Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz Explained

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
Birth Name:Jennifer Lippincott
Birth Date:19 October 1952
Birth Place:Manhattan, Kansas
Fields:
  • Organelle Biology
Workplaces:
Alma Mater:
Spouse:Jonathan Schwartz

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz is a Senior Group Leader at Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus and a founding member of the Neuronal Cell Biology Program at Janelia.[1] Previously, she was the Chief of the Section on Organelle Biology in the Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, in the Division of Intramural Research in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health from 1993 to 2016. Lippincott-Schwartz received her PhD from Johns Hopkins University, and performed post-doctoral training with Richard Klausner at the NICHD, NIH in Bethesda, Maryland.[2]

Lippincott-Schwartz's research revealed that the organelles of eukaryotic cells are dynamic, self-organized structures that constantly regenerate themselves through intracellular vesicle traffic, rather than static structures.[3] She is also a pioneer in developing live cell imaging techniques to study the dynamic interactions of molecules in cells, including photobleaching and photoactivation techniques which allow investigation of subcellular localization, mobility, transport routes, and turnover of important cellular proteins related to membrane trafficking and compartmentalization. Lippincott-Schwartz's lab also tests mechanistic hypotheses related to protein and organelle functions and dynamics by utilizing quantitative measurements through kinetic modeling and simulation experiments.[4] Along with Craig Blackstone, Lippincott-Schwartz utilized advanced imaging techniques to reveal a more accurate picture of how the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum is structured. Their findings may yield new insights for genetic diseases affecting proteins that help shape the endoplasmic reticulum.[5] Additionally, Lippincott-Schwartz's laboratory demonstrated that Golgi enzymes constitutively recycle back to the endoplasmic reticulum and that such recycling plays a central role in the maintenance, biogenesis, and inheritance of the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells.[6]

Within Lippincott-Schwartz lab, current projects include several cell biological areas. For example, protein transport and cytoskeleton interaction, organelle assembly and disassembly, and cell polarity generation. There are also projects analyzing the dynamics of proteins that have been fluorescently labeled. These proteins are labeled using several live cell imaging techniques such as FRAP, FCS, and photoactivation.[7]

Lippincott-Schwartz has dedicated her most recent lab research to photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), which allows the viewing of molecular distributions of high densities at the nano-scale.

Early life

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz was born on October 19, 1952, in Manhattan, Kansas. Her father was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Maryland[8] and a periodic table could be found hanging in her family's household kitchen. Lippincott-Schwartz's exposure to her father's work is what sparked her love of science. The family moved to a farm in Northern Virginia that had several horses and various other animals. This is where Lippincott-Schwartz found her love of biology.

Education

Lippincott-Schwartz attended Swarthmore College, where she majored in psychology and philosophy and graduated with honors from Swarthmore College in 1974. She taught science at a girl's high school in Kenya for two years before returning to the USA and entering a Master's program in Biology at Stanford University where she worked on DNA repair in the laboratory of Philip Hanawalt. She then entered a Biochemistry Ph.D. program at Johns Hopkins University, where she worked in Douglas Fambrough's lab in the Carnegie Institution of Embryology and studied the dynamics of lysosomal membrane proteins.[9] [10]

Career

Postdoctoral work

After graduating from Johns Hopkins in 1986, Lippincott-Schwartz joined Richard D. Klausner's lab at the National Institutes of Health. Using the drug brefeldin A to perturb membrane trafficking, she showed that membranes cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi,[11] [12] leading to a recognition that cellular organelles are dynamic, self-organized structures that constantly regenerate themselves through intracellular vesicle traffic.[13]

NIH

Lippincott-Schwartz became a staff fellow at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at NIH in 1990. During this time, Lippincott-Schwartz began developing techniques to use green fluorescent protein (GFP) to visualize cellular trafficking pathways in living cells.[14] She refined the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to use in studying the dynamics of membrane proteins. In this method, GFP-tagged membrane proteins are subjected to photobleaching in a small area of the cell, and then the cell is imaged to discover how long it takes for non-bleached proteins to replace the bleached ones, i.e. how long it takes for the fluorescence to recover. Before this work, it was thought that the membrane proteins in organelles such as the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane were fixed in place. However, the FRAP technique proved that molecules within cells move quite rapidly and are able to diffuse freely.[15] Lippincott-Schwartz subsequently introduced photoactivatable GFP that increases its fluorescence after irradiation.[16] This allowed Lippincott-Schwartz and her post-doc George Patterson to track the transport of cargo molecules through the Golgi with great precision,[17] leading to the realization that cargo transport is not an ordered sequential process; instead, the apparently separate membranous stacks of the Golgi are a single continuous structure, and proteins rapidly equilibrate through the layers.[18]

