List of memorials to Jefferson Davis explained

The following is a list of the memorials to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.

Sculpture

• Jefferson Davis is included on a bas-relief sculpture on Stone Mountain, which is just east of Atlanta, Georgia.
• A monument to Jefferson Davis was unveiled on June 3, 1907, on Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia, and a life-sized statue by George Julian Zolnay marks his grave at Hollywood Cemetery in that city. On June 10, 2020, the monument was toppled by protestors in the aftermath of the murder of George Floyd.^[1]
• In May 2015, the student government at the University of Texas at Austin voted almost unanimously to remove a statue of Jefferson Davis that had been erected on the campus South Mall.^{[2] [3]} Beginning shortly after the Charleston church shooting of 2015,^[4] "Black Lives Matter" had been written repeatedly in bold red letters on the base of the Davis statue. Previous messages had included "Davis must fall" and "Liberate U.T."^[5] University of Texas officials convened a task force to determine whether to honor the students' petition for removal of the statue. Acting on the strong recommendation of the task force, UT's President Gregory Fenves announced on August 13, 2015, that the statue would be relocated to serve as an educational exhibit in the university's Dolph Briscoe Center for American History museum.^[6] The statue was removed on August 30, 2015.^[7]
• A statue of Jefferson Davis stood in Memphis Park (originally, "Confederate Park"^[8]) in Memphis, Tennessee. Removed in 2017.
• A large 3510NaN0 tall concrete obelisk at the Jefferson Davis State Historic Site in Fairview, Kentucky marks the site of his birthplace. Construction of the monument began in 1917 and finished in 1924 at a cost of about $200,000.^[9]
• A bust of Jefferson Davis is located at the Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site on the spot he was captured, outside Irwinville, Georgia, near Fitzgerald, Georgia.
• Another bust of Jefferson Davis is located outside the Jeff Davis County Court House building in Hazlehurst, Georgia.
• In Pensacola, Florida, an obelisk was dedicated in 1891 in memory of Jefferson Davis, Stephen R. Mallory, Edward Aylesworth Perry, and the Uncrowned Heroes of the Southern Confederacy.^[10]
• A statue of Jefferson Davis is depicted in the National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol Building, for the state of Mississippi.^[11]
• In New Orleans, there was a carved stone memorial to Jefferson Davis at First and Camp streets, next to the home where he died, as well as a life-sized statue at the corner of Jeff Davis Parkway and Canal Street. By decision of the New Orleans City Council in December 2015, the statue was to be removed; opposition lawsuits delayed the removal until May 11, 2017.^[12]
• Davis's former burial location at New Orleans' Metairie Cemetery is inscribed with his signature and the dates of his birth and death.
• A statue commemorating the bicentennial of Davis's birth was created by Civil War artist Gary Casteel, on behalf of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. It arrived at Davis's Beauvoir estate in Biloxi, Mississippi on October 14, 2009.
• There are statues of Davis in the Alabama, Virginia, and Kentucky state capitols—in Montgomery, on the grounds in front of the main entrance where he was sworn in as President of the Confederacy; in Richmond, in the old House of Delegates chamber; and inside the rotunda at Frankfort.
• Vicksburg National Military Park, located in Warren County, Mississippi (where the Davis family plantations, Brierfield and Hurricane, were located), contains two statues of Davis. The first is a stand-alone, larger-than-life figure known simply as the Davis Monument; and the second, a life-sized figure, appears next to a statue of Lincoln as part of the Kentucky monument.^[13]
• A bust of Davis with his second wife Varina is located in the rose garden outside the Old Courthouse Museum in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• The 1891 Mississippi Monument to the Confederate Dead in Jackson, contains a life-sized, white marble statue of Jefferson Davis which was carved in Italy. At the time of its dedication, the monument's location was on the original State Capitol grounds in Jackson; it is currently in front of the Charlotte Capers Building on State Street, used by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. In 1922, the statue was removed from the monument and placed in the rotunda of the Old Capitol, which was then used as legislators' offices (later becoming the Old Capitol Museum). In conjunction with the restoration of the Old Capitol and in anticipation of the Civil War Sesquicentennial, the statue was returned to its original location in the monument in 2009.

