Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies explained

U.S. President Barack Obama nominated over 400 individuals for federal judgeships during his presidency. Of these nominations, Congress confirmed 329 judgeships, 173 during the 111th & 112th Congresses[1] and 156 during the 113th and 114th Congresses.[2]

Republicans successfully blocked some confirmations, either by filibuster or voting against cloture, even while the Democratic caucus held a Senate majority (2009–2015). Senator Chuck Grassley, then-ranking Republican on the judiciary, said that more nominees could have been considered if not for the January 2012 National Labor Relations Board recess appointments;[3] the Supreme Court later unanimously ruled these January 2012 appointments illegal in NLRB v. Noel Canning.[4]

In response, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid invoked the so-called parliamentary nuclear option on November 21, 2013, which changed the Senate's confirmation threshold for all executive nominees except for the Supreme Court.[5] While Senate confirmations of Obama judicial nominees rose in 2014 following the "nuclear option," the greatest number of rejection of Obama nominees occurred following the 2014 United States Senate elections, where the Republicans gained nine seats and majority control of the chamber. Obama ultimately nominated 70 individuals for 104 different federal judgeships during this Congress, with 20 confirmations.[6]

With the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016 in the beginning of a presidential election year, the Republican majority in the Senate made it their stated policy to refuse to consider any nominee to the Supreme Court, arguing that the next president should be the one to appoint Scalia's replacement.[7] Obama nominated Merrick Garland for the open Supreme Court seat, but the Senate did not consider the nomination.

List of unsuccessful federal judicial nominations

Obama made 80 nominations for federal judgeships that were not confirmed by the Senate. Of these, 7 were withdrawn by Obama, while the other 73 expired at an adjournment of the Senate, including 54 that were pending at the close of the 114th Congress. As of December 4, 2023, 23 of his unsuccessful nominees had been nominated to federal judgeships by subsequent presidents, with 22 of them having been confirmed.