Lippincott-Schwartz's work on photoactivatable GFP led to a collaboration with Eric Betzig of Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Farm Research Campus in which the ability to turn GFP fluorescence on and off was used to develop one of the first "superresolution imaging" technologies, photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM).[19] The development of "super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" was recognized in 2014 by the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Eric Betzig along with William E. Moerner of Stanford University, and Stefan W. Hell of Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry.[20] [21]

Lippincott-Schwartz has used PALM to assess the stoichiometry and composition of membrane receptors[22] and has collaborated with Vladislav Verkhusha of Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York to develop two-color PALM.[23] She used a combination of five super-resolution techniques to show that the endoplasmic reticulum is composed of a dense tubular matrix, instead of the sheets seen at lower resolution.[24]

Janelia Research Center

In 2016, Lippincott-Schwartz moved from NIH to the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to initiate the Neuronal Cell Biology Program at Janelia.

Professional awards

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Neuronal Cell Biology Research Program Added at Janelia Research Campus. HHMI.org. en. February 2, 2019. March 15, 2016.
  2. Davis. Tinsley H.. July 7, 2009. Profile of Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 106. 27. 10881–10883. 10.1073/pnas.0905805106. 0027-8424. 19567833. 2708775. 2009PNAS..10610881D. free.
  3. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Yuan. L.. Tipper. C.. Amherdt. M.. Orci. L.. Klausner. R. D.. November 1, 1991. Brefeldin A's effects on endosomes, lysosomes, and the TGN suggest a general mechanism for regulating organelle structure and membrane traffic. Cell. 67. 3. 601–616. 0092-8674. 1682055. 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90534-6. 2114431.
  4. Web site: Jennifer A. Lippincott-Schwartz, Ph.D.. NIH Intramural Research Program.
  5. News: Re-envisioning the endoplasmic reticulum. November 7, 2016. National Institutes of Health (NIH). February 3, 2018. en.
  6. Sengupta. Prabuddha. Satpute-Krishnan. Prasanna. Seo. Arnold Y.. Burnette. Dylan T.. Patterson. George H.. Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. December 8, 2015. ER trapping reveals Golgi enzymes continually revisit the ER through a recycling pathway that controls Golgi organization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 112. 49. E6752–E6761. 10.1073/pnas.1520957112. 0027-8424. 26598700. 4679030. 2015PNAS..112E6752S. free.
  7. The Marine Biological Laboratory, the Faculty: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz", 2011
  8. Profile of Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Ph.D.. BioTechniques. 40. 4. 419. Bonetta. Laura. May 21, 2018. 10.2144/06404SP01. 16629387. free.
  9. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Fambrough. D.M.. May 1, 1986. Lysosomal membrane dynamics: structure and interorganellar movement of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein.. The Journal of Cell Biology. en. 102. 5. 1593–1605. 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1593. 0021-9525. 2871029. 2114232.
  10. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Fambrough. D. M.. June 5, 1987. Cycling of the integral membrane glycoprotein, LEP100, between plasma membrane and lysosomes: kinetic and morphological analysis. Cell. 49. 5. 669–677. 0092-8674. 3107839. 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90543-5. 46230310.
  11. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Yuan. L. C.. Bonifacino. J. S.. Klausner. R. D.. March 10, 1989. Rapid redistribution of Golgi proteins into the ER in cells treated with brefeldin A: evidence for membrane cycling from Golgi to ER. Cell. 56. 5. 801–813. 0092-8674. 2647301. 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90685-5. 7173269.
  12. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Donaldson. J. G.. Schweizer. A.. Berger. E. G.. Hauri. H. P.. Yuan. L. C.. Klausner. R. D.. March 9, 1990. Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of proteins into the ER in the presence of brefeldin A suggests an ER recycling pathway. Cell. 60. 5. 821–836. 0092-8674. 2178778. 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90096-W. 45505382.
  13. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Donaldson. J. G.. Klausner. R. D.. March 1, 1992. Brefeldin A: insights into the control of membrane traffic and organelle structure.. The Journal of Cell Biology. en. 116. 5. 1071–1080. 10.1083/jcb.116.5.1071. 0021-9525. 1740466. 2289364.
