List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland explained

Ghettos were established by Nazi Germany in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland.[1] [2] Most ghettos were established between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder", with dead bodies littering the streets.[3]

In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion.[4] [5]

The Holocaust

The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps—industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities—built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder.[6] The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the "resettlement program". Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Łódź Ghetto, the last in Poland to be liquidated in August 1944.[7] [8] In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the Będzin and the Łachwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps. By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing.[9] Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000.[10] [11]

In total, according to archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone."[12] The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity.[13] Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and any Jews found outside them could be shot on sight. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3sqmi, or 7.2 persons per room.[14] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.[15] In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, meaning "Jewish Quarter". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries. The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the "Final Solution" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place.[16]

List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland

The settlements listed in the Polish language,[17] including major cities, had all been renamed after the 1939 joint invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Renaming everything in their own image had been one way in which the invaders sought to redraw Europe's political map. All Polish territories were assigned as either Nazi zones of occupation (i.e. Bezirk Bialystok, Provinz Ostpreußen, etc.), or annexed by the Soviet Union, soon to be overrun again in Operation Barbarossa. The Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia witnessed the "Polish Operation" of the NKVD, resulting in the virtual absence of ethnic Poles in the USSR along the pre-war border with Poland since the Great Purge.[18] [19]