Schools

• Jefferson Davis Community College in Brewton, Alabama (1965). Renamed Coastal Alabama Community College (2017)^[14]
• Jefferson Davis High School in Montgomery, Alabama (1968)^[15] Renamed Johnson Abernathy Graetz High School (2022).^[16]
• Jefferson Davis Middle School in Jacksonville, Florida (1961)^[17]
• Jefferson Davis Middle School in West Palm Beach, Florida. (1906). Renamed Palm Springs Middle School (2005).^{[18] [19]}
• Jeff Davis Elementary, Primary, Middle, and High Schools in Hazlehurst, Georgia
• Jefferson Davis Elementary School in New Orleans, Louisiana, was renamed for Ernest "Dutch" Morial, the city's first black mayor.^[20]
• Jeff Davis Elementary School in Biloxi, Mississippi (1960). Renamed Back Bay Elementary (2020).
• Jefferson Davis Elementary School in Greenwood, Mississippi (1907).
• Jefferson Davis Campus of Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College in Gulfport, Mississippi (1965). Renamed Harrison County Campus (2020).^[21]
• Davis Magnet School in Jackson, Mississippi (1906). Renamed Barack Obama Magnet School (2017).^[22]
• Jefferson Davis Academy in Blackville, South Carolina^[23]
• Jefferson Davis Elementary School in Dallas, Texas. Renamed in 1999 for Barbara Jordan, civil rights leader and congresswoman.^[24]
• Fort Davis AEC School and High School in Fort Davis, Texas.
• Jefferson Davis High School in Houston, Texas (1926).^[25] Renamed Northside High School (2016).
• Jefferson Davis Middle School in Hampton, Virginia (1960). Renamed Cesar Tarrant Middle School (2018)^{[26] [27]}
• Lee–Davis High School in Mechanicsville, Virginia (1959). Renamed Mechanicsville High School (2020).^[28]

Inhabited places

• Jeff Davis County, Georgia (1905)
• Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana (1912)
• Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi (1906)
• CDP of Fort Davis, Texas
• Jeff Davis County, Texas (1887)

Stamps

Davis appeared on several postage stamps issued by the Confederacy, including its first postage stamp (issued in 1861). In 1995, his portrait appeared on a United States postage stamp, part of a series of 20 stamps commemorating the 130th anniversary of the end of the Civil War.^{[29] [30]} Davis was also celebrated on the six-cent Stone Mountain Memorial Carving commemorative on September 19, 1970, at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The stamp portrayed Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson on horseback. It depicts a replica of the actual memorial, carved into the side of Stone Mountain at above ground level, the largest high-relief sculpture in the world.^[31]

Holidays

The birthday of Jefferson Davis is commemorated in several states. His actual birthday, June 3, is celebrated in Florida,^[32] Kentucky,^[33] Louisiana^[34] and Tennessee;^[35] in Alabama, it is celebrated on the first Monday in June.^[36] In Mississippi, the last Monday of May (Memorial Day) is celebrated as "National Memorial Day and Jefferson Davis's Birthday".^[37] In Texas, "Confederate Heroes Day" is celebrated on January 19, Robert E. Lee's birthday;^[35] Jefferson Davis's birthday had been officially celebrated on June3 but was combined with Lee's in 1973.^[38]

Miscellaneous

• The Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum, on the grounds of Davis' last home, Beauvoir, at Biloxi, Mississippi,^[39] includes a bronze statue of Davis by Mississippi artist Bill Beckwith.^[40] From 1903 until 1957, Beauvoir served as a Confederate Veterans Home.^[41] The house and library were damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005; the renovated home reopened in 2008.^[42] Bertram Hayes-Davis, Davis's great-great-grandson, served as executive director of Beauvoir, which is owned by the Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans.^[43] Bertram Hayes-Davis resigned in 2014.^[44] The original Jefferson Davis presidential library suffered irreparable damage from Hurricane Katrina; consequently, a new library was constructed and opened June 3, 2013.^[45]
• Jefferson Davis Memorial Park is located in Fitzgerald, Georgia.^[46]
• The state of Alabama celebrates Jefferson Davis's birthday on the first Monday in June. The state of Mississippi observes Davis's birthday in conjunction with the Memorial Day Federal holiday.
• In the States of Florida and Kentucky, Jefferson Davis's birthday, June 3, is a legal holiday and public holiday.^{[47] [48]}
• Jefferson Davis was honorarily inducted into the Kappa Sigma Fraternity (Virginia Military Institute – Xi chapter) following his son's death. He is currently the only honorary member of the fraternity.

• Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution barred from office anyone who had violated their oath to protect the Constitution by serving in the Confederacy. That prohibition included Davis. In 1978, pursuant to authority granted to Congress under the same section of the Amendment, Congress posthumously removed the ban on Davis with a two-thirds vote of each house and President Jimmy Carter signed it. These actions were spearheaded by Congressman Trent Lott of Mississippi. Congress had previously taken similar action on behalf of Robert E. Lee.^[49]
• The desk used by Jefferson Davis on the floor of the U.S. Senate, repaired after Union soldiers damaged it during the Civil War, is reserved by Senate Rules for the senior Senator from Mississippi (currently Senator Roger Wicker).^[50]
• The former transnational Jefferson Davis Highway was named in his honor. In 1913, the United Daughters of the Confederacy conceived the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway, a transcontinental highway to be built through the South.^{[51] [52]} Portions of the highway's route in Virginia, Alabama and other states still bear the name of Jefferson Davis.^[51] However, in Alexandria, Virginia, the city council voted unanimously to rename the highway and has solicited public suggestions for a new name.^[53] In Arlington County, Virginia, that portion of the highway was renamed Richmond Highway in 2019.^[54] A Sons of Confederate Veterans owned "park" alongside Interstate 5 between Vancouver and Ridgefield, containing the two granite markers which used to reside at each end of the Jefferson Davis Highway in Washington state is named in honor of Davis.^[55]

• In 2009, a bronze plaque was dedicated at the site of the old courthouse in Mississippi City, Mississippi, to memorialize the final speech delivered by Jefferson Davis, where he pleaded for unity of all U.S. citizens after the American Civil War.
• Jeff Davis Peak, a variant name of Doso Doyabi, the second highest summit in the Snake Range in Nevada, was named in honor of Jefferson Davis in 1855. Davis was then serving as Secretary of War in the United States government.^[56]
• Jefferson Davis Hospital began operations in 1924 and was the first centralized municipal hospital to treat indigent patients in Houston, Texas.^[57] The building was designated as a protected historic landmark on November 13, 2013, by the Houston City Council and is monitored by the Historic Preservation Office of the City of Houston Department of Planning and Development.^[58] The hospital was named for Jefferson Davis, former president of the Confederacy, in honor of the Confederate soldiers who had been buried in the cemetery and as a means to console the families of the deceased.^[59]
• The United Daughters of the Confederacy monument to Jefferson Davis at the Fort Crawford Cemetery in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Davis was stationed at Fort Crawford, Michigan Territory in 1831.^[60]
• Fort Davis National Historic Site began as a frontier military post in October 1854, in the mountains of western Texas. It was named after then-United States Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. That fort gave its name to the surrounding Davis Mountains range, and the town of Fort Davis. The surrounding area was designated Jeff Davis County in 1887, with the town of Fort Davis as the county seat. Other states containing a Jefferson (or Jeff) Davis County/Parish include Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
• When Davis evacuated Richmond, his belongings continued on the train bound for Cedar Key, Florida. They were first hidden at Senator David Levy Yulee's plantation in Florida, then placed in the care of a railroad agent in Waldo. On June 15, 1865, Union soldiers seized Davis's personal baggage from the agent, together with some of the Confederate government's records. A historical marker was erected to commemorate this site.^{[61] [62] [63]}
• The Papers of Jefferson Davis is an editing project based at Rice University in Houston, Texas to publish documents related to Davis. Since the early 1960s, it has published 14 volumes, the first in 1971 and the most recent in 2015;^[64] more volumes are planned. The project has roughly 100,000 documents in its archives.
• The Confederate Memorial Hall Museum has a portrait of Pope Pius IX that he sent to Davis after he was captured. It is inscribed with the Latin words "Venite ad me omnes qui laboratis, et ego reficiam vos, dicit Dominus", which correspond to the Biblical passage of Matthew 11:28, "Come to me, all you that labor, and are burdened, and I will refresh you, sayeth the Lord".^[65] A hand-woven crown of thorns that was probably woven by Davis's wife encircles it.^[66]

