Jeffrey Sachs Explained

Jeffrey Sachs
Birth Date:5 November 1954
Birth Place:Oak Park, Michigan, U.S.
Institution:Columbia University
School Tradition:Keynesian economics
Doctoral Advisor:Martin Feldstein[1]
Contributions:Millennium Villages Project
Spouse:Sonia Ehrlich Sachs
Children:3
Birth Name:Jeffrey David Sachs

Jeffrey David Sachs (; born November 5, 1954)[2] is an American economist and public policy analyst, professor at Columbia University,[3] [4] where he was former director of The Earth Institute. He worked on the topics of sustainable development and economic development.[5]

Sachs is Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University and President of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.[6] He is an SDG Advocate for United Nations (UN) Secretary-General António Guterres on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of 17 global goals adopted at a UN summit meeting in September 2015.

From 2001 to 2018, Sachs was Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and held the same position under the previous UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and prior to 2016 a similar advisory position related to the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),[7] eight internationally sanctioned objectives to reduce extreme poverty, hunger and disease by 2015. In connection with the MDGs, he had first been appointed special adviser to the UN Secretary-General in 2002 during the term of Kofi Annan.[8]

Sachs is co-founder and chief strategist of Millennium Promise Alliance, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending extreme poverty and hunger that has come under scrutiny. From 2002 to 2006, he was director of the United Nations Millennium Project's work on the MDGs. In 2010, he became a commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, whose stated aim is to boost the importance of broadband internet in international policy.[9] Sachs has written several books and received several awards. He has been criticized for his views on economics, on the origin of COVID-19, as well as on the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10] [11]

Early life and education

Sachs was raised in Oak Park, Michigan, in the Detroit metro area, and is the son of Joan (née Abrams) and Theodore Sachs, a labor lawyer.[12] His family is Jewish.[13] He graduated from Oak Park High School and attended Harvard College, where he received his Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, in 1976.[14] He went on to receive his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard with his thesis titled Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence,[15] and was invited to join the Harvard Society of Fellows while still a Harvard graduate student.[16]

Academic career

Harvard University

In 1980, Sachs joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor, and was promoted to associate professor in 1982. A year later at the age of 28, he became a professor of economics with tenure at Harvard.[17]

During the next 19 years at Harvard, Sachs became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade,[18] director of the Harvard Institute for International Development (1995–1999) and director of the Center for International Development at Harvard Kennedy School (1999–2002).[19]

Columbia University

Sachs is the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. He is University Professor at Columbia University. From 2002 to 2016, Sachs was director of the Earth Institute of Columbia University,[7] [14] [20] a university-wide organization, with an interdisciplinary approach to addressing complex issues facing the Earth, in support of sustainable development.[21] Sachs's classes are taught at the School of International and Public Affairs and the Mailman School of Public Health, and his course "Challenges of Sustainable Development" is taught at the undergraduate level.[22]

Scholarship, consulting, and activism

Sachs has advised several countries on economic policy.[23]

Bolivia

When Bolivia was shifting from a dictatorship to a democracy through national elections in 1985, Sachs was invited by the party of Bolivian dictator Hugo Banzer to advise him on an anti-inflation economic plan to implement once he was voted to office. This stabilization plan centered on price deregulation, particularly for oil, along with cuts to the national budget. Sachs stated that his plan could end Bolivian hyperinflation, which had reached up to 14,000%, in a single day.[24] Although Banzer ultimately lost the election to the party of former elected president and traditionally developmentalist Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Sachs's plan was still implemented through plans that excluded most of Paz's cabinet. Inflation quickly stabilized in Bolivia.[25] [26]

Sachs's suggestion for reducing inflation was to apply fiscal and monetary discipline and end economic regulation that protected the elites and blocked the free market. Hyperinflation reduced within weeks of the Bolivian government instituting his suggestions and the government settled its $3.3 billion debt to international lenders for about 11 cents on the dollar. At the time, this was about 85% of Bolivia's GDP.[27]

Advising in post-communist economies

Sachs worked as an economic adviser to governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. A practice trained macroeconomist, he advised a number of national governments in the transition from Marxism–Leninism or developmentalism to market economies.

In 1989, Sachs advised Poland's anticommunist Solidarity movement and the government of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki. He wrote a comprehensive plan for the transition from central planning to a market economy which became incorporated into Poland's reform program led by Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz. Sachs was the main architect of Poland's debt reduction operation. Sachs and IMF economist David Lipton advised the rapid conversion of all property and assets from public to private ownership. Closure of many uncompetitive factories ensued.[28] In Poland, Sachs was firmly on the side of rapid transition to capitalism. At first, he proposed American-style corporate structures, with professional managers answering to many shareholders and a large economic role for stock markets. That did not bode well with the Polish authorities, but he then proposed that large blocks of the shares of privatized companies be placed in the hands of private banks.[29] As a result, there were some economic shortages and inflation, but prices in Poland eventually stabilized.[30] The government of Poland awarded Sachs with one of its highest honors in 1999, the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit. He also received an honorary doctorate from the Kraków University of Economics.[18]