NomineeCourtNomination
date		Date of
final action		Final actionSubsequent federal judicial nominationsSeat filled byRef.
Supreme Court
SCOTUSreturned to the presidentNeil Gorsuch[8]
Courts of appeals
2nd Cir.returned to the presidentChristopher F. Droney[9] [10]
9th Cir.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaJacqueline Nguyen[11] [12] [13]
Fed. Cir.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaRichard G. Taranto[14] [15]
7th Cir.returned to the presidentMichael B. Brennan[16] [17]
D.C. Cir.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaPatricia Millett[18] [19] [20] [21]
10th Cir.returned to the presidentNancy Moritz[22]
7th Cir.returned to the presidentMichael B. Brennan[23]
7th Cir.returned to the presidentAmy Coney Barrett[24]
8th Cir.returned to the presidentRalph R. Erickson[25]
11th Cir.returned to the presidentKevin Newsom[26]
9th Cir.returned to the presidentDaniel P. Collins[27]
3rd Cir.returned to the presidentStephanos Bibas[28]
6th Cir.returned to the presidentAmul Thapar[29]
District courts
W.D. Wis.returned to the presidentJames D. Peterson[30] [31] [32] [33]
D. Md.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaGeorge L. Russell III[34] [35]
W.D.N.Y.returned to the presidentFrank P. Geraci Jr.[36]
N.D. Ga.returned to the presidentMark Howard Cohen[37]
N.D. Ga.returned to the presidentLeigh Martin May[38]
N.D. Okla.returned to the presidentJohn E. Dowdell[39]
D. Nev.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaRichard Boulware II[40] [41]
S.D. Fla.returned to the presidentRobin L. Rosenberg[42] [43]
E.D.N.C.returned to the presidentRichard E. Myers II[44] [45]
D.S.C.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaA. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr.[46] [47]
N.D. Ga.returned to the presidentMichael Lawrence Brown[48] [49]
S.D. Fla.returned to the presidentRodney Smith[50]
D.N.J.returned to the presidentEvelyn Padin[51]
W.D. Tenn.returned to the presidentTommy Parker[52]
C.D. Cal.returned to the presidentStanley Blumenfeld[53]
W.D. Pa.returned to the presidentHerself[54]
D. Mass.returned to the presidentAngel Kelley[55]
E.D.N.Y.returned to the presidentHimself[56]
W.D. Pa.returned to the presidentMarilyn Horan[57]
W.D. Pa.returned to the presidentPeter J. Phipps[58]
N.D. Ga.returned to the presidentMichael Lawrence Brown[59]
E.D. Pa.returned to the presidentHimself[60]
D. Haw.returned to the presidentJill Otake[61]
D. Md.returned to the presidentHerself[62]
D.R.I.returned to the presidentHerself[63]
C.D. Cal.returned to the presidentJohn W. Holcomb[64]
W.D. Okla.returned to the presidentPatrick Wyrick[65]
W.D. Okla.returned to the presidentHimself[66]
D. Utahreturned to the presidentHoward C. Nielson Jr.[67]
S.D. Ind.returned to the presidentJames R. Sweeney II[68]
D. Kan.returned to the presidentHolly Teeter[69]
W.D. La.returned to the presidentMichael J. Juneau[70]
E.D. La.returned to the presidentBarry Ashe[71]
D.S.C.returned to the presidentA. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr.[72]
D.S.C.returned to the presidentHimself[73]
W.D. Tex.returned to the presidentHimself[74]
N.D. Tex.returned to the presidentJames Wesley Hendrix[75]
N.D. Tex.returned to the presidentKaren Gren Scholer[76]
N.D. Tex.returned to the presidentAda Brown[77]
E.D. Tex.returned to the presidentSean D. Jordan[78]
W.D.N.Y.returned to the presidentJohn Sinatra[79]
D. Idahoreturned to the presidentHimself[80]
W.D. Wash.returned to the presidentLauren J. King[81]
W.D. Wash.returned to the presidentJohn H. Chun[82]
W.D. Wash.returned to the presidentTana Lin[83]
M.D. Fla.returned to the presidentWendy Berger[84]
D.D.C.returned to the presidentCarl J. Nichols[85]
M.D. Fla.returned to the presidentHimself[86]
N.D. Fla.returned to the presidentT. Kent Wetherell II[87]
D.D.C.returned to the presidentDabney L. Friedrich[88]
D. Colo.returned to the presidentDaniel D. Domenico[89]
E.D.N.C.returned to the presidentRichard E. Myers II[90]
D. Nev.returned to the presidentHerself[91]
D.D.C.returned to the presidentTimothy J. Kelly[92]
E.D.N.Y.returned to the presidentHerself[93]
Court of International Trade
Intl. Tradereturned to the presidentM. Miller Baker[94] [95]
Intl. Tradereturned to the presidentTimothy M. Reif[96]
Article I courts
Vet. Cl.withdrawn by Pres. ObamaMargaret Bartley[97]
Fed. Cl.returned to the presidentRyan T. Holte[98] [99]
Fed. Cl.returned to the presidentDavid A. Tapp[100] [101]
Fed. Cl.returned to the presidentHimself[102] [103]
Fed. Cl.returned to the presidentMatthew H. Solomson[104] [105]
Fed. Cl.returned to the presidentRichard Hertling[106] [107]
T.C.returned to the presidentPatrick J. Urda[108]
T.C.returned to the presidentElizabeth A. Copeland[109]
Article IV courts
D. Guamreturned to the presidentTBD[110]

Nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court

See main article: Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination. Following the death of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Antonin Scalia in February 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to fill Scalia's seat on the Supreme Court. At the time of his nomination, Garland was the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Scalia's death led to an unusual situation in which a Democratic president had the opportunity to appoint a Supreme Court nominee while the Republicans controlled the United States Senate; before Scalia's death; such a situation last occurred when a Senate Republican majority confirmed Grover Cleveland's nomination of Rufus Wheeler Peckham in 1895.[111] While Garland himself was not personally controversial, Scalia was considered one of the more conservative members of the Supreme Court. Political and legal commentators noted that a more liberal replacement could shift the Court's ideological balance for many years into the future, as the confirmation of Garland would have given Democratic appointees a majority on the Supreme Court for the first time since the Harry Blackmun's confirmation in 1970.[112]

Following Scalia's death, Republican Senate leaders announced that they did not plan to consider any Supreme Court nomination during the president's last year in office, citing the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election.[113] Senate Democrats argued that there was sufficient time to vote on a nominee before the election.[114] Garland's nomination ultimately expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. The nomination remained before the Senate for 293 days,[115] the longest such nomination in American history Supreme Court nomination.[116]