Controversy

Many memorials and statues commemorating Davis have been removed as part of a larger, society-wide reckoning with the historical legacy of the Confederacy, as many states and municipalities have re-examined the appropriateness of using public space to honor figures that supported slavery and secession.^{[67] [68] [69]}

See also

• List of Confederate monuments and memorials

Notes and References

1. News: Protesters Topple Statue of Jefferson Davis on Richmond's Monument Avenue . June 11, 2020.
2. Web site: Brandeis . Amanda . UT student government votes to remove Jefferson Davis statue . KXAN.com . March 25, 2015 . April 5, 2017.
3. Tom McCarthy, "Drive to call time on Confederate flag sweeps south – 150 years after civil war", The Guardian, June 23, 2015.
4. News: Confederate monuments tagged with anti-racist messages – in pictures | World news . . April 5, 2017.
5. Associated Press, "'Emancipate UT': Confederate statue defaced at University of Texas", The Guardian, May 9, 2015.
6. Web site: Jefferson Davis Statue to be Relocated to Educational Exhibit at History Center | UT News | The University of Texas at Austin . News.utexas.edu . April 5, 2017.
7. Associated Press, "Texas university removes Confederate president statue from campus," The Guardian, August 30, 2015.
8. Johnson, Eugene J. and Robert D. Russell, Jr., Memphis: An Architectural Guide, The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1990 pp.50–50
9. Web site: Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Kentucky State Parks . June 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065835/http://parks.ky.gov/parks/historicsites/jefferson-davis/default.aspx . June 7, 2013 . dead .
10. Web site: Confederate Memorial . City of Pensacola . June 25, 2013.
11. Web site: Jefferson Davis . Architect of the Capitol . June 25, 2013.
12. Web site: Lee Circle battle moves to court: Federal lawsuit filed to halt monuments removal in New Orleans. Torres. Manuel. December 18, 2015. nola.com. The Times-Picayune. December 19, 2015.
13. Web site: President Jefferson Davis – Vicksburg National Military Park (U.S. National Park Service). www.nps.gov.
14. News: Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy. Southern Poverty Law Center. June 10, 2018. en.
15. Web site: Davis, Jefferson High. March 4, 2017. Jd.mps-al.org. April 5, 2017.
16. News: Bowerman, Ashley. Montgomery school board votes to change the Confederate names of three high schools. WSFA. November 10, 2022. June 7, 2023.
17. Web site: Jefferson Davis Middle / Homepage. Duvalschools.org. April 5, 2017.
18. News: PBC board dropped Jeff Davis' name from school 10 years ago this week Extra Credit. Isger. Sonja. June 30, 2015. Palm Beach Post. November 1, 2017.
19. Web site: Jefferson Davis Middle School Alumni, Yearbooks, Reunions – West Palm Beach, FL . Classmates . April 5, 2017.
20. Web site: Before Lee Circle, New Orleans schools soul-searched their own ties to slavery. Rainey. Richard. June 24, 2015. nola.com. The Times-Picayune. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150626213027/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/06/before_lee_circle_new_orleans.html. June 26, 2015.
21. Web site: Taft. Isabelle. MGCCC renames Gulfport campus to remove name of Confederate president Jefferson Davis. August 13, 2020. www.msn.com.
22. News: School honoring Confederate icon to be renamed after Barack Obama. Villafranca. Omar. 2017. CBS News. June 10, 2018. en.
23. Web site: Academy. Jefferson Davis. Jefferson Davis Academy – Private School – Barnwell, South Carolina. November 17, 2020. Jefferson Davis Academy. en-US.
24. News: Former Dallas ISD Trustee Who Fought Confederate School Names Backs Monuments . Ken . Kalthoff . August 17, 2017 . . August 13, 2024.
25. Web site: Northside High School / Homepage. Houstonisd.org. April 5, 2017.
26. Web site: School Information – Davis Middle School. Dav.hampton.k12.va.us. April 5, 2017.
27. News: Hampton School Board votes to rename Jefferson Davis Middle School. January 25, 2018. WTKR.com. June 10, 2018. en-US.
28. Web site: Small . Alonzo . Hanover school board officially approves new names for Lee-Davis High, Stonewall Jackson Middle . ABC 8 News . October 15, 2020 . October 14, 2020.
29. Web site: 130th Anniversary of End of American Civil War 1995 . USA Stamps . June 20, 2013. November 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110075421/http://www.usapostagestamps.com/top_rated/overall/2425/130th+Anniversary+of+End+of+American+Civil+War+1995/ . live .