Sachs's ideas and methods of transition from central planning were adopted throughout the transition economies. He advised Slovenia in 1991 and Estonia in 1992 on the introduction of new stable and convertible currencies. Based on Poland's success, his advice was sought first by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and by his successor, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, on the transition of the USSR/Russia to a market economy.[31] He was adviser to Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar and Finance Minister Boris Fyodorov during 1991–1993 on macroeconomic policies. Sachs' methods for stabilizing economies became known as shock therapy and were similar to successful approaches used in Germany after the two world wars. However, he faced criticism for his role after the Russian economy faced significant struggles after adopting the market-based shock therapy in the early 1990s.[32] [33]

Work on global economic development

Since his work in post-communist countries, Sachs has turned to global issues of economic development, poverty alleviation, health and aid policy and environmental sustainability. He has written extensively on climate change, disease control and globalization. Since 1995, he has been engaged in efforts to alleviate poverty in Africa. According to New York Magazine,

Sachs's ambitions are hard to overstate... "His ultimate goal is to change the world — to 'bend history,' as he once said, quoting Robert F. Kennedy," wrote Nina Munk in The Idealist, a biography of Sachs. By the early aughts, he had risen from wonky academic to celebrity public intellectual. According to Munk, people in Sachs's inner circle affectionately called him a "shit disturber," someone whose ego was offset by a selfless genius and a penchant for challenging orthodoxies. "There's a certain messianic quality about him," George Soros, one of his patrons, told Munk.

In his 2005 work The End of Poverty, which had a foreword by Bono, Sachs wrote that "Africa's governance is poor because Africa is poor". According to Sachs, with the right policies and key interventions, extreme poverty—defined as living on less than $1 a day—can be eradicated within 20 years. India and China are examples, with the latter lifting 300 million people out of extreme poverty during the last two decades. Sachs has said that a key element to accomplishing this is raising aid from $65 billion in 2002 to $195 billion a year by 2015. He emphasizes the role of geography and climate as much of Africa is landlocked and disease-prone. However, he stresses that these problems can be overcome.[34]

Sachs suggests that with improved seeds, irrigation and fertilizer, the crop yields in Africa and other places with subsistence farming can be increased from 1 ton per hectare to 3 to 5 tons per hectare. He reasons that increased harvests would significantly increase the income of subsistence farmers, thereby reducing poverty. Sachs does not believe that increased aid is the only solution. He also supports establishing credit and microloan programs which are often lacking in impoverished areas.[35] Sachs advocates the distribution of free insecticide-treated bed nets to combat malaria. The economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa $12 billion per year. Sachs estimates that malaria can be controlled for $3 billion per year, therefore suggesting that anti-malaria projects would be an economically justified investment.[36]

He is founding editor of the World Happiness Report.

The Millennium Villages Project (MVP) which he directs operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. Critics of the MVP have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012, The Economist reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact".[37] Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the MVP methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 Lancet paper claiming a three-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".[38] In her 2013 book, The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, journalist Nina Munk concluded that the MVP was a failure.[39]

Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, Sachs chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–2001) which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5 and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000–2001 to design and launch The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[40] He also worked with senior officials of the George W. Bush administration to develop the PEPFAR program to fight HIV/AIDS and the PMI to fight malaria. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the UN Millennium Project which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005.

Previously a special adviser to secretary-general António Guterres,[7] [8] Sachs is an advocate for the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals which build upon and supersede the MDGs.In his capacity as a special adviser at the UN, Sachs has frequently met with foreign dignitaries and heads of state. He was photographed with Matt Damon and developed a friendship with international celebrities Bono and Angelina Jolie, who traveled to Africa with Sachs to witness the progress of the Millennium Villages.[41]

Sachs has criticized the International Monetary Fund and its policies around the world and blamed international bankers for what he says is a pattern of ineffective investment strategies.[42]

During the Greek government-debt crisis in July 2015, Sachs, Heiner Flassbeck, Thomas Piketty, Dani Rodrik and Simon Wren-Lewis, published an open letter to the Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel, regarding Greek debt.[43]

Sachs is one of the founders of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project.[44]

Views and commentary

Nuclear power

In 2012 Sachs claimed that nuclear power is the only solution to climate change, but he has since revised his opinion, suggesting in 2021 that carbon neutrality could be achieved without the use of nuclear power.[45] [46]

China

Sachs is a "long-time advocate of dismantling American hegemony and embracing the rise of China."[47] He believes the term "genocide" is mistaken in relation to the repression of the Uyghurs in China. He has argued for closer relations between the US and China and warned of the danger of tensions between them.[48] [49]

Syria

In April 2018, he supported President Donald Trump's view that the United States should come out of Syria "very soon", adding: "It's long past time for the United States to end its destructive military engagement in Syria and across the Middle East, though the security state seems unlikely to let this happen".[50] [51] When asked by Isaac Chotiner if he was aware that Syrian leader Bashar Al-Assad had killed his own people in a 2023 interview, Sachs answered no to the question and replied that he was "aware of a lot more than you are aware of about Syria, because I know a great deal about the day-to-day events from the spring of 2011 onward".