On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump announced his selection of Judge Neil Gorsuch for the open Supreme Court seat. Gorsuch was confirmed on April 7, 2017, by a Republican-majority Senate, 54–45[117] and sworn in on April 10, 2017.[118]

Failed, stalled or filibustered appellate nominations

Failed nominations

Successful appointments

Failed, stalled or filibustered district court nominations

Failed nominations

Butler unsuccessfully ran for the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2000 and lost by a wide margin.[184] He was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2004, but narrowly lost the 2008 election to retain the seat.[185] On September 30, 2009, President Obama nominated Butler to serve on the District Court. Critics argued that Butler should not be appointed to the federal bench after having been twice rejected by the voters of his state,[185] and labeled him as liberal ideologue who was hostile toward tough criminal sentences and the rights of gun owners.[186] He was also criticized for a ruling which effectively overturned the state's limits on non-economic damages in medical malpractice suits and a ruling in which he supported "collective liability" in lead paint cases in which companies could be held liable for products that they didn't produce, leading to charges of being overly beholden to trial lawyers.[187] Wisconsin Senator Ron Johnson, elected in 2010, immediately placed a hold on Butler's nomination once he took office in 2011, and the Senate returned Butler's nomination to the White House in December 2011 without consideration. On November 7, 2013, Obama nominated James D. Peterson to fill this vacancy, and he was confirmed overwhelmingly on May 8, 2014.

Day, a U.S. magistrate judge in Maryland, was initially nominated in July 2010, but his nomination was withdrawn by President Obama on October 31, 2011. Day did not receive a hearing in the Judiciary Committee. Senator Chuck Grassley stated that Committee members had "insurmountable concerns" about matters raised during a background investigation of Day, adding that Day "is aware of those problems and is free to share that information if he so desires."[188] In November 2011, Obama nominated Baltimore Circuit Court Judge George Levi Russell III to fill this vacancy, and he was confirmed on May 14, 2012.

Green, then the Monroe County District Attorney in western New York, was nominated on January 26, 2011. The nomination was reported out of the Senate Judiciary Committee, but the nomination stalled in the Senate and was returned to the president at the end of 2011. In follow-up questions to his hearing testimony, several Republican senators focused on Green's decision to seek drug treatment rather than jail for some offenders, while others queried Green about his views on the death penalty. On December 18, 2011, a White House spokesman told a local newspaper that President Obama would not renominate Green to the seat.[189] "Mike Green would have made an outstanding judge, and it is very unfortunate not only for him, but for a strong judiciary, that partisan politics stood in the way," Senator Chuck Schumer said in a statement on December 18, 2011. On December 19, 2011, Green said at a press conference that he blamed local opposition on his failed judicial nomination, as a result of his prosecution of public corruption.[190] In May 2012, Obama nominated longtime Rochester judge Frank Paul Geraci, Jr. to fill thisvacancy, and he was confirmed unanimously on December 13, 2012.

Mikkanen was nominated following a recommendation from Democratic Governor Brad Henry.[191] His nomination was immediately met with opposition from members of Oklahoma's congressional delegation, with Republican Senators James Inhofe and Tom Coburn and Democratic Representative Dan Boren expressing disappointment that they were not consulted on the nomination.[192] [193] Opposition to Mikkanen's nomination centered around procedural grounds,[192] [193] and President Obama ultimately nominated then-federal magistrate judge John E. Dowdell to fill the vacancy. The Senate confirmed Dowdell unanimously on December 11, 2012.

Originally nominated on December 19, 2013, to the seat expected to be vacated by Judge Julie E. Carnes, who was nominated to United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit on the same day. David Scott, U.S. Representative from Georgia's 13th district, criticized the nomination of Boggs because of Boggs' votes in the legislature to retain Confederate insignia in the state flag of Georgia, restrict abortion, and ban same-sex marriage.[195] Boggs was nominated as part of a group of nominees that won approval of Georgia's U.S. senators, to allow votes on their nominations. He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on May 13, 2014, but his nomination was not reported from committee. On December 30, 2014, Senator Chambliss revealed that he had been advised in late November by White House chief of staff Denis McDonough that Boggs would not be renominated.[196] On July 30, 2015, the President nominated judge Dax Eric López to the vacancy.