30. Web site: 32c Jefferson Davis single . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . April 28, 2014. April 29, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050438/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=192343&pg=1&mode=1&tid=2043413 . dead .
31. Web site: Stone Mountain Memorial Issue . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . April 28, 2014. March 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140318215708/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2029483 . dead .
32. Web site: The 2010 Florida Statutes (including Special Session A) . The Florida Legislature . July 25, 2011. December 13, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111213193231/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0600-0699%2F0683%2FSections%2F0683.01.html . live .
33. Web site: 2.110 Public holidays . Kentucky Legislative Research Commission . October 16, 2013. October 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131016163601/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=46 . live .
34. Web site: Days of public rest, legal holidays, and half-holidays . The Louisiana State Legislature . July 25, 2011. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110408082243/http://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=74097 . April 8, 2011.
35. Web site: Memorial Day History . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . July 25, 2011. July 23, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723213659/http://www1.va.gov/opa/speceven/memday/history.asp . dead .
36. Web site: Official State of Alabama Calendar . Alabama State Government . July 25, 2011. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111214090645/http://media.alabama.gov/calendar.aspx . December 14, 2011.
37. Web site: Mississippi Code of 1972 – SEC. 3-3-7. Legal holiday . LawNetCom, Inc. . July 25, 2011. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927051601/http://www.mscode.com/free/statutes/03/003/0007.htm . September 27, 2011.
38. Web site: State holidays . Texas State Library . July 25, 2011. July 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170823/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/holidays.html . live .
39. Web site: Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library . Mississippi Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans . July 17, 2011.
40. News: Hirsch . Arthur . August 5, 1997 . Sound and fury over statue Image: William Faulkner's hometown is embroiled in an argument about a sculpture of the writer – and about how a small Southern town sees itself . The Baltimore Sun . November 12, 2022.
41. Web site: The History of Beauvoir . November 12, 2022 . Beauvoir . en.
42. Web site: Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library . Mississippi Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans . July 17, 2011. July 16, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112549/http://www.beauvoir.org/ . live .
43. Web site: An Interview with Bertram Hayes-Davis . Civil War Trust . October 2012 . July 21, 2013. November 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110070104/http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/history-in-the-field/Bertram-Hayes-Davis-interview.html . dead .
44. Web site: Beauvoir director, board members resign over 'direction' . July 7, 2020. July 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707181848/https://msbusiness.com/2014/03/beauvoir-director-board-members-resign-direction/ . live .
45. Web site: Beauvoir to revisit history with new presidential library . November 12, 2022 . biloxi.ms.us . en.
46. Web site: Seibert. David. Jefferson Davis Memorial Park. GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. November 7, 2016.
47. Web site: The 2010 Florida Statutes (including Special Session A) . The Florida Legislature . July 25, 2011.
48. Web site: Legal Holidays; Commonwealth of Kentucky . Thomson Reuters . March 24, 2017.
49. Web site: Jimmy Carter: Restoration of Citizenship Rights to Jefferson F. Davis Statement on Signing S. J. Res. 16 into Law . American Presidency Project . February 6, 2013.
50. Web site: Jefferson Davis Desk . United States Senate . June 25, 2013.
51. Web site: Weingroff. Richard F.. Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway. Highway History. Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. April 7, 2011. September 29, 2011. October 20, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111020053021/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/jdavis.cfm. live.