Venezuela

A 2019 report authored by Sachs and Mark Weisbrot, published by the Center for Economic and Policy Research, stated that a 31% rise in the number of deaths between 2017 and 2018 was due to the sanctions imposed on Venezuela in 2017 and that 40,000 people in Venezuela may have died as a result.[52] The report states: "The sanctions are depriving Venezuelans of lifesaving medicines, medical equipment, food, and other essential imports."[52] Weisbrot stated that the authors "could not prove those excess deaths were the result of sanctions, but said the increase ran parallel to the imposition of the measures and an attendant fall in oil production."[52]

A United States Department of State spokesperson said that "as the writers themselves concede, the report is based on speculation and conjecture."[52] Ricardo Hausmann, a Harvard economist who was adviser to then Venezuelan opposition leader, Juan Guaidó, stated that the analysis was flawed because it made invalid assumptions about Venezuela based on a different country, Colombia, saying that "taking what happened in Colombia since 2017 as a counterfactual for what would have happened in Venezuela if there had been no financial sanctions makes no sense." Calling it "sloppy reasoning", Hausmann also stated that the analysis failed to rule out other explanations and failed to correctly account for PDVSA finances.[53]

COVID-19

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Sachs vocally rejected the COVID-19 lab leak theory (a version of which was being supported by President Donald Trump), which posited the SARS-CoV-2 virus was released from a Chinese laboratory, denouncing it as "reckless and dangerous" and arguing that right-wing politicians pointing fingers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology could "push the world to conflict... Neither the biology nor chronology support the laboratory-release story."[54]

In spring 2020, Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, appointed Sachs as chair of its COVID-19 Commission, whose goals were to provide recommendations for public health policy and improve the practice of medicine.[55] [56] [57] Sachs set up a number of task forces, including one on the origins of the virus. Sachs appointed British American disease ecologist Peter Daszak, a colleague of Sachs' at Columbia, to head this task force, two weeks after the Trump administration prematurely ended a federal grant supporting a project led by Daszak, EcoHealth Alliance, which worked with the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[54] This appointment was criticized as creating a conflict of interest, for instance by Richard Ebright, chemical biologist at Rutgers University, who called the commission an "entirely Potemkin commission" in the National Review. However, as Sachs became increasingly drawn to the lab leak theory, he came into conflict with Daszak and his task force, forcing his resignation in summer 2021 and disbanding the group in September that year.[54]

In July 2022, Sachs said he was "pretty convinced," though "not sure" that COVID-19 came out of "US lab biotechnology," which is considered by the European Union to be COVID-19 disinformation by China. While Sachs has leanings toward the possibility of a virus leak from a "U.S.-backed laboratory research program," he has stated that "A natural spillover is also possible, of course. Both hypotheses are viable at this stage."[58]

In August 2022, Sachs gave an hour-long interview on the podcast of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. – who has spread conspiracy theories about vaccines – where he criticized Daszak and accused officials such as Anthony Fauci of "not being honest" about the origins of COVID.[59]

In September 2022, the Lancet commission published a wide-ranging report on the pandemic, including commentary on the virus origin overseen by Sachs. The report suggested that the virus may have originated from an American laboratory.[60] Virologists reacting to this, including Angela Rasmussen, commented that the release may have been "one of The Lancets most shameful moments regarding its role as a steward and leader in communicating crucial findings about science and medicine."[61] Virologist David Robertson said the suggestion of US laboratory involvement was "wild speculation" and that "it's really disappointing to see such a potentially influential report contributing to further misinformation on such an important topic."[61]

War in Ukraine

In May 2022, Sachs said that the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 would be hard to beat and that Finland's moves to join NATO would undermine a negotiated peace: "All of this talk of defeating Russia, to my mind, is reckless."[62] In June 2022, he co-signed an open letter calling for a "ceasefire" in the war, questioning Western countries' continuing military support for Ukraine.[63]

In 2022, Sachs appeared several times on one of the top-rated shows funded by the Russian government, hosted by Vladimir Solovyov, to call for Ukraine to negotiate and step away from its "maximalist demands" of removing Russia from Ukrainian territory.[64]

Sachs has suggested that the U.S. was responsible for the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline. In February 2023, he was invited by the Russian government to address the United Nations Security Council about the topic.[65] [66]

Critical reception

Economics

Sachs's economic philosophies have been the subject of controversy.[67] Nina Munk, author of the 2013 book The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, says that, although well intended, poverty eradication projects endorsed by Sachs have years later "left people even worse off than before".[68] [69]

William Easterly, a professor of economics at New York University, reviewed The End of Poverty for the Washington Post, calling Sachs' poverty eradication plan "a sort of Great Leap Forward".[70] According to Easterly's cross-country statistical analysis in his book The White Man's Burden, from 1985 to 2006, "When we control both for initial poverty and for bad government, it is bad government that explains the slower growth. We cannot statistically discern any effect of initial poverty on subsequent growth once we control for bad government. This is still true if we limit the definition of bad government to corruption alone." Easterly deems the massive aid proposed by Sachs to be ineffective, as its effect will be hampered by bad governance and/or corruption.[71]

Commenting on Sachs' $120 million effort to aid Africa, American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux says these temporary measures failed to create sustained improvements. Theroux focuses on a project in a sparsely populated community of nomadic camel herders in Dertu, Kenya, funded by Sachs' Millennium Villages Project, which cost million over a three-year period. Theroux says that the project's latrines were clogged and overflowing, the dormitories it built quickly became dilapidated, and the livestock market it established ignored local customs and was shut down within a few months. He says that an angry Dertu citizen filed a 15-point written complaint against Sachs's operation, claiming it "created dependence" and that "the project is supposed to be bottom top approached but it is visa versa."[72]

According to the Canadian journalist Naomi Klein, Jeffrey Sachs is one of the architects of "disaster capitalism" after his recommendations in Bolivia, Poland and Russia led to millions of people ending up in the streets.