On February 16, 2012, President Obama nominated Cadish, a Clark County District Court Judge, to be a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.[199] She would have replaced Philip M. Pro who took senior status in 2011. Because Senator Heller had refused to return his blue slip, the Senate Judiciary Committee did not hold a hearing on her nomination. Heller's opposition to her nomination and his invocation of "senatorial courtesy" was because of a statement by Cadish indicating that she believed that there was no individual right to keep and bear arms, a statement which was made in 2008, prior to Supreme Court decisions explicitly recognizing an individual right to keep and bear arms.[200] On March 8, 2013, Cadish requested that President Obama withdraw her nomination, and on March 13, 2013, Obama formally withdrew the nomination.[201] On January 16, 2014, Obama nominated Richard F. Boulware to fill this vacancy, and he was confirmed on June 10, 2014.

On November 14, 2012, President Obama nominated Dade County Circuit Court Judge Thomas to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida[202] to replace Adalberto Jordan.[203] If confirmed, Thomas would have been the first openly gay black male to serve as a federal judge.[204] On January 2, 2013, his nomination was returned to the President, due to the sine die adjournment of the Senate. On January 3, 2013, he was renominated to the same office. On September 19, 2013, Senator Marco Rubio announced that – although originally he recommended Thomas to the President – he would not return his blue slip.[205] His nomination was returned to the President because of the sine die adjournment of Congress on January 3, 2014. Obama decided not to resubmitt the nomination a third time.[206] Palm Beach County Circuit Court Judge Robin L. Rosenberg was nominated to the seat on February 26, 2014, and she was confirmed on July 22, 2014.

A Richland County Circuit Court Judge since 1999, Lee was originally nominated on June 26, 2013, to the seat being vacated by Cameron McGowan Currie, who took senior status on October 3, 2013.[207] South Carolina Senators Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott opposed her nomination because of a controversial decision that she made involving burglary suspect Lorenzo Young. Lee consolidated his bonds and reduced the bond total from $225,000 to $175,000 for Young, who subsequently was released and then later charged in a July 1 murder.[208] [209] Because of opposition from her home state senators and no opportunity of receiving a committee hearing, on September 18, 2014, Obama withdrew her nomination.[210] The seat was filled in 2019 by Trump nominee A. Marvin Quattlebaum Jr.

Successful nominations

McConnell was first nominated on March 10, 2010.[216] McConnell had donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to Democratic campaigns, including over eight thousand each to the campaigns of Rhode Island Senators Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse.[216] McConnell's critics contended that his prolific political contributions suggest that McConnell would be a partisan judge.[217] On May 4, 2011, the Senate invoked cloture on McConnell's nomination in a 63–33 vote, and he was confirmed later that same day in a 50–44 vote.[218] At the time, the cloture petition to break the filibuster marked one of the rare instances that such a motion had been required to force a vote on a district court nominee, with only three prior instances recorded.[219]

Chen faced opposition due to his work as an attorney for the ACLU.[125] [220] On May 5, 2011, Senator Harry Reid received unanimous consent from the Senate to proceed to an executive session of the Senate at a future time, eliminating the need to file for cloture on Chen's nomination.[221] On May 10, 2011, Chen was confirmed by a 56–42 vote.

On June 23, 2011, President Obama nominated Marquez, a Tucson defense attorney, to the federal court in Arizona. However, Arizona's two Republican senators, John McCain and Jon Kyl, refused to return their blue slips.[222] McCain said that he did not believe that Marquez was qualified, telling a newspaper, "I've been working with Sen. Kyl, but we do not feel at this time that she's qualified."[223] On January 28, 2014, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on her nomination as well as five other individuals nominated to the same court. She was confirmed on May 15, 2014, by a vote of 81–15.

On November 7, 2013, President Obama nominated Missouri Supreme Court Justice White to serve on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.[224] White had previously been nominated for the same position by President Bill Clinton in 1997, but the nomination was defeated.[225] The nomination drew controversy, as Republicans charged White as being a liberal ideologue who was biased in favor of criminal defendants. He received a hearing before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee on May 20, 2014.[226] On June 19, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by a vote of 10–8.[227] On July 16, 2014, the Senate voted 54–43 for cloture on White's nomination, ending a Republican-led filibuster. Later that same day, senators voted 53–44 to confirm White.[228]

Impacts of vacancies

A 2016 study found that the current rate of federal judicial vacancies (10 percent) had led prosecutors to dismiss more cases and had led defendants to be more likely to plead guilty and less likely to be incarcerated.[229] The authors found that "the current rate of vacancies has resulted in 1,000 fewer prison inmates annually compared to a fully-staffed court system, a 1.5 percent decrease."