Ghetto location in prewar
and postwar Poland[20] 		PopulationDate of
creation		Date of
liquidation		Final
destination
(in alphabetical order) (year, month)(year, month) 
1939–1940
The first ghetto (Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto) was set up on 8 October 1939, 38 days after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939.[21] Within months, the most populous Jewish ghettos in World War II, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Łódź Ghetto, had been established.
Aleksandrów Lódzkialign=right 3,500align=right 1939align=right to Głowno ghetto
Bełżycealign=right 4,500align=right align=right to Budzyń ghetto → Sobibor and Majdanek
Będzin Ghettoalign=right 7,000–28,000[22]  align=right align=right to Auschwitz (7,000).[23]
Błoniealign=right 2,100align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,100)
Bodzentynalign=right 700align=right 1940align=right to Suchedniów ghetto → Treblinka.[24]
Brześć Kujawskialign=right 630align=right 1940align=right to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp
4,000-6,000fall 1941Sept 1942to Auschwitz and Belzec
Brzezinyalign=right 6,000–6,800align=right align=right to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno
Brzozówalign=right 1,000align=right 1940align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Bychawaalign=right 2,700align=right 1940align=right to Belzyce
Chęcinyalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Ciechanówalign=right 5,000 align=right 1940align=right to labour camps (1,500), Mława Ghetto → Auschwitz,[25] many killed locally.[26]
Dąbrowa Górniczaalign=right 4,000–10,000align=right 1940align=right to Auschwitz
Dęblin–Irena Ghettoalign=right 3,300–5,800align=right align=right to Sobibor and Treblinka
Działoszycealign=right 15,000?align=right align=right to Płaszów and Bełżec extermination camp
Gąbinalign=right 2,000–2,300align=right 1940align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Głownoalign=right 5,600align=right align=right to Łowicz ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto (5,600)
Gorlice (labor camp 1st)align=right ?align=right 1940align=right 1942to Buchenwald, Muszyna, Mielec, see Gorlice Ghetto (1941)
Góra Kalwariaalign=right 3,300align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (3,000), 300 killed locally
Grodzisk Mazowieckialign=right 6,000align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000)
Grójecalign=right 5,200–6,000align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) → Treblinka
Izbica Kujawskaalign=right 1,000align=right 1940align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Jeżówalign=right 1,600align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,600)
Jędrzejówalign=right 6,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Kazimierz Dolnyalign=right 2,000–3,500align=right align=right to Sobibor, and Treblinka
Kobyłkaalign=right 1,500align=right align=right to Treblinka
Kołoalign=right 2,000–5,000align=right align=right to Treblinka (2,000) and Chełmno
Koniecpolalign=right 1,100–1,600align=right 1940align=right to Treblinka
Koninalign=right 1,500?align=right align=right to Zagórów & other ghettos → killed locally
Kozienicealign=right 13,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Koźminekalign=right 2,500align=right 1940align=right to Chełmno
Krasnystawalign=right 2,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Krośniewicealign=right 1,500align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Kutnoalign=right 7,000align=right align=right to Chełmno
Legionowoalign=right 3,000align=right 1940align=right 1942to Treblinka
Łańcutalign=right 2,700align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Łaskalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Łowiczalign=right 8,000–8,200align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all; with labor camp)[27]
Łódź Ghettoalign=right 200,000align=right align=right to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camp, labour camps (1,000)
Markialign=right ?align=right align=right 1942to Warsaw Ghetto
Mielecalign=right 4,000–4,500align=right 1940align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
align=right 5,000–7,000align=right align=right to Treblinka, 1,300 killed locally
Mławaalign=right 6,000–6,500align=right align=right to Treblinka and Auschwitz
Mogielnicaalign=right 1,500align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all) → Treblinka.[28]
Mordyalign=right 4,500align=right align=right to Treblinka
Myślenicealign=right 1,200align=right 1940align=right to Skawina Ghetto (all) → Bełżec
Nowy Dwór Mazowieckialign=right 2,000–4,000align=right align=right to Pomiechówek ghetto → Auschwitz
Nowy Korczynalign=right 4,000align=right 1940align=right to Treblinka
Opocznoalign=right 3,000–4,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Otwockalign=right 12,000–15,000align=right align=right to Treblinka, and Auschwitz
Pabianicealign=right 8,500–9,000align=right align=right to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death camp
Piasecznoalign=right 2,500align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,500)
Piaski (transit)align=right 10,000align=right 1940align=right to Bełżec extermination camp, Sobibor, Trawniki concentration camp