China

In December 2018, Huawei Chief Financial Officer Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Canada at the request of the U.S., which was seeking her extradition to face charges of allegedly violating sanctions against Iran. Soon after Meng's arrest, Sachs wrote an article in which he said her arrest was part of efforts to contain China and accused the U.S. of hypocrisy for seeking her extradition. He wrote that none of the executives of several U.S. companies which had been fined for sanctions violations were arrested. After he was criticized for the article, Sachs closed his Twitter account, which had 260,000 followers.[73] Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow at Asia Society, noted that Sachs had written a foreword to a Huawei position paper, and questioned whether Sachs had been paid by Huawei. Sachs said he had not been paid for the work.[74]

In June 2020, Sachs said the targeting of Huawei by the US was not solely about security.[75] In their 2020 book Hidden Hand, Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg commented on one of Sachs' articles in which he accused the U.S. government of maligning Huawei under hypocritical pretenses. Hamilton and Ohlberg wrote that Sachs' article would be more meaningful and influential if he did not have a close relationship with Huawei, including his previous endorsement of the company's "vision of our shared digital future". The authors also alleged that Sachs has ties to a number of Chinese state bodies and the private energy corporation CEFC China Energy for which he has spoken.[76]

During a January 2021 interview, despite the interviewer's repeated prompting, Sachs evaded questions about China's repression of Uyghur people and referred to "huge human rights abuses committed by the U.S."[77] Subsequently, 19 advocacy and rights groups jointly wrote a letter to Columbia University questioning Sachs' comments.[78] The letter's signatories wrote that Sachs took the same stance as China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a digression to the history of U.S. rights violations as a way to avoid discussions of China's mistreatment of Uyghurs. The rights groups went on to say that Sachs "betrayed his institution's mission" by trivializing the perspective of those who were oppressed by the Chinese government. Stephan Richter, editor-in-chief at The Globalist, and J.D. Bindenagel, a former U.S. ambassador, wrote that Sachs was "actively agitating(!) for a classic Communist propaganda ploy".[79]

War in Ukraine

In March 2023 a group of 340 economists published an open letter, criticising his point of view.[80] [11]

Personal life

Sachs lives in New York City with his wife Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, a pediatrician. They have three children.[81] [82] [83]

Awards and honors

In 2004 and 2005, Sachs was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time. He was also named one of the "500 Most Influential People in the Field of Foreign Policy" by the World Affairs Councils of America.[84]

In 1993, the New York Times called Sachs "probably the most important economist in the world."[85] In 2005, Sachs received the Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian honor bestowed by the government of India.[86] Also in 2007, he received the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution International Advocate for Peace Award and the Centennial Medal from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for his contributions to society.[87]

In 2007, Sachs received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[88]

From 2000 to 2001, Sachs was chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health[89] of the World Health Organization (WHO) and from 1999 to 2000 he was a member of the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission established by the United States Congress. Sachs has been an adviser to the WHO, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations Development Program. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Society of Fellows, the Fellows of the World Econometric Society, the Brookings Panel of Economists, the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Board of Advisers of the Chinese Economists Society, among other international organizations.[87] Sachs is also the first holder of the Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Chair in Poverty Studies at the Centre for Poverty and Development Studies at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for 2007–2009. He holds an honorary professorship at the Universidad del Pacifico in Peru. He has lectured at the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford and Yale University and in Tel Aviv and Jakarta.

In September 2008, Vanity Fair ranked Sachs 98th on its list of 100 members of the New Establishment. In July 2009, Sachs became a member of the Netherlands Development Organization's International Advisory Board.[90] In 2009, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Sachs the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.[91]

In 2016, Sachs became president of the Eastern Economic Association, succeeding Janet Currie.[92]

In 2017, Sachs and his wife were the joint recipients of the first World Sustainability Award.[93] In 2015, Sachs was awarded the Blue Planet Prize for his contributions to solving global environmental problems.[94]

In May 2017 Sachs was awarded the Boris Mints Institute Prize for Research of Strategic Policy Solutions to Global Challenges.[95]

In 2022 Sachs was awarded the Tang Prize in the category of sustainable development.[96]

Publications

Sachs writes a monthly foreign affairs column for Project Syndicate, a nonprofit association of newspapers around the world that is circulated in 145 countries.[97]