Nominations that were made at the end of Obama's term and later renominated

Successful renominations

On April 28, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Rodriguez to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, to the seat vacated by Judge Robert E. Blackburn, who took senior status on April 12, 2016. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with Trump nominee Daniel D. Domenico being appointed instead.[230] On April 19, 2021, President Joe Biden renominated Rodriguez to the seat vacated by Judge Marcia S. Krieger, who took senior status on March 3, 2019.[231] On June 8, 2021, her nomination was confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 72–28.

On April 28, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Pan to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, to the seat vacated by Judge Reggie Walton, who took senior status on December 31, 2015.[232] Pan was recommended by the American Bar Association and generated no controversy. On July 13, 2016, a hearing on her nomination was held before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary.[233] On September 15, 2016, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with Trump nominee Dabney L. Friedrich being appointed instead. On March 30, 2021, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Pan to serve as a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[234] On June 15, 2021, her nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Pan to the seat vacated by Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, who was nominated to serve as a Circuit Judge for the D.C. Circuit.[235] On September 23, 2021, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 68–30.[236]

On April 28, 2016, President Obama nominated Jung to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida, to the seat vacated by Anne C. Conway, who took senior status on August 1, 2015. Jung had been previously nominated for the same court by President George W. Bush in 2008, but the nomination was not acted upon by Senate Democrats, with Obama nominee Charlene Honeywell being appointed to that seat instead. Like before, his nomination drew no controversy. For this 2016 nomination, the American Bar Association Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Jung unanimously "Well Qualified."[237] In spite of this, his nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress.[238] On December 21, 2017, he was nominated a third time by President Trump.[239] On February 14, 2018, a hearing on his nomination was held.[240] On March 15, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[241] On September 6, 2018, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote.[242]

On the recommendation of Senators Mike Crapo and Jim Risch, President Obama nominated state Appellate Judge Nye on April 5, 2016, to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Idaho.[243] [244] Nye was nominated to the seat vacated by Edward Lodge, who took senior status on July 3, 2015. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on June 21, 2016.[245] On July 14, 2016, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[246] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. Senators Crapo and Risch indicated that if Nye was not confirmed in the 114th Congress, then they would recommend him to President Trump for renomination in the 115th Congress.[247] He was subsequently renominated by Trump in 2017, and his nomination was confirmed unanimously on July 12, 2017.

On September 8, 2015, President Obama nominated Gallagher to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to the seat vacated by William D. Quarles Jr., who took senior status on February 1, 2016. She received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on April 20, 2016.[248] On May 19, 2016, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[249] Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On June 7, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Gallagher to the same seat.[250] On June 11, 2018, her nomination was sent to the Senate.[251] On October 11, 2018, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 20–1 vote. On January 3, 2019, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.[252] On April 8, 2019, Trump announced the renomination of Gallagher. On May 21, 2019, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On September 11, 2019, her nomination was confirmed by a voice vote.

On April 28, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Traum to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada, to the seat vacated by Judge Robert Clive Jones, who took senior status on February 1, 2016. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress.[253] On November 3, 2021, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Traum to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.[254] [255] On December 15, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[256] On January 3, 2022, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate; and she was later renominated the same day. On March 23, 2022, the United States Senate confirmed her nomination by a 49–47 vote.

In 2015, Obama nominated Neals to be a United States district judge to the seat vacated by Judge Faith S. Hochberg, who retired on March 6, 2015. His nomination generated no controversy and the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee voted to approve the nomination on a voice vote. However, the full U.S. Senate never acted upon the nomination. The seat would eventually be filled by Biden nominee Evelyn Padin. On March 30, 2021, President Joe Biden renominated Neals to the seat vacated by William J. Martini, who took senior status on February 10, 2015.[257] On June 8, 2021, his nomination was confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 66–33.

On July 30, 2015, President Obama nominated Brown to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, to the seat vacated by Sandra J. Feuerstein, who assumed senior status on January 21, 2015. He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on October 21, 2015.[258] Brown generated no controversy and on November 5, 2015, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[259] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, at the end of the 114th Congress. In August 2017, Brown was one of several candidates pitched by the White House to U.S. senators from New York Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand as judicial candidates for vacancies on the federal courts in New York.[260] On May 10, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Brown to the same seat. On May 15, 2018, his nomination was sent to the Senate. On September 13, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–0 vote.[261] On January 3, 2019, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.[252] On April 8, 2019, Trump announced the renomination of Brown to the same seat. On May 21, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. On December 19, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote.