Piotrków Trybunalski Ghettoalign=right 25,000[29]  align=right align=right to Majdanek and Treblinka (22,000), killed locally also
Płockalign=right 7,000–10,000align=right 1939–1940align=right to Działdowo ghetto
Płońskalign=right 12,000align=right align=right to Treblinka, Auschwitz
Poddębicealign=right 1,500align=right align=right to Treblinka(?)
Pruszkówalign=right 1,400align=right 1940align=right 1941to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,400)
Przedbórzalign=right 4,000–5,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp and Treblinka
Puławyalign=right 5,000align=right align=right 1940to Opole Lubelskie → Sobibor
Radomskoalign=right 18,000–20,000align=right align=right to Treblinka extermination camp (18,000)
Radzyminalign=right 2,500align=right align=right to Treblinka
Serockalign=right 2,000align=right align=right to other ghettos
Sieradzalign=right 2,500–5,000align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Sierpcalign=right 500–3,000align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto → Treblinka
Skaryszewalign=right 1,800align=right 1940align=right to Szydlowiec
Skierniewicealign=right 4,300–7,000align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 7,000)
Sochaczewalign=right 3,000–4,000align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 3,000)
Stalowa Wolaalign=right 2,500align=right 1940align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Stryjalign=right 12,000align=right 1940–1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Szadekalign=right 500align=right 1940align=right 1940to other ghettos
Szczebrzeszynalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Bełżec death camp, killed locally also
Tomaszów Mazowieckialign=right 16,000–20,000align=right align=right to Treblinka (16,000), with 4,000 killed locally
Tuliszkówalign=right 230align=right Dec 1939align=right to Kowale Pańskie → Chełmno
Turekalign=right 5,000align=right 1940align=right to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 5,000)
Tyszowcealign=right 1,500–2,000align=right 1940align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Uchaniealign=right 2,000align=right 1940align=right to Sobibor
Ulanówalign=right 500align=right 1940align=right to other ghettos
Uniejówalign=right 500align=right 1940align=right to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 500)
Warkaalign=right 2,800align=right 1940align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,800)
Wartaalign=right 1,000–2,400align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Warsaw Ghetto, see Muranów neighbourhood of Warsaw (whole) [30] align=right 445,000align=right align=right
Włocławekalign=right 4,000–13,500align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Włodawaalign=right 10,500[31] align=right align=right to Sobibor, also shot locally
Włoszczowaalign=right 4,000–6,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Wodzisławalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Wołominalign=right 3,000–5,500align=right 1940–1942align=right to Treblinka
Wyszogródalign=right 2,700–3,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Zagórówalign=right 2,000–2,500align=right align=right all killed locally
Zamośćalign=right 12,000–14,000align=right align=right to Izbica Ghetto → Bełżec, Majdanek
Zduńska Wolaalign=right 8,300–10,000align=right 1940align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Żychlinalign=right 2,800–4,000align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Żyrardówalign=right 3,000–5,000align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto (all 5,000)
1941
Under the codename Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, followed by the creation of new ghettos and mass murder of Jews by mobile killing squads.
Augustówalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Treblinka and Auschwitz, shot locally
Bełchatówalign=right 5,500–6,000align=right align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Biała Podlaskaalign=right 7,000–8,400align=right align=right to Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka
Biała Rawskaalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Białystok Ghettoalign=right 40,000–50,000align=right align=right to Majdanek, Treblinka
Bielsk Podlaskialign=right 11,000–15,100align=right align=right to Treblinka, many killed locally[32] [33]
Biłgorajalign=right 2,500–3,000align=right 1941–1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Bobowaalign=right 658? align=right align=right to Gorlice and Biecz ghettos
Bochniaalign=right 14,000–15,000align=right align=right to Szebnie → Bełżec and Auschwitz
Brześć Litewski Ghettoalign=right 18,000align=right align=right 5,000 shot locally before the ghetto was set up → Bronna Góra ravine [34]
Busko Zdrójalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Chełmalign=right 8,000–12,000align=right align=right to Sobibor
Chmielnikalign=right 10,000–14,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Chodelalign=right 1,400align=right align=right 1942to other ghettos
Chrzanówalign=right 8,000align=right align=right to Auschwitz