  14. Presley. J. F.. Cole. N. B.. Schroer. T. A.. Hirschberg. K.. Zaal. K. J.. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. September 4, 1997. ER-to-Golgi transport visualized in living cells. Nature. 389. 6646. 81–85. 10.1038/38001. 0028-0836. 9288971. 1997Natur.389...81P. 5467632.
  15. Cole. N. B.. Smith. C. L.. Sciaky. N.. Terasaki. M.. Edidin. M.. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. August 9, 1996. Diffusional mobility of Golgi proteins in membranes of living cells. Science. 273. 5276. 797–801. 0036-8075. 8670420. 10.1126/science.273.5276.797. 1996Sci...273..797C. 9426667. https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002658/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e945/88996d101f847819c3286bd4ed1db9519f7f.pdf. dead. March 8, 2019.
  16. Patterson. G. H.. A Photoactivatable GFP for Selective Photolabeling of Proteins and Cells. Science. 297. 5588. 2002. 1873–1877. 0036-8075. 10.1126/science.1074952. 12228718. 2002Sci...297.1873P. 45058411.
  17. Patterson. George H.. Hirschberg. Koret. Polishchuk. Roman S.. Gerlich. Daniel. Phair. Robert D.. Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. June 13, 2008. Transport through the Golgi apparatus by rapid partitioning within a two-phase membrane system. Cell. 133. 6. 1055–1067. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.044. 1097-4172. 2481404. 18555781.
  18. Simon. Sanford M.. June 13, 2008. Golgi governance: the third way. Cell. 133. 6. 951–953. 10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.037. 1097-4172. 2711685. 18555771.
  19. Betzig. E.. Patterson. G. H.. Sougrat. R.. Lindwasser. O. W.. Olenych. S.. Bonifacino. J. S.. Davidson. M. W.. Lippincott-Schwartz. J.. Hess. H. F.. Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution. Science. 313. 5793. 2006. 1642–1645. 0036-8075. 10.1126/science.1127344. 16902090. 2006Sci...313.1642B. 807611. free.
  20. Web site: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy. April 20, 2015. October 8, 2014.
  21. Web site: NIH Grantee Honored With 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Early prototype microscope built at NIH. National Institute of Health: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). April 20, 2015. October 8, 2014.
  22. Renz. Malte. Daniels. Brian R.. Vámosi. György. Arias. Irwin M.. Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. October 30, 2012. Plasticity of the asialoglycoprotein receptor deciphered by ensemble FRET imaging and single-molecule counting PALM imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109. 44. E2989–2997. 10.1073/pnas.1211753109. 1091-6490. 3497821. 23043115. free.
  23. Subach. Fedor V. Patterson. George H. Manley. Suliana. Suliana Manley. Gillette. Jennifer M. Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. Verkhusha. Vladislav V. 2009. Photoactivatable mCherry for high-resolution two-color fluorescence microscopy. Nature Methods. 6. 2. 153–159. 10.1038/nmeth.1298. 1548-7091. 2901231. 19169259.
  24. Lippincott-Schwartz. Jennifer. Blackstone. Craig. Betzig. Eric. Hess. Harald F.. Harvey. Kirsten. Pasolli. H. Amalia. Xu. C. Shan. Legant. Wesley R.. Li. Dong. October 28, 2016. Increased spatiotemporal resolution reveals highly dynamic dense tubular matrices in the peripheral ER. Science. en. 354. 6311. aaf3928. 10.1126/science.aaf3928. 0036-8075. 27789813. 6528812.
  25. Web site: E.B. Wilson Award Winners. August 25, 2020.
  26. Web site: 2019 Fellows and International Honorary Members with their affiliations at the time of election . members.amacad.org. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20200302174101/https://members.amacad.org/content/members/newFellows.aspx. March 2, 2020.
  27. Web site: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz. ASCB – An International Forum for Cell Biology. April 20, 2015.
  28. Web site: Honorary Fellowship: List of Honorary Fellows . Royal Microscopical Society . April 20, 2015 . 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091506/http://www.rms.org.uk/About/AboutTheSoc/HonoraryFellows.htm . September 24, 2015 .
  29. Web site: Membrane Kinesis – Shaping and Transport of Cell Membranes. Membrane Transport SFB 807. April 20, 2015. October 22, 2013.
  30. Web site: Keith R. Porter Lecture Award. ASCB – An International Forum for Cell Biology. April 20, 2015.
  31. Web site: Scientists & Research – Scientists – Non-Resident Fellows. Salk Institute. April 20, 2015. 2015.
  32. Web site: Society Fellows. Biophysical Society. April 21, 2015.
  33. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, "Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz", 2014
  34. Web site: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwarz CV. April 20, 2015.

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