Selected works

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sachs's CV . October 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041500/http://econ.columbia.edu/files/econ/sachs_cv.pdf . March 5, 2017 . dead .
  2. Web site: Jeffrey D. Sachs | American economist | Britannica . October 9, 2022 . October 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009001436/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeffrey-D-Sachs . live .
  3. Web site: Jacobson . Lindsey . August 24, 2020 . Economists offer bleak view of President Trump's first term, citing deglobalization trends and 'protectionism' . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200918223807/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/24/krugman-stiglitz-sachs-and-economists-comment-on-trumps-first-term.html . September 18, 2020 . September 15, 2020 . CNBC . en.
  4. Web site: November 28, 2019 . China's yuan 10 years from being on par with US dollar, says US economist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220222191215/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3039793/chinas-yuan-10-years-ending-us-dollar-hegemony-says-jeffrey . February 22, 2022 . September 15, 2020 . South China Morning Post . en.
  5. Web site: Buenos Aires Times Jeffrey Sachs: 'This is not a game for BlackRock to get an extra percentage point – that's absurd'. September 16, 2020. www.batimes.com.ar. February 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220222191234/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/world/jeffrey-sachs-this-is-not-a-game-for-blackrock-to-get-an-extra-percentage-point-thats-absurd.phtml. live.
  6. Web site: SDSN Association Board of Directors . September 16, 2020. Sustainable Development Solutions Network . September 16, 2020.
  7. "Jeffrey D. Sachs " UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose. University College London. ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  8. Shaw, Adam (April 10, 2017). "UN tensions with Trump administration mount as both sides dig in ". Fox News. foxnews.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017. "Guterres' spokesman Stephane Dujarric confirmed ... this week that Jeffrey Sachs, a world-renowned economist who has served as a senior U.N. adviser since 2002, will continue in that role."
  9. Web site: Commissioners . July 18, 2017 . Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development . December 13, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171213075305/http://broadbandcommission.org/commissioners/Pages/default.aspx . live .
  10. Web site: 2022 . Open letter to Jeffrey Sachs on the Russia-Ukraine war . 2024-03-07 . Berkeley . en-us.
  11. Web site: Economics professors condemn Jeffrey Sachs in open letter on Russia-Ukraine war . Columbia Spectator . 2023.
  12. News: Theodore Sachs Labor Lawyer, 72 – New York Times . . March 13, 2001 . February 19, 2014 . March 10, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140310215552/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/13/us/theodore-sachs-labor-lawyer-72.html . live .
  13. Web site: Jeffrey Sachs im Gespräch. September 28, 2022. February 27, 2023. February 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230227210007/https://www.jeffsachs.org/interviewsandmedia/2yfkhdx99txrk3cp458cgpkpk43dgf. live.
  14. Web site: Jeffrey D. Sachs. Earth Institute, Center for Sustainable Development. Columbia University. csd.columbia.edu. July 19, 2017. July 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713174505/http://csd.columbia.edu/author/jsachs/. dead.
  15. Web site: Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence . Harvard University Library.
  16. Web site: Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist . JDS . June 27, 1993 . February 6, 2023 . February 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206085804/https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/seagdr7kp2wpe92rgkjarm45asw4fd . live .
  17. News: Columbia gets Star Professor from Harvard. The New York Times. April 5, 2002. Uchitelle. Louis. January 28, 2018. February 22, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220222191223/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/nyregion/columbia-gets-star-professor-from-harvard.html. live.
  18. "Jeffrey D. Sachs." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2016. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, July 19, 2017.
  19. News: Developmental Troubles . September–October 2002 . Harvard Magazine. harvardmagazine.com . July 19, 2017 . July 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170722235925/http://harvardmagazine.com/2002/09/developmental-troubles.html . live .
  20. Web site: Surkes . Sue . Davidovich . Joshua . Fabian . Emanuel . Israeli climate finance experts gather some of world's top brains at COP27 event . The Times of Israel . 13 November 2022 . 6 March 2023 . March 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306131054/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-climate-finance-experts-gather-some-of-worlds-top-brains-at-cop27-event/ . live .
  21. Web site: The Earth Institute . Columbia University . February 6, 2023 . February 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230205212931/https://www.earth.columbia.edu/ . live .
  22. Web site: Undergraduate Program in Sustainable Development. November 24, 2017. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222213941/http://earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2594. dead.
  23. Web site: Hvistendahl . Mara . U.N. Power Broker Jeffrey Sachs Took Millions From the UAE to Research "Well-Being" . The Intercept . 29 December 2021 . 6 March 2023 . March 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306130907/https://theintercept.com/2021/12/29/jeffrey-sachs-uae-happiness/ . live .
  24. Book: Sachs, Jeffrey D.. Economic Possibilities for Our Time: The End of Poverty. Penguin. 2005. New York. 90–93.
  25. Book: Conaghan and Malloy. Unsettling Statecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1994. Pittsburgh. 198.
  26. News: Dallas Morning News. Bridges. Tyler. June 29, 1987. Bolivia Turns to Free Enterprise Among Hard Times.
  27. Kehoe . Timothy . Machicado . Carlos Gustavo . Peres-Cajías . José . 2018 . The Monetary and Fiscal History of Bolivia, 1960–2017 . NBER Working Paper Series . Cambridge, MA. 10.3386/w25523 .
  28. Book: Hardy, Jane. Poland's New Capitalism. 2009. Pluto Press. London.
  29. Web site: Doug Henwood . Left Business Observer #111, August 2005 . Leftbusinessobserver.com . February 19, 2014 . Doug Henwood . August 14, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130814131218/http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Sachs.html . live .