Ciechanowiecalign=right 4,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Ciepielówalign=right 600align=right align=right [35]  to Treblinka → Polish rescuers killed locally 6 Dec 1942.[36]
Czeladźalign=right 800align=right align=right to Auschwitz
Częstochowa Ghettoalign=right 48,000align=right align=right to Treblinka extermination camp
Ćmielówalign=right 1,500–2,000?[37]  align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka (900), rest murdered locally
Dąbiealign=right 900align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Dobrealign=right 500–1,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Drohiczynalign=right 700align=right align=right to Bransk and Bielsk ghettos
Drzewicaalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Dubienkaalign=right 2,500–3,000align=right align=right to other ghettos
Głogów Małopolskialign=right (120)?align=right 1941align=right 1942to Rzeszów ghetto → 5,000 shot locally
Gniewoszów (open type)align=right 6,580[38]  align=right align=right to Zwoleń (5,000); 1,000 → Treblinka
Goniądzalign=right 1,000–1,300align=right align=right to Bogusze ghetto
Gorlicealign=right 4,500align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Gostyninalign=right 3,500align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Grajewoalign=right 3,000align=right align=right to Bogusze ghetto
Hrubieszów (open type)align=right 6,800–10,000align=right align=right to Sobibor and Budzyn labour camp, many shot locally, 2,000 fled.
Iłżaalign=right 1,900–2,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Inowłódzalign=right 500–600align=right 1941align=right to Tomaszow Mazowiecki ghetto
Iwacewiczealign=right 600align=right 1941[39]  align=right to Słonim Ghetto, all killed locally
Izbica Ghetto (transit)align=right 12,000–22,700[40]  align=right 1941[41]  align=right to Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor, 4,500 killed locally
Jasłoalign=right 2,000–3,000align=right 1941align=right to other ghettos
Jedwabnealign=right 100–130align=right align=right to Łomża Ghetto → Treblinka, 340 killed locally.[42]
Kaliszalign=right 400align=right 1941align=right 1942to other ghettos
Kałuszalign=right 6,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp, several hundreds executed locally
Karczewalign=right 700align=right align=right to Warsaw Ghetto
Kielce Ghettoalign=right 27,000align=right align=right to Treblinka, with 6,000 killed locally
Kłobuckalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Auschwitz
Knyszynalign=right 2,000align=right align=right to Bialystok Ghetto
Kobrynalign=right 8,000align=right align=right all killed locally
Kockalign=right 2,500–3,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Kodeńalign=right ?align=right align=right to Miedzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
Kolbuszowaalign=right 2,500align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Koluszkialign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Końskiealign=right 10,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Korczynalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Kraków Ghettoalign=right 20,000 (pop. 68,500)align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp and Płaszów; 48,000 expelled in 1940.[43]
Kraśnikalign=right 5,000–6,000align=right 1940–1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Krynkialign=right 5,000–6,000align=right align=right to Kiełbasin transit camp → Treblinka[44]
Książ Wielkialign=right 200?[45]  align=right 1941align=right to Miechów ghetto
Kunówalign=right 500align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Limanowaalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Lipskalign=right 3,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Lubartów Ghettoalign=right 3,269–4,500align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Lublin Ghettoalign=right 30,000–40,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp (30,000)[46] and Majdanek (4,000)
Lwów Ghettoalign=right 115,000–160,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp and Janowska concentration camp
Łapyalign=right 600align=right align=right to Białystok Ghetto
Łaskarzewalign=right 1,300align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Łęczycaalign=right 3,000–4,300align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno, many killed locally
Łomża Ghettoalign=right 9,000–11,000align=right align=right to Auschwitz, many killed locally
Łosicealign=right 5,500–6,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Łukówalign=right 10,000 align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka (Oct: 7,000; Nov: 3,000) [47]
Łuck Ghettoalign=right 25,000 align=right align=right all killed locally (most at Polanka) [48]
Maków Mazowieckialign=right 3,500–5,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Michałowoalign=right 1,500align=right 1941align=right to Bialystok Ghetto
Miechówalign=right 4,000align=right 1941align=right 1942to Bełżec (1,000 killed locally)
Nowe Miastoalign=right 3,700align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka (3,000), rest killed locally
Nowogródekalign=right 6,000? align=right align=right all killed locally