52. Web site: Map of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway . January 1916 . . July 25, 2013. August 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150541/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11535/ . live .
53. https://wtop.com/alexandria/2017/09/renaming-of-jefferson-davis-highway-moving-along-in-alexandria/ "Renaming of Jefferson Davis Highway moving along in Alexandria"
54. News: When a county changed a Confederate highway name, some navigation apps were slow to change it. The Washington Post. Andrew. Zaleski. February 18, 2020. February 23, 2020. March 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200317024448/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/when-a-county-changed-a-confederate-highway-name-some-navigation-apps-were-slow-to-change-it/2020/02/13/101df74a-42cb-11ea-b503-2b077c436617_story.html. live.
55. Web site: History of the Jefferson Davis Park . June 25, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828062427/http://www.scvportland.org/jdp_park.html . August 28, 2008 . dead .
56. Web site: Why Wheeler Peak? . National Park Service . June 25, 2013.
57. Web site: Freemantle. Jeff. Old Jeff Davis Hospital gets Long-term Protection. Houston Chronicle. November 25, 2013. July 13, 2014. July 14, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222236/http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/columnists/chronicles/article/Old-Jeff-Davis-Hospital-gets-long-term-protection-5008444.php. live.
58. Web site: Jeff Davis Hospital, several Houston houses receive landmark designation. Houston Chronicle. November 20, 2013. July 12, 2014. November 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141101213542/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Jeff-Davis-Hospital-several-Houston-houses-4996185.php. live.
59. Web site: Jefferson Davis Hospital (Elder Street Lofts). Houston Archaeological and Historical Commission. July 13, 2014. July 14, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165323/http://www.houstontx.gov/histpres/archives/bom/jeff_davis.html. live.
60. Web site: Wisconsin Historical Markers: Jefferson Davis (1808–1889). www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com. en. July 29, 2018.
61. Book: Boone, Floyd E. . 1988 . Florida Historical Markers & Sites: A Guide to More Than 700 Historic Sites . Gulf Publishing Company . Houston, Texas . 9780872015586 . 15.
62. Web site: Historical Markers in Alachua County, Florida – Dickison and His Men / Jefferson Davis' Baggage . Alachua County Historical Commission . August 4, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929003429/http://growth-management.alachua.fl.us/historic/historic_commission/historical_markers/jeffdavistext.htm . September 29, 2011.
63. Web site: Historic Markers Across Florida – Dickison and His Men / Jefferson Davis' Baggage. Latitude 34 North. August 4, 2011. November 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071019/http://www.lat34north.com/HistoricMarkersFL/MarkerDetail.cfm?KeyID=001-1&MarkerTitle=Dickison%20and%20his%20men%20%2F%20Jefferson%20Davis%27%20baggage. dead.
64. Web site: Welcome to The Papers of Jefferson Davis . The Papers of Jefferson Davis . Rice University . October 26, 2022 . October 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221023025932/https://jeffersondavis.rice.edu/ . live.
65. Bible 11:28
66. Web site: Update on Jefferson Davis's Crown of Thorns . Civil War Memory . Kevin . Levin . September 27, 2009 . August 21, 2011 . July 8, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708215337/http://cwmemory.com/2009/09/27/update-on-jefferson-daviss-crown-of-thorns/ . live .
67. Web site: 73 Confederate monuments were removed or renamed last year, report finds . Cbs58.com . February 2, 2022 . February 14, 2022 . February 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220205204232/https://www.cbs58.com/news/73-confederate-monuments-were-removed-or-renamed-last-year-report-finds . live .
68. Web site: Racist statues are falling around the world – Anti-racism protests. January 19, 2022. The Economic Times. January 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119202618/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/racist-statues-are-falling-around-the-world/jefferson-davis/slideshow/76337511.cms. live.
69. Web site: December 15, 2020. Jeff Davis Highway to be renamed in Richmond. January 19, 2022. 8News. en-US. January 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119202618/https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/jeff-davis-highway-to-be-renamed-in-richmond/. live.