  30. Web site: Jeffrey Sachs and David Lipton . Lipton, David and Sachs, Jeffrey. Foreign Affairs, 1990 . Foreignaffairs.org . June 1, 1990 . February 19, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090106055431/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19900601faessay5998/jeffrey-sachs-david-lipton/poland-s-economic-reform.html . January 6, 2009 .
  31. Web site: The day Russia adopted the free market : Planet Money . NPR . 6 May 2022 . 22 March 2023.
  32. News: McClintick . David . January 13, 2006 . How Harvard Lost Russia . . New York City . June 27, 2022 . July 17, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140717072300/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How-Harvard-lost-Russia.html?ArticleId=1020662&single=true . live .
  33. Web site: Bidder . Benjamin . Economist Jeffrey Sachs on the U.S. After the Election . www.spiegel.de . April 25, 2021 . en . November 10, 2020 . February 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204230024/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/economist-jeffrey-sachs-on-the-u-s-after-the-election-a-18b6cc82-8db3-48e9-a55e-85a87c042b0d . live .
  34. Web site: United Nations Millennium Project, 2006. Unmillenniumproject.org. January 1, 2007. February 19, 2014. May 27, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140527233014/http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/who/sachs.htm. dead.
  35. Web site: Booth, Mindy. UN Capital Development Fund, 2005 . July 22, 2008 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20070608125335/http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/pubs/newsletter/pages/2005_04/news_sachs.php . June 8, 2007 .
  36. Web site: Medical News Today, 2007. Medicalnewstoday.com. June 24, 2007. February 19, 2014. May 10, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110510114901/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74907.php. dead.
  37. News: Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs. The Economist. May 14, 2012. September 10, 2015. March 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314024603/https://www.economist.com/feast-and-famine/2012/05/14/millennium-bugs?zid=295&ah=0bca374e65f2354d553956ea65f756e0. live.
  38. Web site: Does It Take a Village?. June 24, 2013. March 8, 2017. January 5, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170105051418/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/06/24/does-it-take-a-village/. live.
  39. Web site: Green . Duncan . The Idealist: a brilliant, gripping, disturbing portrait of Jeffrey Sachs . From Poverty to Power (FP2P) . Oxfam . December 28, 2021 . December 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211228131101/https://oxfamapps.org/fp2p/the-idealist-a-brilliant-gripping-disturbing-portrait-of-jeffrey-sachs/ . live .
  40. Book: Kidder. Tracy. Mountains Beyond Mountains. registration. 2003. Random House. New York. 257. 9780375506161.
  41. Web site: Purcell, Myrlia. Look to the Stars: The World of Celebrity Giving, 2006. October 18, 2006. Looktothestars.org. February 19, 2014. August 14, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130814145211/http://www.looktothestars.org/news/139-sachs-appeal---who-is-jeffrey-sachs. live.
  42. Web site: Sachs, Jeffrey. The Financial Times, 1997. Uv.es. February 19, 2014. August 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130815040151/http://www.uv.es/~fores/AcosoTextual/sachsbio.html. live.
  43. Web site: Jetzt ist der Zeitpunkt, die gescheiterte Sparpolitik zu überdenken. tagesspiegel.de. July 7, 2015. July 8, 2015. July 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708134708/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/offener-brief-von-oekonomen-an-angela-merkel-jetzt-ist-der-zeitpunkt-die-gescheiterte-sparpolitik-zu-ueberdenken/12021886.html. live.
  44. News: Justin Gillis. A Path Beyond the Paris Climate Change Conference. December 1, 2015. The New York Times. December 1, 2015. Dr. Sachs helped start what is perhaps the most serious effort to draw up a detailed road map for the energy transition: the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project, based in Paris and New York. Over the past couple of years, the effort enlisted teams from 16 countries, which account for the large majority of global emissions, to devise such plans.. December 1, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151201144402/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/science/beyond-paris-climate-change-talks.html. live.
  45. Web site: Harvey . Fiona . Fiona Harvey . 3 May 2012 . Nuclear power is only solution to climate change, says Jeffrey Sachs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306131402/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/may/03/nuclear-power-solution-climate-change . March 6, 2023 . 6 March 2023 . the Guardian.
  46. News: 1 November 2021 . 'You don't need nuclear to get to net zero,' says climate professor Jeffrey Sachs . . 27 March 2023.
  47. Web site: Lau . Stuart . Borrell's adviser pushes China's contested claim that COVID came from US . POLITICO . 12 July 2022 . 22 March 2023.
  48. Web site: Schulze . Elizabeth . Geopolitical cold war with China would be a dangerous mistake, economist Jeffrey Sachs says . CNBC . 10 August 2020 . 6 March 2023 . April 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423064824/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/jeffrey-sachs-geopolitical-cold-war-with-china-is-a-dangerous-mistake.html . live .
  49. Web site: Lee . Jihye . U.S.-China tensions are not helping Biden in inflation fight, economist says . CNBC . 18 August 2022 . 6 March 2023 . March 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306173038/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/18/us-china-tensions-are-not-helping-biden-in-inflation-fight-economist-says.html . live .
  50. News: Trump is right about Syria: It's time to leave. April 5, 2018. Sachs. Jeffrey. The Boston Globe. June 17, 2018. June 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052416/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/04/05/trump-right-about-syria-time-leave/pG9aYO3yp1zFDIDy45A29O/story.html. live.
  51. News: Jeffrey Sachs To President Trump: Please Get U.S. Out Of Syria, "We've Done Enough Damage". April 13, 2018. Hains. Tim. RealClearPolitics. August 20, 2021. August 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210820232959/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2018/04/13/jeffrey_sachs_to_president_trump_please_get_us_out_of_syria_weve_done_enough_damage.html. live.