Nowy Sącz Ghettoalign=right 20,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Nowy Targalign=right 2,500align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Nowy Żmigródalign=right 1,300align=right 1941align=right all killed locally
Olkuszalign=right 3,000–4,000align=right 1941align=right to Auschwitz
Opatów Ghettoalign=right 10,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Opole Lubelskiealign=right 8,000–10,000align=right 1941align=right to Sobibor and Poniatowa ghetto
Osiekalign=right 500align=right 1941align=right to Ożarów ghetto → Treblinka[49]
Ostrowiec Świętokrzyskialign=right 16,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Ozorkówalign=right 3,000–5,000align=right 1941align=right to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno
Pajęcznoalign=right 3,000align=right 1941align=right 1942to Łódź Ghetto
Parczewalign=right 7,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Piątekalign=right ?align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Pilznoalign=right 788? align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Pińczówalign=right 3,000–3,500align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Pionki (labor camp)align=right 682[50]  align=right 1941align=right to Zwoleń ghetto → Treblinka
Połaniecalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right 1942to Chełmno extermination camp
Praszkaalign=right ?align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Rabkaalign=right 300align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Radom Ghettoalign=right 30,000–32,000align=right align=right to Treblinka extermination camp
Radomyśl Wielkialign=right 1,300? align=right 1941align=right 1942to Bełżec extermination camp
Radoszycealign=right 3,200?[51]  align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Radzyn Podlaskialign=right 2,000–3,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Rajgródalign=right 1,200align=right 1941align=right to Bogusze
Rawa Mazowieckaalign=right 4,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Rejowiecalign=right 3,000align=right 1941align=right 1943to Auschwitz, Sobibor and Majdanek
Ropczycealign=right 800align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Rykialign=right 1,800–3,500align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka and Sobibor
Rymanówalign=right 1,600? align=right 1941align=right to Kraków Ghetto, Bełżec extermination camp, killed locally
Sędziszów Małopolskialign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec
Siedlce Ghettoalign=right 12,000–18,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Siemiatyczealign=right 7,000align=right 1941align=right to Sobibor
Sieniawaalign=right 3,000align=right 1941align=right 1942all killed locally
Siennicaalign=right 700?align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka (700)
Skarżysko-Kamiennaalign=right 3,000align=right 1941align=right 1942to Treblinka (2,500), the rest killed locally
Skrzynnoalign=right ?align=right 1941align=right to Opoczno ghetto
Słonim Ghettoalign=right 22,000align=right align=right [52]  all killed locally (Jul-41: 1,200; Nov: 9,000; Jul-42: 10,000)
Słuckalign=right 3,000–8,500align=right align=right all killed locally
Sokołów Małopolskialign=right 3,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec
Sokołów Podlaskialign=right 4,000–7,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Sokółkaalign=right 8,000–9,000align=right align=right to Kiełbasin → Treblinka
Solecalign=right 800align=right 1941align=right to Tarlow ghetto
Stanisławów Ghettoalign=right 20,000align=right align=right killed locally → to Bełżec
Starachowicealign=right 6,000align=right align=right to Treblinka
Stary Sączalign=right 1,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec
Staszówalign=right 7,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Stopnicaalign=right 5,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka, many killed locally
Strzemieszyce Wielkiealign=right 1,800[53]  align=right 1940–1941align=right to Będzin Ghetto (500), Auschwitz (1,400)
Strzyżówalign=right 1,300 align=right 1941align=right to Rzeszów ghetto, killed locally → Bełżec
Suchedniówalign=right 5,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Sulejówalign=right 1,500align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Szczuczynalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Bogusze transit camp, killed locally
Śniadowoalign=right 650align=right 1941align=right to Zambrow ghetto
Tarczynalign=right 1,600align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Tarnobrzeg (ghetto & camp)align=right 500[54]  align=right align=right to Dębica ghetto → Bełżec
Tarnogródalign=right 2,600–5,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec from ghetto & camp, many killed locally
Tarnopol Ghettoalign=right 20,000align=right align=right to Bełżec, many killed locally
Tarnówalign=right 40,000align=right align=right 10,000 killed locally, Bełżec (10,000), Auschwitz
Tomaszów Lubelskialign=right 1,400–1,500align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec
Tyczynalign=right ?align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Wadowicealign=right 1,400[55]  align=right 1941align=right to Auschwitz