On September 13, 2016, President Obama nominated Gujarati to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, to the seat vacated by John Gleeson, who resigned on March 9, 2016. No one objected to Gujarti, but her nomination came late in a Presidential election year and was not acted upon. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress.[262] In August 2017, Gujarati was one of several candidates pitched to New York senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand by the White House as judicial candidates for vacancies on the federal courts in New York.[260] On May 10, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Gujarati to the same seat. On May 15, 2018, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On August 1, 2018, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[263] On September 13, 2018, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 21–0 vote.[261] On January 3, 2019, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.[252] On April 8, 2019, Trump announced the renomination of Gujarati. On May 21, 2019, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On September 10, 2020, her nomination was confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0.[264] Gujarati is the first Indian American to serve as an Article III federal judge in New York.[265]

An Assistant Dean of Students at the University of Oklahoma College of Law, Palk's nomination was the result of a compromise between President Obama and Oklahoma's home-state Senators. On December 16, 2015, Obama nominated Palk to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, to the seat vacated by Stephen P. Friot, who took senior status on December 1, 2014. He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on April 20, 2016.[266] On May 19, 2016, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[267] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On May 8, 2017, he was renominated by President Trump, and his nomination was confirmed on October 26, 2017, by a vote of 79–16.[268]

On July 30, 2015, President Obama nominated longtime state Appeals Judge Younge to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to the seat vacated by Mary A. McLaughlin, who assumed senior status on November 18, 2013. He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on December 9, 2015. His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On July 13, 2018. President Trump announced his intent to renominate Younge to the same seat.[269] On July 17, 2018, his nomination was sent to the Senate.[270] On July 31, 2019, the Senate confirmed his nomination by voice vote.

On July 30, 2015, President Obama nominated Baxter to serve as a judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, to the seat vacated by Sean J. McLaughlin who resigned on August 16, 2013.[271] She received a hearing on December 9, 2015.[272] On January 28, 2016, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[273] Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On December 20, 2017, her renomination to the same seat was announced by President Trump and sent to the Senate.[274] On February 15, 2018, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to support her nomination on a voice vote.[275] On August 28, 2018, her nomination was confirmed by voice vote.[276]

On July 30, 2015, President Obama nominated Judge Horan to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, to the seat vacated by Terrence F. McVerry, who assumed senior status on September 30, 2013.[271] She received a hearing on December 9, 2015.[272] On January 28, 2016, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[273] Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with Trump nominee Peter J. Phipps being appointed to the seat instead. On December 20, 2017, her renomination to the same court was announced by President Trump and sent to the Senate.[274] She was nominated to the seat vacated by Gary L. Lancaster, who died on April 24, 2013.[277] On February 15, 2018, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to support her nomination on a voice vote.[275] On September 6, 2018, her nomination was confirmed by voice vote.[278]

On July 30, 2015, President Obama nominated Colville to the seat vacated due to the death of Judge Gary L. Lancaster, on April 24, 2013.[271] He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on December 9, 2015.[272] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with fellow former Obama nominee Marilyn Horan being appointed instead. On March 1, 2019, President Trump announced his intent to nominate Colville to serve as a United States district judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.[279] On March 5, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Trump nominated Colville to the seat vacated by Arthur J. Schwab, who took senior status on January 1, 2018.[280] On May 9, 2019, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 15–7 vote.[281] On December 19, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a vote of 66–27.

On September 8, 2015, President Obama nominated McElroy to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island, to the seat vacated by Mary M. Lisi, who took senior status on October 1, 2015.[282] She received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on December 9, 2015.[272] On January 28, 2016, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[273] Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On April 10, 2018, President Trump announced his intent to renominate McElroy to the same seat.[283] On April 12, 2018, her nomination was sent to the Senate.[284] On October 11, 2018, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 19–2 vote.[285] On January 3, 2019, her nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate. On April 8, 2019, Trump announced the renomination of McElroy.[286] On May 21, 2019, her nomination was sent to the Senate.[287] On September 11, 2019, her nomination was confirmed by a voice vote.

