for different purposes.

Half kaddishA short version of kaddish to mark the end of a section of prayers.
Full kaddishA longer version of kaddish to mark the end one of the major prayers, and is said after the amida.
Kaddish yatomA version said by mourners in the 11 months following the death of a parent.
Kaddish d'rabananSaid following study of the Oral Law.
Kaddish ha'gadolSaid at a siyum for learning a tractate of Talmud or at the funeral of a parent.

Additional poetry used regularly in prayers

An'im ZemirotMore formally known as "The Song of Glory," this song is sung in many Ashkenazic communities at the end of morning prayers on Shabbat. It is also recited following Maariv on Yom Kippur.
Ma TovuA prayer of reverence for the synagogue, recited in the morning upon entering. In the Western Ashkenazic rite, it is also sometimes recited at the beginning of Maariv on Festivals.
Adon OlamA poem discussing God's rule of the world.
YigdalA poetic version of the Maimonide's 13 principles of faith.

Other prayers

A prayer recited in the synagogue at the beginning of the evening service on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. It is a declaration of absolution from vows taken, to free the congregants from guilt due to unfulfilled vows during the previous (and coming) year.
A series of psalms that are said before Maariv on Shabbat to welcome the Shabbat queen.
Poem that is often sung part of kabbalat Shabbat.
Prayer said on Sukkot while circling the bimah. There is an extended version said on Hoshana Raba

Blessings on the mitzvot

Shabbat

These blessings are also relevant to the festivals with some minor changes to the wording.

BlessingHebrewTransliterationEnglish
Lighting candlesHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Shabbat.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candle[s].
Kiddush (Ashkenazi)Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kideshanu be'mitzvotav ve'ratza banu, ve'shabbat kodsho be'ahava u've'ratzon hinchilanu, zikaron le'ma'ase vereshit. Ki hu yom techila le'mik'raei kodesh, zecher li'yziat mitzrayim. Ki vanu vacharta ve'otanu kidashta mi'kol ha'amim, ve'shabbat kodshecha be'ahava u've'ratzon hinchaltanu. Barukh ata Adonai mekadesh ha'shabbat.Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who sanctified us with His commandments, and hoped for us, and with love and intent invested us with His sacred Sabbath, as a memorial to the deed of Creation. It is the first among the holy festivals, commemorating the exodus from Egypt. For You chose us, and sanctified us, out of all nations, and with love and intent You invested us with Your Holy Sabbath. Blessed are You, Adonai, Sanctifier of the Sabbath.
Main blessing of Havdalah (Ashkenazi)Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, ha'mavdil bein kodesh l'hol, bein or l'hoshekh, bein yisra'el la'amim, bein yom ha'sh'vi'i l'sheshet y'mei ha'ma'a'se. Barukh ata Adonai, ha'mavdil bein kodesh l'hol.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who distinguishes between the sacred and the secular, between light and dark, between Israel and the nations, between the seventh day and the six days of labor. Blessed are You,, Who distinguishes between the sacred and the secular.

Holiday blessings

When any of these blessings are done for the first time that year, the blessing of she'he'cheyanu is said.

FestivalBlessingHebrewTransliterationEnglish
Rosh haShanaFor blowing the shofarHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu li'shmoa kol shofar.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to hear the sound of the shofar.
SukkotFor sitting in the sukkah for a mealHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu leishev ba'sukkah.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to sit in the sukkah.
PesachFor eating the matzah at the sederHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al achilat matzah.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to eat matzah.
PesachFor eating the maror at the sederHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al achilat maror.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to eat maror.
SukkotFor taking the lulavHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al netilat lulav.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to take up the lulav.
PurimFor reading the megillaHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al mikra megilla.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to read the megilla.
HanukkahFor the lighting the candlesHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Hanukkah.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light[s].
Hanukkah, PurimRemembering the miracle of the day (said following the appropriate blessing above)Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time...

Mitzvot not associated with festivals

OccasionHebrewTransliterationEnglish
Putting on tzitzit[1] [2] Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha`olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav, al-mitzvat tzitzit.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments, and commanded us regarding the commandment of fringes.
Putting on tallit (prayer shawl)Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hit'atef ba'tzitzitBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to wrap ourselves with fringes.
Putting on tefillinHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha`olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hani'aḥ t'filin.<ref>The "l" in t'filin is [[gemination|geminated]].</ref>Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to put on tefillin.
Putting on the head tefillin (Ashkenazim only)Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al mitzvat t'filin<br />Barukh shem k'vod malkhuto l'olam va'edBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the commandment of tefillin.
Blessed is the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever.
When affixing a mezuzah on the doorHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu likbo'a m'zuza.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to affix the mezuzah.
When immersing in a mikveh, either for conversion or niddah.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al ha't'vila.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning immersion.
When immersing vessels in a mikveh.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al t'vilat kelim.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning the immersion of vessels.