Wąwolnicaalign=right 2,500align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Węgrówalign=right 6,000–8,300align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Wieliczkaalign=right 7,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Wielunalign=right 4,200–7,000align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp, killed locally
Wieruszówalign=right 1,400align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Wilno Ghettoalign=right 30,000–80,000 align=right align=right killed locally (21,000 before ghetto was set up)[56]
Wiślicaalign=right 2,000align=right 1941align=right to Jędrzejów ghetto
Wolbromalign=right 3,000–5,000align=right 1941align=right to Bełżec, many killed locally
Wysokie Mazowieckiealign=right 5,000align=right 1941align=right to Zambrow ghetto
Zabłudówalign=right 1,800[57]  align=right align=right 10th Calvary camp near Białystok → Treblinka (1,400)
Zambrówalign=right 3,200–4,000align=right 1941align=right to Auschwitz, mass killings locally
Zawierciealign=right 5,000–7,000align=right 1941align=right to Auschwitz (5,000)
Zelówalign=right ?align=right 1941align=right to Chełmno extermination camp
Zwoleń (open type)align=right 6,500–10,000[58]  align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka extermination camp (8,000)[59]
Żarkialign=right 3,200align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
Żelechówalign=right 5,500–13,000align=right 1941align=right to Treblinka
1942
On January 20, 1942, at the Wannsee conference near Berlin, Reinhard Heydrich informed senior Nazi officials that "the final solution of the Jewish question" was deportation from the ghettos and subsequent mass extermination of the Jews. Implementation plan developed. Six death factories were built by German firms in occupied Poland within two-to-six months.
Andrychówalign=right 700align=right align=right to Auschwitz concentration camp
Annopolalign=right ?align=right align=right to Kraśnik ghetto
Baranów Sandomierskialign=right 2,000align=right align=right to Dębica ghetto, (all)
Bieczalign=right 700–800align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Czortkówalign=right 4,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Dąbrowa Tarnowskaalign=right 2,400–3,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp and Auschwitz
Dębicaalign=right 1,500–4,000align=right 1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Drohobycz Ghettoalign=right 10,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Dubnoalign=right 9,000?align=right align=right all killed locally
Frysztak Ghettoalign=right 1,600[60]  align=right 1942align=right to Jasło ghetto → killed in Warzyce forest
Hrubieszów (labor camp)align=right 200[61]  align=right align=right to Budzyn, killed locally, see Hrubieszów # 122 above (6,800)
Jasienica Rosielnaalign=right 1,500align=right 1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Kołomyja (ghetto & camp)align=right 18,000align=right 1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
Koprzywnicaalign=right 1,800align=right 1940align=right to Treblinka
Kowale Pańskiealign=right 3,000–5,000align=right 1939–1942align=right 1942to Chełmno extermination camp
Kowelalign=right 17,000align=right align=right all killed locally
Kraśnik (ghetto & camp)align=right 5,000align=right 1940–1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Krosnoalign=right 600–2,500align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Leskoalign=right 2,000align=right 1942align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Lubaczówalign=right 4,200–7,000align=right align=right to Sobibor, many killed locally
Łachwa Ghettoalign=right 2,350align=right align=right killed locally, 1,500 in an uprising.[62]
Łęcznaalign=right 3,000align=right align=right to Sobibor, many killed locally
Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghettoalign=right 20,000align=right align=right [63]  to Treblinka (17,000), hundreds killed locally.[64]
Ożarówalign=right 4,500align=right align=right to Treblinka
Pińsk Ghettoalign=right 26,200align=right align=right to Bronna Góra (3,500), the rest killed locally
Przemyślalign=right 22,000–24,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp, Auschwitz, Janowska
Przeworskalign=right 1,400? align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Przysuchaalign=right 2,500–5,000align=right align=right [65]  to Treblinka (5,000)[66]
Sambor Ghettoalign=right 8,000–9,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
Sosnowiec Ghettoalign=right 12,000align=right align=right to Auschwitz
Starachowice (labor camp)align=right 13,000align=right 1942align=right 1942to Treblinka, see also Starachowice ghetto
Stryjalign=right 4,000–12,000align=right 1942align=right all killed locally
Sucha Beskidzkaalign=right 400[67]  align=right 1942align=right 1943to Auschwitz
Szydłówalign=right 1,000align=right align=right to Chmielnik ghetto
Tarnogród (labor camp)align=right 1,000align=right 1942align=right 1942see Tarnogród ghetto → Bełżec extermination camp
Tomaszów M. (labor camp)align=right 1,000align=right 1942align=right to Starachowice,[68] see also Tomaszów Mazowiecki Ghetto (1940)
Tuchówalign=right 3,000align=right align=right to Bełżec extermination camp
Zdzięcioł Ghettoalign=right 4,500align=right align=right killed locally during Zdzięcioł massacres