On February 25, 2016, President Obama nominated Coggins to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, to the seat vacated by Joseph F. Anderson, who took senior status on November 16, 2014.[288] On June 21, 2016, a hearing was held on his nomination.[289] On July 14, 2016, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[290] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On August 3, 2017, President Trump renominated Coggins to the same seat. His nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote on September 14, 2017.[291] On November 16, 2017, his nomination was confirmed by a vote of 96–0.[292]

On March 15, 2016, President Obama nominated former Dallas County Judge Scholer to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, to the seat vacated by Richard A. Schell, who took senior status on March 10, 2015.[293] Scholer was nominated with the support of Texas's two senators, both Republicans, in a compromise. On September 7, 2016, a hearing was held on her nomination. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with Trump nominee Sean D. Jordan being appointed instead. On September 7, 2017, President Trump nominated her to serve on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, to the seat vacated by Jorge Antonio Solis, who retired on May 1, 2016.[294] On October 26, 2017, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[295] On March 5, the Senate confirmed her in a 95–0 vote.[296]

On March 15, 2016, President Obama nominated Hendrix to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, to the seat vacated by Jorge Antonio Solis, who retired on May 1, 2016.[297] On September 7, 2016, a hearing was held on his nomination.[298] His nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress, with fellow former Obama nominee Karen Gren Scholer being appointed instead. On January 16, 2019, President Trump announced his intent to renominate Hendrix to the same court.[299] On January 17, 2019, his nomination was sent to the Senate. Trump nominated Hendrix to the seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas vacated by Samuel Ray Cummings, who took senior status on December 31, 2014.[300] On July 30, 2019, his nomination was confirmed by a vote of 89–1.

On March 15, 2016, President Obama nominated U.S. Magistrate Judge Counts to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, to the seat vacated by Robert A. Junell, who took senior status on February 13, 2015.[301] Counts was selected as a compromise between the Obama White House and the state's two U.S. senators, both Republicans. On September 7, 2016, a hearing was held on his nomination.[302] While Counts generated no controversy, the nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress. On September 7, 2017, President Trump renominated Counts to the same seat.[303] On October 26, 2017, his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.[304] On January 11, 2018, the Senate voted to confirm Counts by a vote of 96–0.[305]

