In the Jewish diaspora, a Jewish quarter (also known as jewry, juiverie, Judengasse, Jewynstreet, Jewtown, Juderia or proto-ghetto)[1] is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of segregated ghettos instituted by the surrounding Christian authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is "Di yiddishe gas" (Yiddish: די ייִדישע גאַס ), or "The Jewish quarter."[2] While in Ladino, they are known as maalé yahudí, meaning "The Jewish quarter".
Many European and Near Eastern cities once had a historical Jewish quarter and some still have it. The history of the Jews in Iraq is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c 586 BC. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities.
Jewish quarters in Europe existed for a number of reasons. In some cases, Christian authorities wished to segregate Jews from the Christian population so that Christians would not be "contaminated" by them or so as to put psychological pressure on Jews to convert to Christianity. From the Jewish point of view, concentration of Jews within a limited area offered a level of protection from outside influences or mob violence. In many cases, residents had their own justice system.
When political authorities designated an area where Jews were required by law to live, such areas were commonly referred to as ghettos, and were usually coupled with many other disabilities and indignities. The areas chosen usually consisted of the most undesirable areas of a city.
In the English city of Norwich, the Jewish quarter was close to the castle, as a source of protection in times of local pogroms. This pattern was seen in other English towns, where Jews were under the protection of the Normans.[3]
In the 19th century, Jewish ghettos were progressively abolished, and their walls taken down, though some areas of Jewish concentration continued and continue to exist. In some cities, Jewish quarters refer to areas which historically had concentrations of Jews. For example, many maps of Spanish towns mark a "Jewish Quarter", though Spain hasn't had a significant Jewish population for over 500 years.
Over the course of World War II, Nazi Germany reestablished Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe (which they called Jewish quarters) for the purpose of segregation, persecution, terror, and exploitation of Jews, mostly in Eastern Europe. According to USHMM archives, "The Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone."[4]
See main article: Jewish ghettos in Europe and Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe.
Judenplatz (1280-1421); Leopoldstadt
Minsk ghetto (appr. 100,000 Jews, local and deported from Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic, during the Second World War)
Joods Antwerpen (35,000 Jews before 1940, 15,000 nowadays)
Saint-Seurin
La Juiverie de Draguignan (fr)
La Juiverie de Fourvière and La Guillotière
La Carrière-des-Juifs and Mont-Juif or Montjusieu
the Pletzl in Le Marais district
and the
New Town,, and Eimsbüttel (History of the Jews in Hamburg)
"Jewtown" around Albert Road[5] [6]
Iudeca (Giudecca)
Judeca Suprana, Judeca Suttana and Piano di Giacobbe
Iudeca (Giudecca)
Tirone and Paraporto
Giudecca
Paduan Ghetto
Meschita and Guzzetta
La Judeca (Giudecca)
Jodenbuurt; Jodenbreestraat (until World War II); Buitenveldert (contemporary)
Muranów (during World War II, the Warsaw Ghetto)
Judiaria
Judiaria Velha (Rua do Poço) and Judiaria Nova (Rua de Sto. António das Travessas)
Judiaria Velha and Judiaria Nova (Fonte dos Judeus)
Alfama and Judiaria
Judiaria Velha, Judiaria Nova do Olival and Bairro de Monchique
Jewry Street
In the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa there are a number of neighborhoods or small towns, generally in large cities or outlying communities of such, which are home to large concentrations of Jewish residents, much in the manner of old-world Jewish quarters or other ethnic enclaves, though without exclusive Jewish population.