Aftermath

The ghetto inhabitants – most of whom were murdered during Operation Reinhard – possessed Polish citizenship before the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland, which in turn enabled over 150,000 Holocaust survivors registered at CKŻP to take advantage of the later repatriation agreements between the governments of Poland and the Soviet Union, and legally emigrate to the West to help form the nascent State of Israel.[69] Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.[70] By contrast, Stalin forcibly brought Soviet Jews back to USSR along with all Soviet citizens, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference.[71]

Some Jewish populations remained in the ghettos after their destruction. Many Jewish people were not able to leave the ghettos, either because they were too destitute or because they were still surrounded by Germans.[72] This resulted in many of the ghettos' inhabitants dying from harsh conditions such as exposure, lack of food, and diseases. Those who left faced the challenge of seeking a place where they as displaced people could be resettled.[73]

See also

Notes and References

  1. [Yitzhak Arad]
  2. Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1960.  
  3. Book: Berenbaum, Michael . Michael Berenbaum

    . Michael Berenbaum . The World Must Know . . 2006 . 114 . 978-0801883583 .

  4. http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/176.html "The War Against The Jews"
  5. [Wojciech Roszkowski]
  6. Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan Van Pelt, The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz, W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.
  7. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto
  8. University of Minnesota, Majdanek Death Camp
  9. Edward Victor, "Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities." Judaica Philatelic. Accessed June 20, 2011.
  10. [Richard C. Lukas]
  11. [Gunnar S. Paulsson]
  12. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/sp/article.php?ModuleId=10007445 "Types of Ghettos"
  13. Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, "The Ghettos of Poland". Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2002.
  14. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 Warsaw Ghetto
  15. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005059 Ghettos
  16. [François Furet]
  17. The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews  , as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon,   and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at ARC 2005  . Some figures might require further confirmation due to their comparative range.
  18. Web site: A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland . Stanford University . The Book Haven . December 15, 2010 . April 25, 2011.
  19. Book: Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters . Warsaw