Blessings on pleasures, sights and sounds

Blessings during a meal

N'tilat Yadayim (Ritual washing of hands)

The hands are ritually washed before partaking of certain staples of life.

In the Ashkenazic tradition and some Sephardic and other communities, it is done before eating bread. In some Sephardic rites and in the German community originating in Frankfurt it is done before drinking wine and or eating bread, alone or with the wine (such as would be done before a Sabbath or festive meal) at which time this blessing is said:

After washing but before drying the hands, the following blessing below is said.

Blessing prior to food

BlessingSaid forHebrewTransliterationEnglish
HamotziBread made from one or all of: wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, hamotzi lehem min ha'aretz.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who brings forth bread from the earth.
M'zonotNon-bread (e.g. cake) products of wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt (and rice, according to many opinions).Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, bo're minei m'zonot.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates varieties of nourishment.
HaGafenWine made from grapes, or grape juice. Not said for any other drink or any other grape-based product.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, bo're p'ri hagefen.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates the fruit of the vine.
HaEtzAny fruit from trees.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, bo're p'ri ha'etz.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates the fruit of the tree.
HaAdamaProduce that grew directly from the earth.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha`olam, bo're p'ri ha'adama.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates the fruit of the ground.
SheHaKolAny foods or drinks not in the first five categories.Hebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, shehakol nih'ye bidvaro.Blessed are You, our God, King of the universe, through Whose word everything comes into being.

After the meal

See main article: Birkat Hamazon. The combined blessing of Birkat Hamazon is made only after eating a meal containing bread (including matza) made from one or all of wheat, barley, rye, oats, spelt.

After Birkat Hamazon, many Sephardic Jews of the Spanish and Portuguese rite recite Ya Comimos or sing Bendigamos. These prayers are similar in content to Birkat Hamazon.

Blessings for smells

Said forHebrewTransliterationEnglish
Pleasant smelling trees and shrubsHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, bo're atzei b'samimBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates fragrant trees.
Pleasant smelling grasses herbs or flowersHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, bo're issvei b'samimBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates fragrant grasses.
Pleasant smelling fruitsHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, ha'noten re'ah tov ba'peirotBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who gives pleasant smells to fruit.
Pleasant smelling oilsHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, bo're shemen arevBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates pleasing perfumes.
All other smellsHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, bo're min'ei be'samimBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who creates various spices.

Blessings on sights and sounds

Said forHebrewTransliterationEnglish
Seeing wonders of nature, lightningHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, o'seh ma'ase be'reshitBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who makes all creation.
Hearing thunderHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'koho u'gevurato maleh olamBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Whose power and strength fill the world.
Seeing a rainbowHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, zocher ha'brit ve'ne'eman bi'vrito ve'kayam b'ma'amaroBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who remembers the covenant and who is trustworthy in his covenants and fulfills His word.
Seeing the ocean or large body of water for the first time in 30 daysHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'asa et ha'yam ha'gadolBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who made the large bodies of water.
Seeing trees blossom for the first time in the springHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, she'lo chisar b'olamo klum u'vara vo beri'ot tovot ve'ilanot tovim le'hanot bahem benei adamBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, Who left out nothing in His world and created pleasant creations and good trees so that people can derive benefit from them.
Seeing people or creatures who are very special/unique in their appearanceBarukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, Meshane habriyotBlessed are You, our God, King of the universe, changer of creations.

Blessings on special occasions

NameHebrewTransliterationEnglishOccasion
SheheheyanuHebrew: Baruch atah Adonai Elohenu, melekh ha'olam, shehecheyanu vekiymanu vehigi'anu lazman hazeh.Blessed are You, Lord, our God, King of the Universe, who has granted us life, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this occasion.For positive new experiences, including the first time a mitzvah is being done, new clothes or a new annual fruit.
Ha'tov ve'hametivHebrew: Baruch atah Adonai Elohenu, melekh ha'olam, ha'tov ve'ha'metiv.Blessed are You, Lord, our God, King of the Universe, who is good and does good.For good news and positive experiences.
Dayan ha'emetHebrew: Baruch atah Adonai Elohenu, melekh ha'olam, dayan ha'emet.Blessed are You, Lord, our God, King of the Universe, the just judge.For bad news and negative experiences. Also said at a funeral by the mourners prior to tearing the clothes.
HagomelHebrew: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam, hagomel lahayavim tovot, sheg'molani kol tov.Blessed are You, our God, King of the Universe, Who bestows good things upon the unworthy, and has bestowed upon me every goodness.For surviving life-threatening situations, such as illness or childbirth.

See also

References

  1. Web site: Siddur Ashkenaz, Weekday, Shacharit, Preparatory Prayers, Tzitzit (**Includes Yehi Ratzon) 1. 2020-10-15. www.sefaria.org.
  2. Web site: Siddur Sefard, Upon Arising, Modeh Ani 5. 2020-10-15. www.sefaria.org.

External links