  52. News: US sanctions on Venezuela responsible for 'tens of thousands' of deaths, claims new report . The Independent . Buncombe, Andrew . April 26, 2019 . May 4, 2019 . May 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190504041402/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-sanctions-us-excess-death-toll-economy-oil-trump-maduro-juan-guaido-jeffrey-sachs-a8888516.html?amp . live .
  53. News: Don't blame Washington for Venezuela's oil woes: rebuttal . Americas Quarterly . Hausmann, Ricardo and Frank Muci . May 2, 2019 . May 5, 2019 . May 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190504142224/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/dont-blame-washington-venezuelas-oil-woes-rebuttal . live .
  54. Web site: Walsh . James D. . Mad Scientists . Intelligencer . 3 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230303153941/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/covid-lab-leak-theory-jeffrey-sachs-peter-daszak.html . 3 March 2023 . live . 22 March 2023.
  55. Web site: Commissioners . Lancet Commission on COVID-19 . July 2, 2022 . October 31, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211031194849/https://covid19commission.org/commissioners . live .
  56. News: Knapton . Sarah . May 20, 2022 . US experiments 'may have contributed to emergence of Covid' . en-GB . The Telegraph . July 3, 2022 . 0307-1235 . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707110341/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/05/20/economist-calls-inquiry-whether-covid-leaked-lab/ . live .
  57. Cohen . Jon . Evidence backs natural origin for pandemic, report asserts . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) . 378 . 6616 . 14 October 2022 . 0036-8075 . 10.1126/science.adf2884 . 126. 36227964 . 2022Sci...378..126C . 252897373 .
  58. Web site: Borrell's adviser pushes China's contested claim that COVID came from US. July 12, 2022. POLITICO. September 2, 2022. September 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220929135929/https://www.politico.eu/article/josep-borrell-jeffrey-sachs-adviser-china-disinformation-us-covid-origin/. live.
  59. News: Diamond . Dan . 'Untrustworthy and ineffective': Panel blasts governments' covid response . September 14, 2022 . The Washington Post . October 4, 2022 . December 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221220044410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/09/14/lancet-covid-commission-report-who/ . live .
  60. Web site: Lawson . Dominic . China gets a Covid pass from its useful idiots . The Times & The Sunday Times . 24 September 2022 . 22 March 2023.
  61. News: The Independent . Gustaf Kilander . September 16, 2022 . Lancet report claiming Covid could have come from US lab prompts anger . September 26, 2022 . October 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221029015627/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/covid-report-lancet-us-lab-b2168248.html . live .
  62. Web site: Ng . Abigail . It's 'reckless' to talk about defeating Russia, says former advisor to the Soviet Union . CNBC . 13 May 2022 . 22 March 2023.
  63. News: June 29, 2022 . Waffenstillstand jetzt! . October 5, 2022 . . October 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013922/https://www.zeit.de/2022/27/ukraine-krieg-frieden-waffenstillstand . live .
  64. Web site: Support for Putin's war exposes a flaw in Russian studies . University World News . December 17, 2022 . 22 March 2023.
  65. News: Lederer . Edith M. . Russia and West clash over probe of Nord Stream sabotage . Washington Post . 21 February 2023 . 6 March 2023 . February 22, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222205238/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russia-calls-un-meeting-on-nord-stream-pipelines-sabotage/2023/02/21/01038ad2-b211-11ed-94a0-512954d75716_story.html . live .
  66. Chotiner . Isaac . Jeffrey Sachs's Great-Power Politics . The New Yorker . 27 February 2023 . 6 March 2023 . March 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065354/https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/jeffrey-sachss-great-power-politics . live .
  67. Jeffrey Sachs's $200 Billion Dream . Munk . Nina . Vanity Fair . 1 July 2007 . 4 March 2023 . About a year ago, Sachs named Ruhiira a "Millennium Village," one of 79 villages in 10 African countries where his controversial theories on ending extreme poverty are being tested . February 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230207110027/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/07/sachs200707 . live .
  68. News: Anna Maria Tremonti, "The Quest to End Poverty: Nina Munk", CBC Radio, 2013-09-10 . Cbc.ca . September 10, 2013 . February 19, 2014 . February 27, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140227000044/http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/episode/2013/09/10/the-quest-to-end-poverty-nina-munk/ . dead .
  69. Web site: Celebrated Rwanda-Based Nonprofit Faces Harrowing Misconduct Accusations . Leah . Feiger . August 13, 2020 . . March 13, 2021 . September 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173810/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wxqb74/celebrated-rwanda-based-nonprofit-faces-harrowing-misconduct-accusations . live .
  70. Web site: A Modest Proposal . Washingtonpost.com . March 13, 2005 . February 19, 2014 . December 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208050855/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25562-2005Mar10.html . live .
  71. Book: Easterly . W. . Easterly . W.R. . The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good . . 2006 . 978-1-59420-037-3 . April 23, 2021 . March 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314024600/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Iw5IZCTh-kC . live .
  72. Web site: Africa's Aid Mess . Theroux . Paul . . November 30, 2013 . April 25, 2021 . April 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210425054030/https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424053111903747504579185800700741812 . live .
  73. News: January 1, 2019. Columbia's Jeffrey Sachs Quits Twitter After Criticism of Huawei Article. Bloomberg News. April 23, 2021. Bloomberg News. March 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220323215315/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-02/columbia-s-sachs-quits-twitter-after-criticism-of-huawei-article. live.
  74. News: Columbia University Economics Professor Quits Twitter After Huawei Article Backlash . . January 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190102213030/https://fortune.com/2019/01/02/columbia-jeffrey-sachs-professor/ . January 2, 2019 .