    3S Media

    . 2010 . 978-83-7673-020-2 . April 25, 2011 . Tomasz Sommer . 277.
  20. Location names in other languages are available through the active links.
  21. Piotrkow Trybunalski . The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority . Yad Vashem . Shoah Resource Center . Yad Vashem .
  22. Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, "Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji" (Extermination of Jews in the light of testimony) .   According to 1946 research by Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna in Katowice, wrote Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, there were around 30,000 Jews in Będzin following the invasion, including those who came in from neighbouring settlements. Between October 1940 and May 1942, the first 4,000 Jews were deported. In May 1942 additional 2,000 and in August, 5,000 more. Deportations between August 1942 and mid June 1943 amounted to additional 5,000. On 22 June 1943 the next transport of 5,000 Jews departed to Auschwitz, and finally, between 1–3 August 1943, the remaining 8,000 were sent away. The dispersed Jews who stayed, amounting to 1,000 persons, were deported between early October 1943 and July 1944. In total, about 28,000 Jews are believed to have been deported from the Będzin Ghetto. This information however, is not confirmed by the two main sources of the remaining data nor the Jewish Historical Institute, listing only 7,000 victims.
  23. http://www.jhi.pl/en/gminy/miasto/613.html Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database.
  24. Iwona Pogorzelska, Bodzentyn od 1869 roku do niepodległości. Polska.pl. Accessed June 16, 2011.
  25. Web site: Róża Robota postanowiła walczyć do końca . . Pamięć Auschwitz (4/2010) . 20 January 2010 . Patrycja Bukalska . Róża Robota chose to fight till the end.
  26. Web site: Historia Żydów w Ciechanowie . History of the Jews in Ciechanów . Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl) . pl . Martyna Sypniewska . Jewish Historical Institute (ŻIH), Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków; J. Szczepański, D. Piotrowicz . Czerwony Bór massacres. . 2016-03-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406204021/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1622,historia-zydow-w-ciechanowie/ . 2016-04-06 . dead .
  27. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/lowicz/13,miejsca-martyrologii/12946,getto-w-lowiczu/ "Getto w Łowiczu," at Miejsca martyrologii, Wirtualny Sztetl.
  28. Web site: Cmentarz żydowski w Mogielnicy Jewish cemetery in Mogielnica. cmentarze-zydowskie.pl.
  29. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/piotrkow-trybunalski/13,places-of-martyrology/3244,getto-w-piotrkowie-trybunalskim/ Piotrków Trybunalski – Getto w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim.
  30. Web site: Angelika Lasiewicz-Sych, "Traces of the past", Kultura Współczesna nr 4 (38), 2003. . 2011-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325222601/http://www.stacjamuranow.art.pl/muranow_station/places/an_essay_on_traces_of_the_past . 2012-03-25 . dead .
  31. Web site: Virtual Shtetl . . Jewish history of Włodawa . pl . Olszewski E., Szczygieł R. (1991), Dzieje Włodawy, Lublin – Włodawa . Virtual Shtetl . Deportations to Sobibór took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943. Web site: Remember Jewish Wlodawa . Genealogy Group . With maps and family photographs . Resource Guides.
  32. Book: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2050wk1.19 . j.ctt2050wk1.19 . Białystok Region (Distrikt Bialystok) . Browning . Christopher R. . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume II . 2012 . 855–988 . Indiana University Press . 10.2307/j.ctt2050wk1.19 . 9780253355997 .
  33. Web site: The Bielsk Podlaski Ghetto - Eyewitness Holocaust testimony of life and death in the Bielsk Podlaski ghetto. JewishGen KehilaLinks.
  34. Web site: Brześć – History . . July 15, 2011 . 12.
  35. [Yitzhak Arad]
  36. http://www.ciepielow.pl/menu/aktualnosci/zycie_za_zycie.pdf "Życie za Życie" (Righteous of Ciepielów who paid the ultimate price)."
  37. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/cmielow/5,historia/?action=view&page=1 "Ćmielów – Historia,"
  38. Encyclopedia: Gniewoszów . Indiana University Press . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia . 2012 . Geoffrey P. Megargee . Christopher Browning . Martin Dean . 224–225 . 978-0-253-35599-7.
  39. Web site: Getto w Iwacewiczach . Museum of the History of Polish Jews . . April 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045108/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/iwacewicze/13,places-of-martyrology/33024,getto-w-iwacewiczach/ . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  40. Web site: Getta tranzytowe w dystrykcie lubelskim . May 20, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120212072549/http://www.tnn.pl/pm%2C2590.html . February 12, 2012 . . Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  41. Web site: Izbica. History . Museum of the History of Polish Jews . . April 12, 2012 . 3 of 6 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112927/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/izbica/5,history/?action=view&page=2 . September 24, 2015 . dead .
  42. The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2. A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2,000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding. See statement by Senator Jadwiga Stokarska.  
  43. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/krakow/5,history/?action=view&page=2 Kraków – History. Page 3.
  44. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/grodno/13,miejsca-martyrologii/34493,kielbasin-ul-o-solomowoj-byly-nazistowski-oboz-tranzytowy/ Niemiecki obóz tranzytowy Kiełbasin w Grodnie (wul. Sołamawaj)
  45. Jack Kugelmass, Jonathan Boyarin, Zachary M. Baker, From a ruined garden: the memorial books of Polish Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed June 27, 2011.
  46. Book: Jack Fischel. The Holocaust. 1998. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-29879-0. 58.
  47. http://www.holocaustresearchproject.net/ar/treblinkadaytoday.html "Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day,"
  48. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. "Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries."
  49. Web site: Osiek. History of Jewish community . Museum of the History of Polish Jews . . April 8, 2012.
  50. Encyclopedia: Pionki by Jolanta Kraemer . Indiana University Press . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia . April 10, 2012 . Geoffrey P. Megargee . Christopher Browning . Martin Dean . 278–279 . 978-0-253-35599-7. 2009 .
  51. Piotr Berghof, "Radoszyce, wspomnienie o żydowskich mieszkańcach miasteczka."  . Accessed June 27, 2011.
  52. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/slonim/5,history/ Słonim – History. Jewish community.
  53. Book: The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust . NYU Press . 2001. Shmuel Spector . Geoffrey Wigoder . 1255 . 978-0-8147-9356-5.
  54. http://e-przewodniki.pl/przewodnik-nowy-137-rozdzial-2057.html "Tarnobrzeg. Warto zobaczyć" (Tarnobrzeg worth seeing)
  55. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/wadowice/5,historia/?action=view&amp%3Bamp%3Bpage=1&print=1 Wadowice – Historia.
  56. http://www.vilnaghetto.com/chrono.html "Chronology of Vilna Ghetto,"
  57. http://www.zabludow.com/treblinka.html "The Deportation of the Zabludow Jews to Treblinka Death Camp."
  58. Encyclopedia: Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer . Indiana University Press . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Geoffrey P. Megargee . Christopher Browning . Martin Dean . 355–356 . 978-0-253-35599-7. 2009 .
  59. Zwolen . Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3 . Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), Pages 187–189 . Summer 2003 . Daniel Blatman. Judy Montel. Daniel Blatman . 8–9.
  60. http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Krosno/holocaust.htm Holocaust: "The Jews in the County of Cracau (sic)." The JewishGen ShtetLinks.
  61. http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Hrubieszow/ The Hrubieszow Genealogy Group.
  62. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=1,0007233 "Lachwa, Polesie province, Poland."
  63. http://www.mezritch.org.il/eng-text/eng-town.html "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski."
  64. http://www.mezritch.org.il/eng-text/eng-town.html "Mezritch (Międzyrzec) Podlaski in the Jewish sources."
  65. http://www.wertheimer.info/family/GRAMPS/Haapalah/plc/2/9/bbffb7da76b7d7d4992.html Przysucha, województwo Mazowieckie, Polska.
  66. http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/przysucha/5,history/ Przysucha – History.
  67. http://mapa.targeo.pl/gmina/Sucha%20Beskidzka,670862?print Gmina Sucha Beskidzka, powiat suski.
  68. Stefan Krakowski, Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed June 24, 2001.
  69. Book: Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948 . Rowman & Littlefield . 2001 . May 11, 2011 . Philipp Ther . Ana Siljak . 138 . 978-0-7425-1094-4.
  70. Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70.
  71. Arieh J. Kochavi, Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948. Page 15. The University of North Carolina Press.
  72. Web site: After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem.
  73. Web site: Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath. fcit.usf.edu.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland".

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