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Confirmation Listing. United States Courts. February 9, 2014. February 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140211001602/http://www.uscourts.gov/JudgesAndJudgeships/JudicialVacancies/ConfirmationListing.aspx. live.
  3. News: Margasak . Larry . Associated Press . Senate confirms Cuban-born judge to 11th Circuit . New York Daily News . February 15, 2012 . December 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201203191231/https://www.nydailynews.com/sdut-senate-confirms-cuban-born-judge-to-11th-circuit-2012feb15-story.html . December 3, 2020 . live.
  4. News: Nelson . Steven . Obama Recess Appointments Illegal, Supreme Court Finds . US News & World Report. June 26, 2014 . December 16, 2020 . December 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201218202736/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/26/obama-recess-appointments-illegal-unanimous-supreme-court-finds . live .
  5. Web site: Obama supports Senate's nuclear option to end some filibusters. cnn.com. January 20, 2017. January 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170112123730/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/11/21/harry-reid-likely-to-go-nuclear-today/. live.
  6. Web site: Fact-check: Why Barack Obama failed to fill over 100 judgeships. Politifact. August 9, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216001929/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/02/donald-trump/fact-check-why-barack-obama-failed-fill-over-100-j/. live.
  7. News: Gresko . Jessica . Scalia's death in office a rarity for modern Supreme Court . February 15, 2016 . . February 14, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160216080820/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b/scalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court . February 16, 2016 .
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  17. Web site: PN2 — Victoria Frances Nourse — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  18. Web site: PN2249 — Caitlin Joan Halligan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  19. Web site: PN5 — Caitlin Joan Halligan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  20. Web site: PN1727 — Caitlin Joan Halligan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  21. Web site: PN1953 — Caitlin Joan Halligan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  22. Web site: PN317 — Steve Six — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  23. Web site: PN1082 — Donald Karl Schott — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  24. Web site: PN1083 — Myra C. Selby — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  25. Web site: PN1091 — Jennifer Klemetsrud Puhl — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
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  33. Web site: PN14 — Louis B. Butler Jr. — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
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  37. Web site: PN95 — V. Natasha Perdew Silas — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  38. Web site: PN96 — Linda T. Walker — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  39. Web site: PN158 — Arvo Mikkanen — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  40. Web site: PN1382 — Elissa F. Cadish — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  41. Web site: PN8 — Elissa F. Cadish — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  42. Web site: PN2017 — William L. Thomas — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  43. Web site: PN29 — William L. Thomas — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  44. Web site: PN566 — Jennifer Prescod May-Parker — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  45. Web site: PN1195 — Jennifer Prescod May-Parker — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
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  50. Web site: PN232 — Mary Barzee Flores — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  51. Web site: PN233 — Julien Xavier Neals — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  52. Web site: PN515 — Edward L. Stanton III — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  53. Web site: PN673 — Mark A. Young — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  54. Web site: PN748 — Susan Paradise Baxter — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  55. Web site: PN749 — Inga S. Bernstein — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  56. Web site: PN750 — Gary Richard Brown — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  57. Web site: PN751 — Robert John Colville — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  58. Web site: PN754 — Marilyn Jean Horan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  59. Web site: PN756 — Dax Eric Lopez — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  60. Web site: PN757 — John Milton Younge — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  61. Web site: PN773 — Clare E. Connors — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  62. Web site: PN774 — Stephanie A. Gallagher — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  63. Web site: PN775 — Mary S. McElroy — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  64. Web site: PN1034 — Paul Lewis Abrams — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  65. Web site: PN1035 — Suzanne Mitchell — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  66. Web site: PN1036 — Scott L. Palk — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  67. Web site: PN1037 — Ronald G. Russell — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  68. Web site: PN1084 — Winfield D. Ong — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  69. Web site: PN1092 — Terrence J. Campbell — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  70. Web site: PN1148 — Stephanie A. Finley — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  71. Web site: PN1149 — Claude J. Kelly III — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  72. Web site: PN1184 — Donald W. Beatty — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  73. Web site: PN1185 — Donald C. Coggins Jr. — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  74. Web site: PN1226 — Walter David Counts III — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  75. Web site: PN1227 — E. Scott Frost — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  76. Web site: PN1229 — James Wesley Hendrix — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  77. Web site: PN1230 — Irma Carrillo Ramirez — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  78. Web site: PN1232 — Karen Gren Scholer — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  79. Web site: PN1233 — Kathleen Marie Sweet — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  80. Web site: PN1297 — David C. Nye — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  81. Web site: PN1367 — Beth M. Andrus — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  82. Web site: PN1368 — J. Michael Diaz — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  83. Web site: PN1369 — Kathleen M. O'Sullivan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  84. Web site: PN1398 — Patricia D. Barksdale — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  85. Web site: PN1399 — Todd E. Edelman — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  86. Web site: PN1400 — William F. Jung — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  87. Web site: PN1401 — Philip R. Lammens — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  88. Web site: PN1402 — Florence Y. Pan — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  89. Web site: PN1403 — Regina M. Rodriguez — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  90. Web site: PN1404 — Patricia Ann Timmons-Goodson — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  91. Web site: PN1405 — Anne Rachel Traum — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  92. Web site: PN1661 — Abid Riaz Qureshi — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  93. Web site: PN1752 — Diane Gujarati — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  94. Web site: PN2016 — Jeanne E. Davidson — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  95. Web site: PN5 — Jeanne E. Davidson — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  96. Web site: PN752 — Elizabeth J. Drake — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  97. Web site: PN718 — Gloria Wilson Shelton — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  98. Web site: PN1564 — Nancy B. Firestone — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  99. Web site: PN7 — Nancy B. Firestone — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  100. Web site: PN1566 — Thomas L. Halkowski — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  101. Web site: PN8 — Thomas L. Halkowski — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  102. Web site: PN1727 — Armando Omar Bonilla — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  103. Web site: PN6 — Armando Omar Bonilla — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  104. Web site: PN1728 — Patricia M. McCarthy — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  105. Web site: PN9 — Patricia M. McCarthy — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  106. Web site: PN1729 — Jeri Kaylene Somers — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  107. Web site: PN10 — Jeri Kaylene Somers — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  108. Web site: PN452 — Elizabeth Ann Copeland — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  109. Web site: PN932 — Vik Edwin Stoll — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
  110. Web site: PN1462 — Frances Marie Tydingco-Gatewood — The Judiciary. Congress.gov.
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