  75. News: Vaswani. Karishma. June 21, 2020. US China cold war 'bigger global threat than virus'. BBC News. April 24, 2021. January 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050144/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-53104730. live.
  76. Book: Hamilton . Clive . Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World . Hidden Hand (book) . Ohlberg . Mareike . . 2020 . 978-1-78607-784-4 . Chapter 11: Think tanks and thought leaders § Opinion-makers . Clive Hamilton . Mareike Ohlberg.
  77. Web site: Rights groups question Columbia over professor's interview . Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . . February 23, 2021 . April 21, 2021 . April 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220402094725/https://www.axios.com/china-uyghurs-columbia-rights-sachs-76ba9d28-a062-49cd-bf74-9f95e12a5c29.html . live .
  78. Web site: Joint Letter from 19 Civil Society Organizations on Prof Jeffrey Sachs's Recent Comments . Hong Kong Global Connect . April 21, 2021 . March 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314024601/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OeDbBM30YgxYYPXwVO4M1m7Fa4A_vRMj/edit . live .
  79. Web site: Jeffrey Sachs: Xi Propagandist? . Richter . Stephan . Bindenagel . J.D. . . March 4, 2021 . April 22, 2021 . March 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220329081308/https://www.theglobalist.com/jeffrey-sachs-xi-jinping-china-united-states-propaganda/ . live .
  80. Web site: 2022 . Open letter to Jeffrey Sachs on the Russia-Ukraine war . 2024-03-10 . Berkeley . en-us . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230806172854/https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/03/20/open-letter-to-jeffrey-sachs-on-the-russia-ukraine-war/ . August 6, 2023.
  81. Web site: Nadboy . Michelle . The Many Pressures of Dr. Sonia Sachs: Mother of Three, Implementing Large Scale Poverty Eradication for Millions . . December 22, 2011 . August 10, 2017 . August 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132040/https://consiliencejournal.org/2011/12/22/the-many-pressures-of-dr-sonia-sachs-mother-of-three-implementing-large-scale-poverty-eradication-for-millions/ . dead .
  82. Web site: Jeffrey Sachs's $200 Billion Dream . News . Target Health Global Blog . May 16, 2008 . August 10, 2017 . August 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132737/http://blog.targethealth.com/jeffrey-sachss-200-billion-dream/ . dead .
  83. Web site: Page 888 . Michigan Obituary and Death Notice Archive . GenLookups . Sachs, Theodore, Beloved husband of Joan. Dear father of Andrea Sachs, Jeffrey (Dr. Sonia Ehrlich) Sachs. Grandmother of Lisa, Adam and Hannah Sachs. Brother of the late Maurice Sachs, the late Sidney Sachs, the late Sol Sachs, and the late Freda Handelsman. Brother-in-law of Dr. Gerald and Gloria Abrams, Mary Sachs. . August 10, 2017 . August 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170810131506/http://www.genlookups.com/mi/webbbs_config.pl/read/892 . live .
  84. Web site: April 11, 2007. British Broadcasting Company, 2007. February 19, 2014. Bbc.co.uk. August 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130815071500/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecturer.shtml. live.
  85. News: Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist. The New York Times. June 27, 1993. Passell. Peter. August 15, 2020. September 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200925040112/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/27/magazine/dr-jeffrey-sachs-shock-therapist.html. live.
  86. Web site: Padma Awards . Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India . 2015 . July 21, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf . October 15, 2015 .
  87. Web site: The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 2008 . July 22, 2008 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20090205144118/http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/File/Sachs%20long%20bio%20July%202008.pdf . February 5, 2009 .
  88. Web site: National Winners | public service awards . Jefferson Awards.org . February 19, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national . November 24, 2010 . dead .
  89. Web site: WHO | Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH) . Who.int . February 19, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131027004615/http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story008/en/index.html . October 27, 2013 .
  90. Web site: Archived copy . September 1, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728035635/http://www.snvworld.org/en/aboutus/news/Pages/NewsPage0907001.aspx . July 28, 2011 .
  91. Web site: Economist Sachs wins James Madison award – the Daily Princetonian . May 15, 2012 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20090509182929/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/05/06/23651/ . May 9, 2009 .
  92. Web site: Home. Eastern Economic Association. March 29, 2019. August 29, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120829220105/http://www.ramapo.edu/eea/. live.
  93. Web site: MDPI Sustainability Foundation. March 27, 2019. wsforum.org. March 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134913/http://wsforum.org/instructions#awardees. live.
  94. Web site: June 19, 2015. ブループラネット賞英米2経済学者に. August 9, 2015. SciencePortal (Japan Science and Technology Agency). ja. June 22, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150622035404/http://scienceportal.jst.go.jp/news/newsflash_review/newsflash/2015/06/20150619_02.html. live.
  95. Web site: "The digital revolution and the distribution of income" with Prof.... August 7, 2020. Oxford Martin School. en. July 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719083043/https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/events/the-digital-revolution-and-the-distribution-of-income-with-prof-jeffrey-d-sachs/. live.
  96. Web site: Yen . William . TANG PRIZE/Economist Jeffrey Sachs urges dialogue amid rising Taiwan-China tensions . focustaiwan.tw . September 26, 2022 . Focus Taiwan . September 26, 2022 . September 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926115121/https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202209260021 . live .
  97. Web site: Jeffrey D. Sachs. Project Syndicate. August 2021 . August 20, 2021. August 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210822105554/https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/jeffrey-d-sachs. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Jeffrey Sachs".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.